...conduct of soldiers in times of war. Background: The aim of Milgram’s (1963) study was to investigate what levels of obedience would be shown when participants were told by a figure of authority to deliver electric shocks to another person. Milgram was interested in how easily ordinary people could be influenced into committing atrocities such as some of the acts carried out by Germans in WWII. The participant took the role of ‘teacher’, also present was the ‘learner’ who was in on the deception and knew that they would not receive any real shocks and the experimenter. The ‘teacher’ was told that the ‘learner’, who was in another room, would have words to memorise and if they got the words wrong they would receive an electric shock that was administered by the ‘teacher’. The shock generator in front of the ‘teacher’ ran from 15 volts to 450 volts with descriptive words such as ‘slight shock’ for 15 volts, ‘intense shock’ for 225 volts and ‘XXX’ for 435 volts (Banyard, 2010, p. 69). As the ‘learner’ began to get words wrong the ‘teacher’ began to shock, as the shocks increased the ‘learner’ began to shout out in pain. At these points when the ‘teacher’ showed discomfort in continuing, the experimenter who was sat in the same room as the ‘teacher’ told the them, ‘It is absolutely essential that you continue’ or ‘You have no choice, you must carry on’(Banyard, 2010, p. 73). Results and variations: Prior to his experiment Milgram conducted a survey and found that most respondents...
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...AS Psychology - Unit Two Social Psychology Social Influence Student workbook Name: .................................................................................. Form: ................................................................................... Teacher: .............................................................................. Specification requirements Social psychology Candidates will be expected to demonstrate: • Knowledge and understanding of concepts, theories and studies in relation to individual differences • Skills of analysis, evaluation and application in relation to individual differences • Knowledge and understanding of research methods associated with this area of psychology • Knowledge and understanding of ethical issues associated with this area of psychology. |Content outline | |Social influence |Conformity (majority influence) and explanations of why people conform, including informational | | |social influence and normative social influence | | | | | |Types...
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...Introduction Gordon Allport stated that social psychology means “...to understand and explain how the thought, feeling and behaviour of individuals are influenced by the actual, imagined or implied presence of other human beings...” (1985). In this essay I am going to explain the thought, feeling and behaviour of individuals as influenced by the actual, imagined or implied presence of other human beings. I will be talking about theories and experiments carried out by Charles Cooley, Michael Argyle, Muzafer Sherif, Solomon Asch and Stanley Milgram. The essay will focus on their theories and experiments carried out in relations to self concept, conformity and obedience. Self Concept Self concept is a term used by psychologists; it means the way in which we identify ourselves. In the early 1900’s Charles Cooley developed the ‘looking-glass self’ theory. He explained how we see ourselves as the result of how others see us. Cooley’s theory; ‘looking-glass self’, consists of three major stages. 1. I imagine how my personality and appearance will look to other people. 2. I imagine how other people judge the appearance and personality that I think I present. 3. I develop a self-concept. For example 1. A group of bullies comment on a girl’s appearance. 2. The bullies think she is ugly. 3. The girl believes she is ugly. A positive change can happen when the opposite is done; when people think the girl looks pretty, people say...
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...always a question as to whether or not the tests go too far. Milgram intended to break down the understanding of why people allowed the Holocaust to happen, but many people question the necessity of his experiment. In the article Some Conditions of Obedience and Disobedience to Authority, we learn that Milgram set up an experiment to see if the subjects would shock someone to the point of physical harm in order to obey the authority of a scientist. The fact of the matter is, in order to understand things they must be tested. Whether or not this experiment seemed like a necessity, it would have eventually been carried out in some fashion in order to understand an event such as the Holocaust. Milgram examined the obedience...
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...Obedience to Authority Making a significant contribution to social psychology, Stanley Milgram focused his studies on authority, specifically on how individuals react to it and are obedient to it. His groundbreaking and famous experiment surprised the world of social psychology, as well as society as a whole (Blass, 2002). Throughout this paper, the reasoning behind Milgram’s study of obedience to authority will be discussed. Additionally, the experiment will be explained, beginning with the formulation and ending with the results. Lastly, the influence of the experiment on social psychology, as well as current research on this topic will be covered. Historical Perspective To gain a better understanding of Milgram’s substantial contributions to social psychology, an examination of the historical period in which he started his career is necessary. According to Mastroianni (2002), World War II had just begun and everyone was still traumatized by the alarming reality of what was happening during the war in Europe. As the Nazi concentration camps were being discovered, the world began to find out about Hitler’s plan to purify the “supreme race” (Mastroianni, 2002). The most shocking part of the holocaust was the plans that Hitler had were being implemented (Mastroianni, 2002). Due to the unfolding events happening during World War II, Blass (2002) pointed out that there were many unanswered questions at the time. As a society, people just could not understand how one person...
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...Dr. Kalkstein General Psychology Unit: Social Psychology Humans are social animals. Social Psychology: study of how people think about, relate to, and influence each other * How we perceive ourselves and others * How we function in groups * Why we hurt or help people * Why we fall in love * Why we discriminate against certain people Our biases 1) We tend to underestimate the power of a situation in determining our behavior (fundamental attribution bias) 2) A great deal of mental thought and behavior occurs automatically and without conscious awareness or intent. Test your implicit biases: https://implicit.harvard.edu/implicit/ Confederates’ role in social psychology research: an accomplice of the experimenter for research involving deception, plays an assigned role. Cognitive Dissonance: Uncomfortable feeling caused by holding two contradictory viewpoints. Particularly strong if your behavior conflicts with your attitude. -Study: Festinger and Carlsmith, 1959 * Students performed extremely boring task for an hour. * Paid to lie to someone else about it being interesting. * Results: Other example: fraternity hazing, adjusting values to fit behavior Bystander Intervention Effect: failure to help someone observed to be in need. Kitty Genovese story A person is less likely to help if there are other bystanders around. -Study: Latane and Darley, 1968. College students filling out survey while smoke coming...
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...Intrigued by this proposition, Milgram (1974) conducted a number of famous experiments on the obedience to authority. His work, along with the likes of Zimbardo (1969) and Asch (1951) revolutionised the field of psychology and our understanding of the influence situations have on an individual’s behaviour. As in Altemeyer’s study on teachers and learners above, Milgram’s results, which inspired Altemeyer’s study, also indicated that the most significant factor driving a person to commit violent acts is not the individual, but rather the situation they are placed under. This explains why an increased number of teachers were able to cause pain to the learners when separated from them. Milgram’s work provided a number of key insights about the power of the situation. In particular, while individual background slightly influenced how likely an individual would obey authority, the impulse to obey cut across gender, nationality, education, religious affiliation, and personality type (Kressel, 1996, p146 ). In addition, Milgram proposed that when confronted with a legitimate leader, individuals entered an ‘agentic state’ whereby they defer all moral decision-making and responsibility to the leader. This raises some troublesome questions. Most notably, if an individual...
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...Luke Saxon Dr. Loper EN 101-129 23 November 2014 Argumentative Synthesis Final Obedience to authority comes somewhat naturally to most people because of the world we live in, every civilization has some type of authority. However, power brings on great responsibilities, and not all authority figures have the ability to handle that. For years psychologists have studied obedience to authority to learn new things about humans and our interaction with those giving the orders. For me exploring this topic has led me to believe that power has the ability to corrupt, situations are a key factor in decision making, and most people are inclined to obey authority. “Power tends to corrupt, and absolute power corrupts absolutely,” is a popular quote from Lord Acton. This statement has been proven true time and time again throughout history. A few good examples come from the Stanford Prison Experiment, where some of the students that played the role of guard abused the power they had been given for the experiment. During the testing two main guards took it upon themselves to become the authority of the prison even though they were not asked to do so. This shows that even a small amount of power can start to affect the way you act. They began taunting the prisoners, calling them demeaning names, and even forced them to do unnecessary exercises at times simply because they had the power to. Not only does power have the ability to corrupt, but it has the ability to do it quickly at times...
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...makes something funny? Explain the foundation of humor and what is involved in “getting” a joke. Playing with reality is our cultures form of humor for now, and it is a reasonable way to discuss topics that are typically avoided in today’s mainstream culture. With today’s outlook on race and sexuality, put down jokes is what is found humorous to the generations now. Overall, humor is derived from violations of the culture’s norms. The foundation of humor is from mixing realities which promote humor. Since humor involves both the unconventional and conventional realities, it is necessary to understand both the realities along with their differences. Getting the joke relies on the person receiving the punch line to understand all the background information and fill in what is missing. 3. What are the differences between categories of people and social groups? Categories of people and social groups...
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...offers to the officers that are currently employed. Just like most jobs the hiring process for the San Antonio Police Department (SAPD) starts with a written application. This application can also be completed online however it must be printed out and turned in to the police department in person. The application consists of basic background information like: full name, date of birth, address, and also past employment history and drug or crime history. Once the applicant has filled out the application and turned it in they will be scheduled to take the written exam. Applicants must pass the written exam with a minimum score of 70 percent. On the same day as the written exam if the applicant passes, the next step is the physical fitness exam. The fitness exam consists of push-ups, sit-ups, running, climbing a five foot wall, and dragging a 180 pound dummy 20 feet. There are minimum standards and according to the "San Antonio Police Department Careers" (2013) website the physical fitness test is a significant struggle for many applicants. Once the physical fitness test has been completed successfully an applicant moves on to the background investigation. The investigation looks at the following things to determine if the applicant is suitable for the department: personal history and character, employment history, military history (if applicable), driving...
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...Angela Li Physics 171 Problem Set 6 Leaking landfill 2014/10/4 Dear citizens: I’m really sorry about the leaking landfill in our city. Many of you may concern the impact of releasing radioactive radon gas on your health but I’m here to assure you that you are not in too much danger and do not have to over worry. First, let’s consider the short-term effects of radiation damage to cells. If a whole body exposes to less than 100 rem (1 Sievert) dose of radiation, people will experience no short-term radiation illness. You will expose to approximately an extra 1 milli-Sievert whole-body dose per year due to the leak. The dose is far below 1 Sievert. So you will not be sick because the cells in your body can repair the tiny damage naturally. Then, I’ll talk about extra risks of getting cancers. According to the Linear Hypothesis which predicts cancer effects at very low levels, each of you will get 4*10^-5 extra risk of getting cancers each day, which is only 0.04 extra cancers. When we expand the time range into a year, extra 14 to 15 people in 1000 of you will get cancers due to radiation. Much fewer people than 14 will actually die from cancer. Even without radiation, about 40% people will get cancer and about 20% of them will die of it. So even if there is no releasing radiation, about 400 people among you will get cancer sometime in your lives and 200 people will die for it. So the danger of getting cancer from radiation is very minimal compared to the natural rate...
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...Handling Security and Ethical Issues at TBWI Course: IT560-01 Handling Security and Ethical Issues at TBWI A growing concern, especially with the recent information leak at Target, is the issue of security. Outlined are security concerns for TBWI and how best to handle them. In addition to handling security issues, there may be complicated ethical issues that may occur. To best handle these situations, those ethical issues are addressed, with recommendations for how best to handle them. Security Concerns In 2013, B2B International and Kaspersky Lab conducted a Global Corporate IT Security Risks survey and the results were quite startling. In a conservative estimate, “The average damage suffered by large companies from a single serious incident was $649,000. For small and medium-sized companies, the average damage was $50,000” ("Global corporate it," 2013). These damages can be the result of fines, lawsuits, as well as lost revenue from customers, who no longer have faith in the security of the company. It takes many years for a business, such as TBWI, to build a reputation, but it can all be lost in a matter of seconds. Because of this, the following security concerns need to be recognized, with a plan in place for prevention. External threats External threats are those that occur from people not involved with TBWI. These could be competitors or random hackers or thieves. These types of threats can occur at the software and hardware...
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...INTRODUCTION ABOUT APU APIIT Education Group has risen throughout the years as one of Malaysia's Largest Education Groups tending to all levels of Education. The Asia Pacific University of Technology and Innovation (APU) is amongst Malaysia's Premier Private Universities, and is the place a one of a kind combination of innovation, advancement and imagination works adequately towards planning graduates for huge parts in business and society all around. APU has earned an advantageous notoriety as a honor winning University through its accomplishments in winning a large group of prestigious grants at national and global levels, and additionally a fabulous reputation in creating profoundly employable graduates who can quickly add to industry upon graduation. . Initially settled as the Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology (APIIT) in 1993 and the Asia Pacific University College of Technology and Innovation (UCTI) in 2004, APU's sound way to deal with supporting school leavers into qualified experts has brought about our graduates being exceptionally looked for after by businesses. With a universal understudy group from more than 110 nations examining in its Malaysian grounds, APU offers a genuinely cosmopolitan learning environment which gets ready understudies well for the worldwide difficulties which lie ahead. While Technology frames a typical center as an empowering influence over its scholarly projects, APU offers a wide scope of projects including territories...
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...PSY 302 Complete Course PSY302 Complete Course Click Link for the Answer: http://workbank247.com/q/psy-302-complete-course-psy302-complete-course/22110 http://workbank247.com/q/psy-302-complete-course-psy302-complete-course/22110 PSY 302 Module 1 Assignment 1: Autobiography * A brief paragraph introducing yourself to your classmates. Include information such as your name, location, profession, how long you have been at Argosy, and your favorite psychology course so far. * From the list below, select a topic you would like to conduct a study on. If you wish to explore a topic that is not on this list, please check with your instructor for permission. * A short discussion of the topic area, such as the meaningfulness of the topic, how the topic might be embedded within a larger conceptual framework (e.g., a topic such as how the size of the jackpot affects lottery decisions might be under the broader umbrella of risk-taking behavior), where to go to find out more when researching the topic, and how you could elaborate on a topic by looking at moderator variables or exceptions. List of potential topics: * Media's influence on aggression * Media's influence on body image * Effective treatments for chemical dependency * Driving safety and types of distractions * The role of introversion/extraversion on marital bliss or employee performance * Suggestibility: do television ads change behavior? * Factors affecting career choice ...
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...If the origins of mass killing cannot be explained by psychopathology, or the existence of a homogenous personality, it implies that anyone then can become complicit to extreme ideological violence. Intrigued by this proposition, Milgram (1974) conducted a number of famous experiments on the obedience to authority. His work, along with the likes of Zimbardo (1969) and Asch (1951) revolutionised the field of psychology and our understanding of the influence situations have on an individual’s behaviour. As in Altemeyer’s study on teachers and learners above, Milgram’s results, which inspired Altemeyer’s study, also indicated that the most significant factor driving a person to commit violent acts is not the individual, but rather the situation they are placed under. This explains why an increased number of teachers were able to cause pain to the learners when separated from them. Milgram’s work provided a number of key insights about the power of the situation. In particular, while individual background slightly influenced how likely an individual would obey authority, the impulse to obey cut across gender, nationality, education, religious affiliation, and personality type (Kressel, 1996, p146 ). In addition, Milgram proposed that when confronted with a legitimate...
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