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Wi-Fi ay isang popular na teknolohiya na nagbibigay-daan sa isang elektronikong aparato sa data exchange wireless (gamit ang mga waves radio) sa isang network ng computer, kabilang ang high-speed Internet connections.The Wi-Fi Alliance tumutukoy Wi-Fi bilang anumang "wireless lokal na lugar network (WLAN) mga produkto na batay sa Institute of Electrical at Electronics Engineers '(IEEE) 802.11 pamantayan". [1] Gayunpaman, dahil ang pinaka-modernong WLANs ay batay sa mga pamantayang ito, ng term na "Wi-Fi" ay ginagamit sa pangkalahatan Ingles bilang isang kasingkahulugan para sa "WLAN". Lamang Wi-Fi produkto na kumpleto Wi-Fi Alliance interoperability certification pagsubok ay matagumpay na maaaring gamitin ang "Wi-Fi Certified" trademark. Ang isang aparato na maaaring gamitin ang Wi-Fi (tulad ng isang personal computer, video-game console, smartphone, tablet, o digital na audio player na) ay maaaring kumonekta sa isang network mapagkukunan tulad ng Internet sa pamamagitan ng isang wireless network access point. Tulad ng isang access point (o hotspot) ay isang hanay ng mga tungkol sa 20 metro (65 piye) loob ng bahay at ang isang malawak na hanay labas. Hotspot coverage ay maaaring binubuo ng isang lugar bilang maliit na bilang isang single room na may mga pader na harangan ang mga radio waves o bilang malaking bilang maraming parisukat milya - ito ay nakamit sa pamamagitan ng paggamit ng maramihang mga nagpapang-abot na access point.
Wi-Fi ay maaaring maging mas secure kaysa sa mga wired na koneksyon (tulad ng Ethernet) dahil nanghihimasok ay hindi kailangan ng pisikal na koneksyon. Web mga pahina na gumagamit ng SSL secure na ngunit unencrypted internet access ay madaling nakita ng intruders. Dahil dito, ang Wi-Fi ay nagpatibay ng mga iba't-ibang mga teknolohiya-encrypt. Ang maagang pag-encrypt ng WEP, di-napatutunayang madaling masira. Mas mataas na kalidad protocol (WPA, WPA2) ay idadagdag sa susunod. Isang opsyonal tampok idinagdag noong 2007, na tinatawag na Wi-Fi Protected Setup (WPS), nagkaroon isang malubhang lamat na pinapayagan isang pag-atake sa mabawi ang password ang router ng . [2] Ang Wi-Fi Alliance ay dahil-update nito test plan at certification ng programa sa matiyak lahat ng mga aparatong bagong sertipikadong labanan ang pag-atake.
The name
Ang terminong Wi-Fi, unang ginamit pangkomersyo sa Agosto 1999, [16] ay likha ng isang tatak-pagkonsulta firm na tinatawag na Interbrand Corporation. Ang Wi-Fi Alliance ay tinanggap Interbrand upang matukoy ang isang pangalan na "ng kaunti catchier kaysa sa 'IEEE 802.11b Direktang Sequence'". [17] [18] [19] Belanger din nakasaad na Interbrand imbento Wi-Fi bilang isang-play sa mga salita sa Hi-Fi (high fidelity), at din ng Wi-Fi logo.
Ang Wi-Fi Alliance simula ginamit sa advertising slogan, "Ang Standard para sa Wireless Fidelity", [17] para sa Wi-Fi ngunit mamaya inalis na parirala mula sa kanilang mga marketing. Sa kabila ng ito, ang ilang mga dokumento mula sa Alliance na may petsang 2003 at 2004 ay naglalaman ng term Wireless Fidelity. [20] [21] Nagkaroon walang opisyal na pahayag na may kaugnayan sa bumababa ng termino.
Ang Yin-Yang Wi-Fi logo ay nagpapahiwatig ng certification ng isang produkto para sa interoperability. [20]
Non-Wi-Fi teknolohiya na nilalayon para sa mga nakapirming punto tulad ng Motorola canopy ay karaniwang inilarawan bilang fixed wireless. Alternatibong mga wireless na teknolohiya kasama ang mga mobile na mga pamantayan ng telepono tulad ng 2G, 3G o 4G.
Wi-Fi certification
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Ang IEEE ay hindi subukan ang kagamitan para sa pagsunod sa kanilang mga pamantayan. Ang non-profit na Wi-Fi Alliance ay nabuo noong 1999 upang punan ang walang bisa na ito - upang magtatag at ipatupad ang mga pamantayan para sa interoperability at paatras pagkakatugma, at upang i-promote ang wireless lokal na lugar-network na teknolohiya. Ng 2010, ang Wi-Fi Alliance na binubuo ng higit sa 375 mga kumpanya mula sa buong mundo. [22] [23] Ang Wi-Fi Alliance Ipinapatupad ang paggamit ng Wi-Fi tatak sa mga teknolohiya na batay sa IEEE 802.11 pamantayan mula sa Institute of Electrical at Electronics Engineers. Kabilang dito ang wireless lokal na lugar network (WLAN) na koneksyon, ang aparato sa pagkakakonekta ng aparato (tulad ng Wi-Fi Peer sa peer aka Wi-Fi Direct), Personal na lugar network (Pan), lokal na lugar network (LAN) at kahit ilang limitadong malawak na lugar network (Wan) na mga koneksyon. Tagagawa ng may pagmimiyembro sa Wi-Fi Alliance, na ang mga produkto ay pumasa ang certification ng proseso, makakuha ng karapatan upang markahan ang mga produkto na may Wi-Fi logo.
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Sa partikular, ang proseso ng certification nangangailangan conformance ang IEEE 802.11 pamantayan radyo, ang WPA at WPA2 seguridad pamantayan, at ang EAP authentication pamantayan. Certification ay maaaring opsyonal isama ang mga pagsubok na ng IEEE 802.11 pamantayan draft, pakikipag-ugnayan sa cellular-phone na teknolohiya sa converged mga aparatong, at mga tampok na may kinalaman sa seguridad-set-up, multimedia, at kapangyarihan-nagse-save. [24]
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Hindi lahat ng Wi-Fi aparato ay naisumite para sa certification. Ang kakulangan ng Wi-Fi certification ay hindi kinakailangang magpahiwatig na ang isang aparato ay hindi tugma sa iba pang mga Wi-Fi mga aparatong. Kung ito ay sang-ayon o bahagyang katugmang, Wi-Fi Alliance ay maaaring hindi bagay sa paglalarawan bilang isang Wi-Fi aparato [pagsipi kailangan] bagaman technically lamang sertipikadong mga aparatong ay naaprubahan. Hango sa mga tuntunin, tulad ng Super Wi-Fi, likha ng US Federal Communications Commission (FCC) upang ilarawan ang ng ipinanukalang networking sa UHF TV band sa US, maaari o maaaring hindi sanctioned.
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Uses
Upang kumonekta sa isang Wi-Fi LAN, computer ay nilagyan ng isang wireless network interface controller. Ang kumbinasyon ng computer at interface controller ay tinatawag na istasyon. Ibahagi ang lahat ng mga istasyon ng isang channel ng komunikasyon ng radyo dalas. Mga pagpapadala sa channel na ito ay natanggap sa pamamagitan ng lahat ng mga istasyon sa loob ng hanay. Hardware ay hindi magsenyas ng user na transmisyon ay naihatid at samakatuwid ay tinatawag na pinakamahusay na pagsusumikap ng paghahatid ng mekanismo. Isang carrier wave ay ginagamit upang magpadala ng data sa packet, tinutukoy bilang "Ethernet frame". Istasyon bawat ay patuloy na nakatutok sa sa radyo channel ng komunikasyon ng dalas upang pumili ng magagamit pagpapadala.
Internet access
Wi-Fi-pinagana aparato ay maaaring kumonekta sa Internet kapag sa loob ng hanay ng mga wireless network. Ang coverage ng isa o higit pang mga (interconnected) access point - tinatawag na hotspot - pahabain mula sa isang lugar tulad ng maliit na bilang ng ilang mga kuwarto sa malaking bilang maraming mga milya parisukat. Coverage sa mas malaking lugar ay maaaring mangailangan ng isang pangkat ng mga access point sa nagpapang-abot na coverage. Panlabas na pampublikong Wi-Fi teknolohiya ay ginagamit matagumpay sa mga wireless na network ng mesh sa London, UK.
Wi-Fi ay nagbibigay ng serbisyo sa mga pribadong tahanan, mataas na kalye chain at independiyenteng mga negosyo, pati na rin sa mga pampublikong espasyo sa Wi-Fi hotspot set up ang alinman sa libreng ng pagsingil o pangkomersyo. Mga organisasyon at mga negosyo, tulad ng airport, hotel, at restaurant, madalas na magbigay ng libreng paggamit ng mga hotspot upang maka-akit ng mga customer. Mahilig o awtoridad na hilingin na magbigay ng serbisyo o upang i-promote ang negosyo sa mga piling lugar minsan nagbibigay ng libreng Wi-Fi access.
Router na isama ang isang digital subscriber line modem o cable modem at isang Wi-Fi access point, madalas na-set up sa mga tahanan at iba pang mga gusali, magbigay ng Internet access at internetworking sa lahat ng mga aparato na konektado sa kanila, wireless o sa pamamagitan ng cable.
Katulad nito, may mga baterya-powered na router na kasama ang isang cellular mobile Internet radiomodem at Wi-Fi access point. Kapag naka-subscribe sa isang cellular carrier ng telepono, pinapayagan nila ang malapit na istasyon ng Wi-Fi upang ma-access ang Internet sa paglipas ng 2G, 3G, o mga network ng 4G. Maraming mga smartphone ay may built-in na kakayahan ng ganitong uri, kabilang ang mga batay sa Android, Bada, iOS (iPhone), at Symbian, bagaman carrier madalas huwag paganahin ang tampok, o singilin ang isang hiwalay na singil para paganahin ito, lalo na para sa mga customer na may walang limitasyong data plano [26] "pucks Internet" magbigay ng mga standalone na kagamitan ng ganitong uri pati na rin, nang walang paggamit ng isang smartphone; halimbawa isama ang MiFi at aparatong WiBro-branded. Ang ilang mga laptop na may isang cellular modem card ay maaari ring kumilos bilang mga mobile Internet Wi-Fi access point.

Campus-wide Wi-Fi\
Maraming mga tradisyonal na mga campus ng kolehiyo sa Estados Unidos ay nagbibigay ng hindi bababa sa bahagyang coverage sa wireless na Wi-Fi Internet. Carnegie Mellon University binuo unang campus-wide wireless Internet network, na tinatawag na Wireless Andrew, sa Pittsburgh campus nito noong 1993 bago ang Wi-Fi pagba-brand umpisa. [34] [35] [36] Sa Europa maraming unibersidad makipagtulungan sa pagbibigay ng Wi-Fi access sa mga mag-aaral at kawani sa pamamagitan ng eduroam imprastraktura ng internasyonal na pagpapatotoo.
Noong 2000, Drexel University sa Philadelphia naging ang Estados Unidos sa unang pangunahing unibersidad sa nag-aalok ng ganap na wireless Internet access sa kabuuan nito buong campus. [37] Ang Far Eastern University sa Maynila ay ang unang unibersidad sa Pilipinas upang ipatupad ng campus-malawak na Wi-Fi coverage para sa mga mag-aaral, faculty, at kawani.
Direct computer-to-computer communications
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Din ang Wi-Fi ay nagbibigay-daan sa komunikasyon direkta mula sa isang computer sa isa pang nang walang isang tagapamagitan ng access point. Ito ay tinatawag na ad hoc Wi-Fi paghahatid. Ito wireless ad hoc mode ng network ay napatunayang tanyag sa Multiplayer handheld game console, tulad ng Nintendo DS, PlayStation Portable, digital camera, at iba pang mga consumer electronics mga aparatong. Ang ilang mga aparato ay maaari ring ibahagi ang kanilang mga koneksyon sa Internet gamit ang ad-hoc, at naging hotspot o "virtual router". [38]
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Katulad nito, ang Wi-Fi Alliance nagsusulong ng ng detalye na tinatawag na Wi-Fi Direct para sa paglilipat ng file at media pagbabahagi sa pamamagitan ng isang bagong pagtuklas at seguridad pamamaraan. [39] Wi-Fi Direct Inilunsad sa Oktubre 2010. [40]
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Advantages
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Wi-Fi ay nagbibigay-daan sa mas murang deployment ng mga lokal na network na lugar (LANs). Din mga puwang na kung saan ang cable ay hindi maaaring patakbuhin ang, tulad ng mga panlabas na lugar at makasaysayang mga gusali, maaari host ng wireless LANs.Manufacturers ay pagbuo ng wireless adapters ng network sa karamihan ng mga laptop. Ang presyo ng mga chipsets para sa Wi-Fi ay patuloy na drop, ginagawa itong isang matipid pagpipilian networking na kasama sa kahit na mas maraming mga aparato. [Pagsipi kailangan]
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Iba't ibang mga mapagkumpitensyang mga tatak ng access point at client network interface maki-nagpapatakbo sa isang pangunahing antas ng serbisyo. Paurong katugmang ang mga Produkto na itinalaga bilang "Wi-Fi Certified" sa pamamagitan ng Wi-Fi Alliance. Hindi tulad ng mga mobile phone, ang anumang karaniwang Wi-Fi aparato ay gagana kahit saan sa mundo.
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Wi-Fi Protected Access-encrypt (WPA2) ay itinuturing na ligtas, ibinigay isang malakas na passphrase ay ginagamit. Bagong protocol para sa kalidad ng serbisyo (WMM) Wi-Fi mas angkop para sa mga latency-sensitive na mga application (tulad ng voice at video). Nagse-save ng mga mekanismo ng kapangyarihan (WMM Power I-save) palawakin ang buhay ng baterya.
Range
Wi-Fi network ay may limitadong hanay. Isang tipikal na wireless access point gamit ang 802.11b o 802.11g na may antena stock ay maaaring magkaroon ng isang hanay ng mga 32 m (120 ft) sa loob at 95 m (300 ft) sa labas. IEEE 802.11n, gayunpaman, maaari higit sa double ang hanay. [41] Saklaw din naiiba sa dalas band. Wi-Fi sa 2.4 GHz dalas block ay bahagyang mas mahusay na hanay kaysa sa Wi-Fi sa 5 GHz dalas block na ginagamit ng 802.11a at opsyonal na sa pamamagitan ng 802.11n. Sa mga wireless na router na may nababakas antennas, ito ay posible upang mapabuti ang hanay ng mga karapat-dapat na-upgrade na antennas na may mas mataas na makamit sa partikular na direksyon. Panlabas na mga saklaw ay maaaring mapabuti sa maraming kilometro sa pamamagitan ng paggamit ng mataas na makakuha ng itinuro antennas sa router at remote na aparato (s). Sa pangkalahatan, ang maximum na halaga ng kapangyarihan na ang isang Wi-Fi aparato ay maaaring magpadala ay limitado sa pamamagitan ng mga lokal na regulasyon, tulad ng FCC Bahagi 15 sa US.
Dahil sa maabot ang mga kinakailangan para sa wireless LAN application, Wi-Fi ay medyo mataas na paggamit ng kuryente kumpara sa ilang iba pang pamantayan. Mga teknolohiya tulad ng Bluetooth (idinisenyo upang suportahan ang mga wireless PANapplications) ay nagbibigay ng mas maikli ang pagpapalaganap ng hanay ng <10m [42] at iba pa sa pangkalahatan ay may isang mas mababang kapangyarihan consumption. Iba pang mga mababang-kapangyarihan teknolohiya tulad ng ZigBee ay medyo mahabang hanay, ngunit magkano ang mas mababang mga rate ng data. Ang mataas na pagkonsumo ng kapangyarihan ng Wi-Fi gumagawa ng buhay ng baterya sa mga mobile device na isang alalahanin.
Mananaliksik na binuo isang numero ng "walang bagong wire" teknolohiya ng alternatibo sa Wi-Fi para sa mga application na kung saan ang panloob na hanay Wi-Fi sa ay hindi sapat at kung saan-install ng bagong wire (tulad asCAT-5) ay hindi posible o cost-effective na. Halimbawa, ang ITU-T G.hn standard para sa mga high speed Lokal area network ay gumagamit ng umiiral na mga kable bahay (may panlahat na ehe cable, linya ng telepono at mga linya ng kapangyarihan). Bagaman G.hn ay hindi nagbibigay ng ilan sa mga bentahe ng Wi-Fi (tulad ng kadaliang mapakilos o panlabas na paggamit), ito ay dinisenyo para sa mga application (tulad ng IPTV pamamahagi) kung saan ang panloob na hanay ay mas mahalaga kaysa sa kadaliang mapakilos.
Dahil sa kumplikadong kalikasan ng pagpapalaganap ng radyo sa tipikal na Wi-Fi frequency, lalo na ang mga epekto ng signal sumasalamin off ang mga puno at mga gusali, mga algorithm ay maaari lamang tinatayang hulaan ang lakas ng signal ng Wi-Fi para sa anumang naibigay na lugar na may kaugnayan sa isang transmiter. [43] na ito epekto ay hindi nalalapat pantay-pantay sa pang-range na Wi-Fi, dahil mas mahaba karaniwang ay nagpapatakbo ng mga link mula sa mga tower na magpadala sa itaas ng mga nakapalibot na mga dahon.
Ang mga praktikal na hanay ng Wi-Fi mahalagang paligid mobile na paggamit sa naturang mga application tulad ng imbentaryo pagkuha ng mga machine sa mga warehouses o sa tingian espasyo, barcode-pagbabasa mga aparatong sa check-out ay nakatayo, o pagtanggap / pagpapadala ng mga istasyon. Mobile paggamit ng Wi-Fi sa mas malawak na saklaw ng limitado, halimbawa, sa mga gamit tulad ng sa sasakyan ng paglipat mula sa isang hotspot sa ibang. Iba pang mga wireless na teknolohiya ay mas angkop para sa pakikipag-ugnayan sa paglipat sasakyan.
Interference
Koneksyon sa Wi-Fi ay maaaring disrupted o ang binabaan ang bilis ng internet sa pamamagitan ng pagkakaroon ng iba pang mga device sa parehong lugar. Maraming 2.4 GHz 802.11b at 802.11g access-puntos default sa parehong channel sa paunang startup, na nag-aambag sa kasikipan sa ilang mga channel. Wi-Fi polusyon, o isang labis na bilang ng mga access point sa lugar, lalo na sa kalapit na channel, maaari maiwasan ang access at makagambala sa iba pang mga device 'paggamit ng iba pang mga access point, na sanhi sa pamamagitan ng mga nagpapang-abot ng mga channel sa 802.11g / b spectrum, tulad ng na rin na may nabawasan signal-to-ingay ratio (SNR) sa pagitan ng mga access point. Ito ay maaaring maging isang problema sa high-density na mga lugar, tulad ng malaking apartment complex o mga gusali ng opisina na may maraming Wi-Fi access point.
Bukod pa rito, ang iba pang mga aparato ay gumagamit ng sa 2.4 GHz band: microwave oven, turo band mga aparatong, seguridad camera, ZigBee mga aparato, Bluetooth mga aparatong, nagpadala ng video, cordless phone, sanggol monitor, at (sa ilang mga bansa) amateur radyo lahat ng na maaaring maging sanhi ng makabuluhang karagdagang pagkagambala. Ito rin ay isang isyu kapag munisipyo [44] o iba pang mga malaking mga entity (tulad ng mga unibersidad) humingi upang magbigay ng malaking area coverage.

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