...MBA: 638 Caselette: Village Volvo 1) Village Volvo has several unique service packages. First of all we can talk about their supporting facility. Village Volvo is located in a suburban location. This might discourage some clients. They should increase the shuttle services for the convenience of their customers. To establish the proper mood Village Volvo has an office, waiting area, storage, and four bays. The facilitating goods provided by the Village Volvo are the replacement auto parts. The owners also had developed a network with other service providers. They refer their clients to other service provider if there is some thing which they can not do. Village Volvo also uses another source of information which that calls Custom Care Vehicle Dossier (CCVD). They maintain a file on every car they inspect. This helps the mechanic to keep a record on the car and also it helps remind the customer that there is a maintenance procedure due on their car. The explicit services are something which is readily observable. The customers know before hand that they are going Village Volvo to get their car repaired. The owners combined experience is 22 years at a local Volvo dealership. Thus, the customers would not be worried that the person working on their car has no experience working on Volvo’s. There are some procedures which they don not perform. For that Village Volvo recommend different places where they can get their cat fixed. Lastly, implicit services which is a psychological...
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...Midland Energy Resources, Inc. Midland Energy Resources, Inc. Is a global energy company with three major divisions, including oil and gas exploration and production (E&P), refining and marketing (R&M), and petrochemicals. Midland has been a profitable company over the past few years. In 2006, the firm, on a consolidated basis, had operating revenue and operating income of $248.5 billion and $42.2 billion respectively. Among these three divisions, E&P was Midland’s most profitable business, R&M was Midland’s largest business, and Petrochemical was Midland’s smallest yet still substantial business. In 2007, Midland’s financial strategy will mainly focuses on four aspects: 1) Fund Overseas Growth; 2) Value-creating Investments; 3) Optimize Capital Structure; 4) Repurchase undervalued stocks. Fund Overseas Growth: Due to the exploited domestic resources in the domestic market, overseas investment will be the main sources for economic growth in Midland as a form of specialized financial and contractual arrangements similar to project financing, all of which are valued in dollars. Value-creating Investments: Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) methods, involving debt-free cash flows and a hurdle rate equal to or derived from the WACC for the project of division, are typically used to evaluate most prospective investment, yet for overseas projects are evaluated as streams of future equity cash flows and discounted as a rate based on the cost of equity. Optimize Capital Structure: Midland optimized...
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...[pic] Midland Energy Resources, Inc. Cost of Capital Table of Contents I. Executive Summary II. Introduction III. Cost of Capital IV. Risk & Tax Rate V. Capital Structures VI. WACC VII. Conclusion VIII. References I. Executive Summary Midland Energy Resources is a global energy company with operations in oil and gas exploration and production(E&P) providing a broad array of products and services to upstream oil and gas customers worldwide including refining and marketing (R&M), natural gas, and petrochemicals. Janet Mortensen, the senior vice president of project finance for Midland Energy Resources must determine the weighted average cost of capital (WACC) for the company as a whole and each of its divisions as part of the annual capital budgeting process. Various considerations have to be evaluated as risk factors when calculating the cost-of capital. II. Introduction Midland Energy Resources is a leading global energy developer dedicated to providing advanced power systems and energy services around the world. Midland Energy Resources has three divisions Exploration & Production, Refining & Marketing, and Petrochemicals. They have been incorporated more than 120 years previously and they have 80,000 employees in 2007. Exploration & Production business include oil and natural gas exploration and field development and production is there most profitable business with the highest net margin...
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...Midland Energy/Sample 2 Midland Energy Resources, Inc. Midland Energy Resources, Inc. is a global energy company that operates in oil and gas exploration and production (E&P), refining and marketing (R&M), and petrochemicals. Midland’s most profitable segment is its E&P division which produces 67% of the company’s net income (Exhibit 3). Its largest division is R&M with the Petrochemical division being the smallest. The primary goals of Midland’s financial strategy are to fund substantial overseas growth, invest in value-creating projects, achieve an optimal capital structure, and repurchase undervalued shares. To accomplish these goals, Midland must calculate an appropriate cost of capital that will allow reasonable valuations of their strategies. In funding overseas growth, Midland must use its cost of capital to analyze, evaluate, and convert foreign cash flows. In evaluating value-adding projects, the cost of capital must be used to discount project cash flows. To optimize its capital structure, the company must continuously evaluate its ideal borrowing based on its inherent cost. Lastly, when deciding when and how to repurchase shares, Midland’s management has to determine the intrinsic value of its shares. This requires determining the value of the company using DCF techniques and an appropriate discount rate. Cost of Capital Estimates of Midland’s cost of capital are used in analyses within the company and its three divisions. These analyses include...
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...Midland Energy/Sample 2 Midland Energy Resources, Inc. Midland Energy Resources, Inc. is a global energy company that operates in oil and gas exploration and production (E&P), refining and marketing (R&M), and petrochemicals. Midland’s most profitable segment is its E&P division which produces 67% of the company’s net income (Exhibit 3). Its largest division is R&M with the Petrochemical division being the smallest. The primary goals of Midland’s financial strategy are to fund substantial overseas growth, invest in value-creating projects, achieve an optimal capital structure, and repurchase undervalued shares. To accomplish these goals, Midland must calculate an appropriate cost of capital that will allow reasonable valuations of their strategies. In funding overseas growth, Midland must use its cost of capital to analyze, evaluate, and convert foreign cash flows. In evaluating value-adding projects, the cost of capital must be used to discount project cash flows. To optimize its capital structure, the company must continuously evaluate its ideal borrowing based on its inherent cost. Lastly, when deciding when and how to repurchase shares, Midland’s management has to determine the intrinsic value of its shares. This requires determining the value of the company using DCF techniques and an appropriate discount rate. Cost of Capital Estimates of Midland’s cost of capital are used in analyses within the company and its three divisions. These analyses include asset appraisals...
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...Executive Summary: Midland Energy Resources, Inc. is a global energy company with a broad array of products and services. The company operates within three different operations including oil and gas exploration and production (E&P), refining and marketing (R&M), and petrochemicals. Midland has proven to be a very profitable company, with reported operating revenue of $248.5 billion and operating income of $42.2 billion. The company has been in business for over 120 years and employed more than 80,000 individuals. Janet Mortensen, the senior vice president of project finance for Midland Energy Resources, has been asked to calculate the weighted average cost of capital (WACC) for the company as a whole, as well as each of its three divisions as part of an annual budgeting process. Midland’s Three Divisions: Exploration & Production Oil exploration and production (E&P) is Midland’s most profitable business, and its net margin over the previous five years was among the highest in the industry. With oil prices at historic highs in early 2007, Midland anticipated heavy investment in acquisitions of promising properties, in development of its proved undeveloped reserves, and in expanding production. They also needed to account for competition from areas such as the Middle East, Central Asia, Russia, and West Africa. Refining and Marketing Midland had ownership interests in forty refineries around the world with distillation capacity of five million barrels a day. Measured by revenue...
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...Executive Summary: Midland Energy Resources, Inc. is a global energy company with a broad array of products and services. The company operates within three different operations including oil and gas exploration and production (E&P), refining and marketing (R&M), and petrochemicals. Midland has proven to be a very profitable company, with reported operating revenue of $248.5 billion and operating income of $42.2 billion. The company has been in business for over 120 years and employed more than 80,000 individuals. Janet Mortensen, the senior vice president of project finance for Midland Energy Resources, has been asked to calculate the weighted average cost of capital (WACC) for the company as a whole, as well as each of its three divisions as part of an annual budgeting process. Midland’s Three Divisions: Exploration & Production Oil exploration and production (E&P) is Midland’s most profitable business, and its net margin over the previous five years was among the highest in the industry. With oil prices at historic highs in early 2007, Midland anticipated heavy investment in acquisitions of promising properties, in development of its proved undeveloped reserves, and in expanding production. They also needed to account for competition from areas such as the Middle East, Central Asia, Russia, and West Africa. Refining and Marketing Midland had ownership interests in forty refineries around the world with distillation capacity of five million barrels a day....
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...Study Questions: Midland Energy Resources, Inc: Cost of Capital Janet Mortensen, senior vice president of project finance at Midland Energy Resources, is in the process of preparing her annual cost of capital estimates for Midland and each of its three divisions (oil and gas exploration and production (E&P), refining and marketing (R&M), and petrochemicals). These estimates are used in many analyses within Midland, including capital budgeting decisions, financial accounting, performance appraisals, M&A proposals, and stock repurchase decisions. There has been some disagreement in the past about specific inputs and assumptions used to arrive at the cost of capital estimate, so Mortensen needs to devote extra care in preparing the cost of capital estimates and justifying her assumptions. These questions relate to the Midland Energy Resources, Inc: Cost of Capital case. You can find the data for this case on the course website in a spreadsheet named: Midland Energy Resources Exhibits.xls. 1. For what purposes does Mortensen estimate Midland’s cost of capital? What would be the potential consequences of a too high estimate compared to the firm’s “true” cost of capital? What about a too low estimate? Mortensen estimates Midland’s cost of capital to use for other analyses within Midland such as capital budgeting and financial accounting, performance assessments, M&A proposals, and stock repurchase decisions. If the cost of capital is too high, Midland could miss out...
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...To: Janet Mortensen, CFO From: Senior Financial Analyst Division Date: October 7, 2013 Re: Midland Energy Resources Inc. Weighted Average Cost of Capital Midland Energy Resources Inc. is a publicly traded company that primarily deals in the energy industry. The company itself is divided into three major operational divisions, two of which that is concerning to the company include: Oil and Gas Exploration and Production (E&P) and Refining and Marketing (R&M). The Petrochemicals division will not be addressed. Going forward, Midland Energy would like to undertake various development projects and property acquisitions, and the profitability of such endeavors must be evaluated. To do so, both the single corporate and the two division WACCs must be calculated. Management team at Midland Energy Resources Inc. can determine which of the three appropriate WACC figures to be used for future company reports. In order to calculate Midland Energy Resources’ corporate WACC, the calculations are based on the formula below, where ������������ and ������������ are the cost of equity and debt respectively, D and E are the values of debt and equity respectively, V is the company’s enterprise value, and t is the tax rate. WACC estimates for the company as a whole and for each division are summarized in Table 1. How it is arrived at these figures is shown in the calculations in Appendix 1 and the decisions for each variable are explained below. ������ ������ ������������������������ = ������������...
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...Midland Energy Midland Energy Resources Inc.: Cost Of Capital Introduction Midland Energy Resources have a senior vice president, Janet Mortension, of project finance. She was preparing her annual cost of capital for midland as well as for each of its following three divisions: * Exploration & production (E&P) * Refining & Marketing (R&M) * Petrochemicals Midland was a global company with operations in oil and gas. Midland corporate treasury had began analysis and preparation of annual cost of capital for the corporation as a whole and for each divisions as part of annual capital budgeting process but this estimates were often criticized, and Midland division presidents and controllers sometimes challenged specific assumptions and inputs. The case uses comparable companies to estimate asset and beta for each individual division, and must comply the capital asset pricing model for calculating the cost of capital. Midland was conservative compared to some of its large competitors, but it has a group of trader in- house who actively managed currency. Interest rate and commodity risks within a set of guideline approved by the Board. Midland Energy Resources ha d been incorporated more than 120 years previously and in 2007 had more than 80,000 employees. Midland’s financial strategy in 2007 was founded on the following four pillars: * Oversees Growth * Value- Creating Investment * Optimal capital structure * Stock Repurchases Oversees Growth: Oversees investment were...
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...Midland Energy resource, Inc. i. 1 Let’s assume that the Midlands borrows its debt at the yield rate of US Treasury Bonds, which is theoretically the minimum choice, and Midlands is going to pay back the debt in a recurring annual payment. We can therefore estimate the amount of annuity that Midland is going to pay back annually. Although we are only going to analyze the single debt option, we should nonetheless keep in mind that Midlands may choose to use a combined debt strategy, which is to borrow both the long-term and short-term debt. Table 1.1 Payment Period Interest Rate Total Net Debt Amount to Pay for Debt/yr 1 yr 10 yrs 30 yrs 4.54% 4.66% 4.98% $80,000 $80,000 $80,000 $83,632 $10,190 $5,192 From table 1.1, we tell that 1-year debt is not a good choice, since about 33% of revenue (i.e. $83K out of $250K) will be used to clear the debt, which will dramatically increase the risk of default. The 10-year and 30-year debts are henceforth both feasible choices, but our suggestion is to choose the 10-year debt so as to reduce the cost of debt. We choose to use 4.66% as the RFR (Rf). ii. Table 2.1 Credit Rating 10-yr US Treasury Spread to Treasury Cost of Debt Consolidated E&P R&M Petrochemicals A+ A+ BBB A4.66% 4.66% 4.66% 4.66% 1.62% 1.60% 1.80% 1.35% 6.28% 6.26% 6.46% 6.01% Midland Energy resource, Inc. 2 Given that the lower the credit rating is, the riskier the business would be in terms of the danger to default. A normally larger risk premium is added...
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...has been hired as consultants by Janet Mortensen, senior vice president of Midland Energy Resources, Inc., to advise her on cost of capital matters. Read the “Midland Energy Resources, Inc.: Cost of Capital” case (HBP #4129) handed out in class. This case illustrates how the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) may be used to estimate the Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC) in a corporate setting. Then, working with your team, answer each of the following questions using data provided in the case: i. Why is Midland concerned about its WACC? How will it use this information? ii. From Table 2, what risk-free rate (rf) would you recommend that Midland use in its cost of debt (rd) and cost of equity (re) calculations? Why? iii. For the consolidated company, what is Midland’s cost of debt (rd)? What is the cost of debt for each of the 3 operating divisions? Discuss why these 4 values differ in terms of their respective credit ratings and the nature of their business operations. iv. From Exhibit 1, what tax rate (t) would you recommend that Midland use in its WACC calculations? Why? v. Your client has instructed you to use an equity market risk premium (EMRP) of 5%. Does this value seem reasonable? Explain. vi. Using the CAPM method and data from Exhibit 5, what is your estimate of Midland’s consolidated cost of equity (re) at this time? vii. What is Midland’s consolidated after-tax cost of capital (WACC) at this time? viii. Based on data from Exhibit 5, what is the un-levered...
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...October 10, 2012 i. Risk-Free Rate Risk-free rates will depend on when the cash flow is expected to occur and depend upon the period over which investors want the return to be guaranteed. Consequently, we need to take the time horizon into consideration to find out the most suitable risk-free rate. Midland Energy Resources is a well-established company with 120-year history. It is not a company which relies on seeking special opportunity to earn instant profit so that 1-Year T-bond rate is obviously not a proper option. Instead, a long-term development is expected through capital allocation. Here, we choose 30-Year over 10-Year T-bond rate. Someone may argue that 10-Year is suitable since long-term expected cash flow will be affected by political risk in the Exploration and Production division. This may be true but the company also plans to invest in sophisticated extraction method to extend the lives of older fields as well as developing undeveloped reserves. With such heavy investment the company could not expect a shorter return period and all of these methods may shield the company from those negative affects to some extent. The 30-Year T-bond rate is also preferred by examining the other two divisions. The Refining and Marketing, which is the company’s largest division in aspect of revenue, has long-lived productive assets resulting in a relatively long return period. Moreover, although the profit margin of R&M division is decreasing steadily with a long-term trend...
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...Midland Energy Resources Inc.: Cost Of Capital Introduction Midland Energy Resources have a senior vice president, Janet Mortension, of project finance. She was preparing her annual cost of capital for midland as well as for each of its following three divisions: * Exploration & production (E&P) * Refining & Marketing (R&M) * Petrochemicals Midland was a global company with operations in oil and gas. Midland corporate treasury had began analysis and preparation of annual cost of capital for the corporation as a whole and for each divisions as part of annual capital budgeting process but this estimates were often criticized, and Midland division presidents and controllers sometimes challenged specific assumptions and inputs. The case uses comparable companies to estimate asset and beta for each individual division, and must comply the capital asset pricing model for calculating the cost of capital. Midland was conservative compared to some of its large competitors, but it has a group of trader in- house who actively managed currency. Interest rate and commodity risks within a set of guideline approved by the Board. Midland Energy Resources ha d been incorporated more than 120 years previously and in 2007 had more than 80,000 employees. Midland’s financial strategy in 2007 was founded on the following four pillars: * Oversees Growth * Value- Creating Investment * Optimal capital structure * Stock Repurchases Oversees Growth: Oversees investment were the main engine...
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...Midland Energy Resource Report for Cost of Capital October 16, 2014 Abstraction General Analysis of Midland Energy Resources Cost of Debt • • • • Consolidated Company Exploration & Production Refining and Marketing Petrochemicals Cost of Equity Equity market risk premium of 5% is reasonable. According to the Exhibit 6, the U.S. stock return minus Treasury bond yields for each period varies. Since each period has different standard error, it will be better to take the weighted average of the data, then EMRP is approximately 5.9% or lets say 6.0%. Comparing to the EMRP that Midland would use in the calculation of WACC which is 5%, the historical data reflects a higher EMRP. But from the market risk premium survey results, we see that finance professors, CFOs and fund managers advocate a lower rate on risk premium. Because these people have better understanding in the performance of the market and be more aware of how economics works, then the analysis from them should be taken into great consideration. Therefore, 6.0% from the past data balanced with some lower rates that suggested by bankers, auditors as well as Wall Street analysts, 5% should be appropriate. Weighted Average Cost of Capital WACC = λ(1 − t)KD + (1 − λ)KE The Effect of Leverage on the Cost of Equity and WACC Cost of Equity The relation between cost of equity and leverage can be shown as follows: βEquity = 1 βU (1 − λ) Asset Cost of Equity = Risk Free Rate + βEquity × (Risk Premium) We further illustrate...
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