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Biology Final Exam Review Sheet

a) The identity of each element is defined by the number of protons in its nucleus
a. The physical and chemical properties of each element are defined by:
i. Number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus ii. Number of electrons orbiting the nucleus
Proton = mass of one & a positive charge
Neutron = mass of one and no charge
Electron = negligible mass and a negative charge

Isotopes of an element
a) Isotopes are different forms of the same element
a. Same number of protons
b. Same number of electrons orbiting
c. Different number of neutrons
Chemical Bonds & Interactions
a) Covalent bonds – sharing of electron pairs
b) Ionic attraction – attraction of opposite charges
c) Hydrogen bond – electrical attraction between a covalently bonded H atom and an electronegative atom
d) Hydrophobic Interactions – interaction of non – polar substances in the presence of polar substances
e) van der Waals Interaction – interaction of electron of non-polar substances
Fatty Acids Have Long Tails Formed by Covalently Linked Carbons
a) All bonds between carbon atoms are single in a saturated fatty acid (chain is straight)
b) The straight chain allows a molecule to pack tightly among other similar molecules
c) Double bonds between two carbons make an unsaturated fatty acid (carbon chain has kinks)
d) Kinks prevent close packing
Condensation and Hydrolysis of Polymers
a) Covalent bond is formed between monomers
b) Water is removed in condensation
c) Covalent bond between monomers is broken
d) Water is added in hydrolysis
Formation of Peptide Linkages
a) The amino group of one amino acid reacts with the carboxyl group of another to form a peptide linkage. A molecule of water is lost (condensation) as each linkage forms
b) Repetition of this reaction link many amino acids together into a polypeptide
The Four Levels of

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