MIDTERM EXAM (16-21) 1. Gluconeogenesis 1. The formation of glucose especially by the liver from fats(glycerol) and protein(amino acid) 2. Corisol’s prime metabolic effect is to provoke gluconeogenesis 3. Synthesis of glucose from lactic acid and from noncarboyhydate molecules-major target of glucagon in the liver 4. A reaction that occurs in the hypoglycemic state to make glucose available 2. Hypothalmic hypophyseal tract 5. A nerve bundle which runs through the infundibulm 6. Arises from neurons in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus 7. Neural connection to hypothalamus 8. Hypophyseal portal system a. Primary capillary plexus b. Hyophyseal portal veins c. Secondary capillary plexus 3. Posterior Pituitary a. Contains axons of hypothalamic neurons b. Stores antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin c. ADH and oxytocin are released in response to nerve impulses d. Both use PIP-calcium second-messenger mechanism at their targets
Oxytocin
9. Stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth by mobilizing Ca2+ through a PIP2-Ca2+ second-messenger system 10. Also triggers milk ejection (“letdown” reflex) in women producing milk 11. Plays a role in sexual arousal and orgasm in males and females
ADH
a. Hypothalamic osmoreceptors respond to changes in the solute concentration of the blood b. If solute concentration is high c. Osmoreceptors depolarize and transmit impulses to hypothalamic neurons d. ADH is synthesized and released, inhibiting urine formation e. If solute concentration is low f. ADH is not released, allowing water loss g. Alcohol inhibits ADH release and causes copious urine output h. Homeostatic imbalances of ADH d. ADH