...capita in the period since 1980 has averaged over 3.6 percent, a rate that results in a doubling of income levels in just a 20-year period. By way of comparison, the industrial countries of Britain and the United States realized an average growth in GDP per capita of between 1.3 and 1.8 percent during their own respective periods of industrialization. Yet, relative to the more advanced Newly-Industrializing Economies (NIE) of Singapore; Taiwan, China; and the Republic of Korea, the record of Malaysian growth appears more sobering.1 These countries recorded real per-capita growth rates of 4.4, 5.7 and 7.5 percent, respectively, during the same period. As shown in Figure 1, Malaysia was at a similar level of development as Korea and Taiwan, China in 1980, and yet while these countries have made the transition from middle-income to high-income status during the subsequent decades, Malaysia has found such an evolution more difficult. In addition, Malaysia’s absolute productivity gap with high-income (OECD) countries has also widened; in the case of the industry sector, the productivity differential nearly doubled from $21,786 in 1980-1985 to $38,946 in 2000-2004 (Felipe et al, 2007). After markedly reduced rates of productivity and growth after the Asian financial crisis of 1997-98, there is a growing concern that emerging markets like Malaysia might fall into a “middle income trap”, unable to subsequently achieve high levels of economic growth and further economic transformation...
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...No business in India gives returns like politics in India, said ADR. Obviously, politics has turned into very lucrative business in India. Does this augur good or bad for India, its economy and the markets, especially BRICs country? Explain your position. From the facts of the case, it can be clearly seen that politicians thrive in India irrespective of rising inflation and slowing economy. Emerging countries will account for a large chunk of the world’s growth. These countries promise new and unexplored markets to the world with their rising levels of consumption and cheap labor. However, markets such as India pose unique risks for the businesses and hence impact its economy. Business risks are provoked because of influence of government in transactions which are expected to be purely commercial in the developed countries. State plays a very important role in planning of its economy and if the resources are used by the politicians for their “business” then economy is bound to fall flat. Financial crises are attributed to misbehavior of some kind, greed, fraud and cronyism. As is widely known, political influence is very essential to start a business in India. This is a key concern for the Indian markets. Corruption has serious repercussions on India’s businesses and political environment. Every time a scandal occurs it damages the credibility of the government. The following are the implications of corruption on India’s economy and markets: Corruption reduces competition...
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...economic development in recent years. Economic development in India still depends on the various sectors that constitute the Indian economy – agriculture, services and manufacturing industries. India is rated as one of the top economies in the world in terms of purchasing power parity (PPP) of the gross domestic product (GDP) by leading financial entities of the world, such as the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, and the CIA (as referenced in the CIA World Factbook). As far as agriculture is concerned, India is the second largest in volume of output. Certain related sectors of agriculture have played a major role in the development of the Indian economy by providing employment to a number of people in the forestry, fishing and logging industries. In 2009, the agricultural sector contributed 17.5% to the entire GDP, and more than 50% of the total labor force working in India is employed in the agricultural sector. Production volume has gone up in Indian agriculture at a consistent rate since the 1950s. Much of this improvement can be attributed to the five-year plans that were established for the development of Indian agriculture. Developments in irrigation processes, as well as various modern technologies used have contributed to the overall advancement of agricultural processes. Substantial amounts of research and development have been carried out in the agricultural space in India by organizations such as the Indian Agricultural Research Institute...
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... 1 Foreign Direct Investment in India’s Retail Sector: Some Issues Abstract Foreign direct investment (FDI) plays an important role in India’s growth dynamics. There are several examples of the benefits of FDI in India. FDI in the retail sector can expand markets by reducing transaction and transformation costs of business through adoption of advanced supply chain and benefit consumers, and suppliers (farmers). This also can result in net gains in employment at the aggregate level. This paper brings forth a few conceptual issues and analysis of qualitative information, data and stylized facts on these issues. Key words- India, Foreign direct investment, Retail, Supply chain, Farmers 2 INRODUCTION In applying transaction-cost logic to political aspects of the reform process in less-developed economies, Dixit (2003)) characterizes three phases in the formation of interest groups under information asymmetry: ex ante, interim, and ex post. At the ex ante stage, each individual is uncertain about his own type as well as the types of others because there is no private information. At the interim stage, each individual knows his own type but not the type of others. The ex post stage is when all players’ types are publicly revealed. In the case of India, one may start from the interim stage because of existence of powerful incumbents both the private firms and the policy makers. Policy reforms would mean a fall in monopoly rents to incumbents and a decline in the rent-seeking...
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...outline of world economic history is surprisingly simple. Indeed it can be summarized in one diagram: figure 1.1. Before 1800 income per person—the food, clothing, heat, light, and housing available per head—varied across societies and epochs. But there was no upward trend. A simple but powerful mechanism explained in this book, the Malthusian Trap, ensured that short term gains in income through technological advances were inevitably lost through population growth. Thus the average person in the world of 1800 was no better off than the average person of 100,000 BC. Indeed in 1800 the bulk of the world population was poorer than their remote ancestors. The lucky denizens of wealthy societies such as eighteenth-century England or the Netherlands managed a material lifestyle equivalent to that of the Stone Age. But the vast swath of humanity in East and South Asia, particularly in China and Japan, eked out a living under conditions probably significantly poorer than those of cavemen. The quality of life also failed to improve on any other observable dimension. Life expectancy was no higher in 1800 than for hunter-gatherers: thirty to thirty-five years. Stature, a measure both of the quality of diet and of children’s exposure to disease, was higher in the Stone Age than in 1800. And while foragers Figure 1.1 World Economic History in One Picture. After 1800 income in some societies rose sharply, while in others it declined. satisfy their material wants with small amounts of work, the...
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...Note: Solve any 4 Case Studies Case 1: Cub Foods In 2003, Cub Foods had 78 corporate and 30 franchised stores. The chain built its success by focusing on its primary market: families of four or five individuals with adults ages 24 to early 40s who are informed. Value-conscious consumers – consumers like Leslie Wells. Leslie Wells’s recent expedition to the new Cub Foods store in Melrose Park, Illinois, was no ordinary trip to the grocery store. “You go crazy,” says Wells, sounding a little shell-shocked. Overwhelmed by Cub’s vast selection, tables of samples, and discounts as high as 30 percent, Wells spent $76 on groceries - $36 more than she had planned. Wells fell prey to what a Cub executive calls “the wow factor”. A shopping frenzy brought on by low prices and clever marketing. That’s the reaction Cub’s super warehouse stores strive for and often get. Cub Foods has been a leader in shaking up the food industry and forcing many conventional supermarkets to lower prices, increase services, or, in some cases go out of business. With Cub and other super warehouse stores springing up across the country, shopping habits are changing too. Some shoppers must drive 50 miles or more to a Cub store instead of going to the nearest neighborhood supermarket and bag their own groceries at Cub Foods. Their payoff is that they find almost everything they need under one roof, and most of it is cheaper than at competing supermarkets. Cub’s low prices, smart marketing, and...
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...AFRICAN POVERTY Duncan Kennedy* Abstract: African extreme poverty is probably a function (although not solely) of the balkanized post-colonial geopolitics of Africa. It is also probably a function (although not solely) of the income distribution generated by a typically perverse African political economy, through its effect on the allocation of resources to development. As between these two causes, the second is probably much the more important. This reinterpretation puts considerably more of the blame for African poverty on the Western great powers than does the “poverty trap” analytic that is a common contemporary way of thinking about the African economic situation. INTRODUCTION This essay, which really is an essay rather than a sustained scholarly encounter with the problem, proposes an alternative to the “poverty trap” analytic for understanding extreme poverty in sub-Saharan Africa. The poverty-trap idea is well instantiated by the following quotation from Jeffrey and Lisa Sachs, and it is common among liberal Western commentators on African economy. For the world’s poorest people, daily life is a struggle for survival, with millions of impoverished people each year losing that struggle to famine, disease, environmental catastrophes, and violent conflicts that arise in conditions of extreme deprivation. . . . One basic point, not always remembered, is that impoverished countries lack their own budgetary resources needed to supply vital—indeed life-saving—services such...
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...A TERM PAPER ON UNDERSTANDING DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS IN AFRICA BY MADUEJEGBU ESTHER NNEKA MATRIC NUMBER 129086035 COURSE CODE –SOC 807 TITLE- SOCIOLOGY OF DEVELOPMENT LECTURER: PROF. ADEDOKUN Understanding Demographic Trends Demographic trends reveal developments and changes in human population. More specifically, demographic trends relate to changes in a population’s age, gender, geographical location, marital status, educational attainment, employment status, household income, race, religion, and health. Africa is the second-largest and second most populous continent on earth with an estimated population in 2013 of 1.033 billion people. Africa is home to 54 recognized sovereign states and countries, 9 territories and 2 de facto independent states with very little recognition. Africa's population is not too large in relation to land area, but to reproducible capital, research and educational facilities, the entrepreneurial class, leadership and the available channels of economic diffusion. The UN PopulationFund stated in 2009 that thepopulationof Africa had hit the one billion mark and hadthereforedoubled in size over the course of 27 years. It's now estimated that Africa has a population of 1.033 billion people in 2013. The Population Fund’s Director Thoraya Obeid spoke to the BBC at the time and underlined the reasons behind the growing population. "Africa countries are all growing fast... because there is large number of women who have no access to planning...
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...The Nature and Causes of Growing Slum Problems in the Metropolitan Cities The Nature and Causes of Growing Slum Problems in the Metropolitan Cities of India! A slum can be defined as a “compact settlement with a collection of poorly built tenements, mostly of temporary nature, crowded together usually with inadequate sanitary and drinking water facilities in unhygienic conditions.” The growth of metropolitan cities in India has been largely unplanned and haphazard and this can be seen from the fact that one-fourth of total urban population lives in slum and squaller settlements. Slum Population in India - Slum Population simply refers to people living in slum areas below the poverty line. As India is still on the path of development, there is large number of people living below the poverty line. These people usually live in slum areas connected to the city. According to Government sources, the Slum Population of India have exceeds the population of Britain. It has doubled in last two decades. According to last census in 2001, the slum-dwelling population of India had risen from 27.9 million in 1981 to 61.8 million in 2001. Indian economy has achieved a significant growth of 8 percent annually in last four years, but there is still large number of people nearly 1.1 billion still survives on less than 1 $ (around 46 INR) in a day. Increase in Indian Population over a period of time has also resulted in slum population growth. Despite of Government efforts to build new houses...
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...Final Exam Notes Lecture 1 => Asia has 32% share of the global economy (in PPP terms that suggest that their currencies are undervalued), is the fastest growing region, and makes significant contribution to global GDP growth => Once a key contributor to GDP, China lost footing to the west due to technological efficiency in the US, UK, and Europe => The four tigers (HK, SG, KR, TW) had 8% growth rates from 1970-1997 due to high saving/investment rates, strong education, stable macro environment, and few downturns => Success of East Asia as a whole due to the aforementioned factors as well as limited price distortions, agricultural development, foreign tech, directed credit, selective industrial promotion, and export push policies => Key weaknesses prior to the 1997 crisis were a lack of increase in output efficiency, poor banking regulations and poor legal frameworks Asian Crisis of 1997 => 1) western investors loaned money to east Asian banks (believing growth would continue and that the IMF would bailout if needed) 2) money was funneled into projects with cheap credit and no collateral 3) projects didn’t have good returns and currency speculators started to sell east Asian currencies 4) triggered drop in baht value leading to overall concern => TH, ID, KR, MY, and lesser extent PH were hammered by the crisis => SG and HK survived due to high reserves and strong economic fundamentals => other countries escaped either because...
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...inflation. Asia’s exports of capital to advanced economies may shrink as the region rebalances and outflows should focus more on portfolio investment and foreign direct investment (FDI). In the coming decade, a potential crisis in a major Asian economy such as China could trigger the next global recession. SUMMARY: History: more than 1000 years before the industrial revolution, the combined share of China and India in the world economy was routinely greater than 50% (but whether they will assert influences on the world economy depends on assumption of sustainability) 1993: the East Asian miracle, HPAEs (world bank 1993), no China India 1997-1998 Asian financial crisis (triggered by the withdrawal of foreign capital from the region, however, excessive borrowing, overheating economies and declining investment returns in previous years had already laid the foundations) 1999, 2000: most Asian countries recovered 2008 GFC may accelerate the shift of global economic gravity toward Asia and probably reinforced the prediction of a new Asian century: during GFC, China &India stay 9% growth rate, and HK…. With negative rate, but...
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...A Project Report On “A Market Survey of Consumer Durables Product of Samsung Electronics Ltd” Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Award of Degree of Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA) 2007-2010 Project Guide Submitted By Mr.Jagat Jyoti Barua Vaibhav Bansal Lecturer,MAIMS Enrollment No. : 0411471707 BBA (Gen) VI Semester Sec A Maharaja Agrasen Institute of Management Studies Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Delhi PSP Area, Plot No.!, Sector 22, Rohini Delhi 110086 Student Declaration This is to certify that I have completed the Project titled “A Study Of Consumer Durable Market For Samsung Electronics Ltd” under the guidance of “Mr. Jagat Jyoti barua” in partial fulfillment for the requirement of the award of the degree of Bachelor of Business Administration at Maharaja Agrasen Institute of Management Studies, Delhi. This is an original piece of work and I have not submitted it earlier elsewhere. Vaibhav Bansal 0411471707 BBA (Gen) VI semester Sec A CERTIFICATE This is to certify Project titled “A Market Survey of Consumer Durables Product of Samsung Electronics Ltd” is an academic work done by “Vaibhav Bansal” submitted in the...
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...html China’s One-Child Policy Is Crippling Industry: Low-margin businesses are suffering from a shrinking labor pool and rising costs. [pic] By Kevin Hamlin Lin Chang Jie is battling to save his family’s business, which makes towels, cushions, and robes in the eastern Chinese city of Ningbo. The main threat he faces is a dwindling supply of workers, which forces him to pay higher wages. “I have to find a new way,” says Lin, 29, who is attempting to transform his Dejin Textile into an online fashion retailer in order to shrink headcount and keep the business from closing. “Wages are going up, up, up,” he says. “If we don’t like somebody’s work we can’t say anything, in case they leave.” Manufacturers such as Lin are caught in a demographic trap. China instituted a one-child policy in 1979 to constrain population growth and foster prosperity for the next generation. The byproduct of that policy is an accelerating decline in the pool of young and largely unskilled labor that is the mainstay of mainland factories churning out low-margin goods such as clothes, toys, and furniture....
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...THE END of POVERTY Economic Possibilities for Our Time JEFFREY D. SACHS THE PENGUIN PRESS N E W YORK 2005 THE PENGUIN PRESS Published by the Penguin Group Penguin Group (USA) Inc.. 375 Hudson Street. New York, New York 10014, U.S.A. Penguin Group (Canada), 10 Alcorn Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M4V 3B2 (a division of Pearson Penguin Canada Inc.) Penguin Books Ltd, 80 Strand, London WC2R ORL, England Penguin Ireland, 25 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland (a division of Penguin Books Ltd) Penguin Books Australia Ltd, 250 Camberwell Road, Camberwell, Victoria 3124, Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) - Penguin Books India Pvt Ltd, 11 Community Centre, Panchsheel Park, New Delhi-110 017, India ' Penguin Group (NZ), Cnr Airborne and Rosedale Roads, Albany, Auckland 1310, NewZealand (a division of Pearson New Zealand Ltd) - Penguin Books (South Africa) (Pty) Ltd, 24 Sturdee Avenue, Rosebank, Johannesburg 2196, South Africa Penguin Books Ltd, Registered Offices: 80 Strand, London WC2R ORL, England First published in 2005 by The Penguin Press, a member of Penguin Group (USA) Inc. Copyright ©Jeffrey D. Sachs, 2005 All rights reserved Page 397 constitutes an extension of this copyright page, LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING IN PUBLICATION DATA Sachs, Jeffrey. The e n d of poverty / Jeffrey Sachs. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-59420-045-9 1. Poverty—Developing countries. 2. Developing countries—Economic policy...
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...Skip to search. * New User? Register * Sign In * Help Upgrade to Safer IE9 * Mail * My Y! * Yahoo! Yahoo! Lifestyle ------------------------------------------------- Top of Form Search | Search Web | Bottom of Form | * Home * Photos * Videos * Love & Sex * Autos * Tech & Gadget * Blogs * Beauty & Fashion * Relationships * Love & Sex * Health * People * Life And Work * Autos * Tech & Gadget * Astrology Practice Yoga to reduce stress By IndiaTodayPrevention | Prevention – Fri, Sep 9, 2011 12:24 AM IST * * tweet1 * Email * Print Strike these poses for a calmer and happier you. Hypertension is not just common, in a strange twisted way it's a status symbol. It shows you have arrived, are busy and lead a stressed life. However, it takes a toll on your heart, spikes your blood sugar and insulin levels and that's bad news. yoga Recent studies show that yoga brings about a balance in your autonomous nervous system and regulates your blood pressure by stabilising your sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system. As a yoga practitioner, I have experienced the calming effect that this alternative therapy can provide. Being static, yoga postures are less demanding and require less oxygen. This causes minimal strain during exercise and keeps your muscles relaxed. Here are a few postures that you can practise...
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