...CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Problem Definition The rated power generated from the engine of a heavy duty vehicle can only become useful when effectively transmitted from the engine via the fly wheel to the transmission system of the truck and finally to the final drive. The propeller shaft or the drive shaft which is the mechanical component used for transmitting torque and rotation is used in transmitting these generated power to the final drive. However, when the Ghana Armed Forces introduced the Chinese made Dong Feng trucks which are five ton troop carrying vehicles (TCVs) for its operations, their propeller shafts recorded a high rate of failure. This inevitably affected the morale of troops and the operations of the Ghana Armed Forces. Some drivers of the truck fearing the propeller shaft failure could result in accident, hanged nylon rope or chain under the trucks to prevent a failed shaft from striking the ground. Below are pictures to that effect. This project therefore aims at identifying the causes of the failures of propeller shafts and recommend mitigating measures to them. Fig. 1.1 Nylon Rope Beneath the Propeller Shaft 1.2 Objectives The objectives of this project work are: * To identify the causes of propeller shaft failure of heavy duty trucks at the Base Workshop. * To recommend mitigating and preventive measures to the problems. 1.3 Justification It is anticipated that the findings of this project will...
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...understood to more realistically represent antenna systems. The main importance of the radial methods is that a quick antenna system proof can be completed in less than 15 minutes (often in only 5 minutes) not matter how complex the antenna system is of a typical home computers CPU time. Heading The course or direction in which a ship or aircraft is pointing or moving. - (Aeronautics) the angle between the direction of an aircraft and a specified meridian,often due north sa mga gusto ng number sa assignment Vor Describe the principles of the following A. Intercepting an inbound track - Tune and identify the required VOR beacon and orient the aircraft to ascertain the magnetic bearing of the aircraft to the beacon. Then rotate the OBS until the required inbound track is shown in the Bearing Selector Window. The TO indicator should then be visible. The aircraft should then be turned in the direction of the Deviation Indicator on to a suitable intercept heading, which is determined from the position of the aircraft as visualised from the information available from the orientation. Closure of the required track is shown by the Deviation Indicator...
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...The bearing industry Bearings industry of various sizes and specifications found their way into everything from space shuttles to household appliances, automobiles, dentist drills, roller skates, and computer disk drives. The bearing industry was facing a variety of complex problems. Policies favoring the steel industry were not always in the best interest of the bearing industry, which, as manufacturers of secondary steel products, was in the middle of the production chain. Because bearings were essential components of military and civilian machinery and equipment, the federal government had historically been a major customer. By following the life Cycle we have the stages of the industry in U.S which Timken operates: [pic] Start-up : Before 1990 , with increasing competition from Europe and Japan, the industry started a new segment . Fast growth : between the stage 1990 to 1998 , Shipments of ball and roller bearings grew steadily and peaking in 1998 at more than $5.8 billion .1999 and 2000, the value of shipments remained relatively strong Moderate growth: in 2001 ,the industry faced economic recession, decreased automotive demand, and the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001. the value of shipments dropped dramatically , sinking to $5.3 billion, the lowest since 1995. There had been moderate growth in the sector in 2002, led by automotive production, which had risen 5% owing to sales incentives, including 0% financing . Plateau and Decline : the...
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... a) Pitting and fretting b) Intergranular and exfoliation* c) Surface and stress 6. A combination of residual stress and corrosive agents will cause a) Filiform corrosion b) Stress corrosion* c) Exfoliation corrosion 7. Which material is most widely used in modern civil aircraft construction? a) Stainless steel b) Titanium alloys c) Aluminum alloys* 8. Cables can be tensioned using a) Bolts and nuts b) Turnbuckles* c) Locking wires 9. The process for protecting aluminum and aluminum alloys surface from corrosion is a) Metal spraying b) Zinc plating c) Anodizing* 10. Landing gear wheels use what bearings? a) Roller bearing b) Ball bearing c) Tapered roller bearing* 11. Which of the following is the most widely used cable in American manufactured aircraft? a) 1 X 19 Flexible cable b) 7 X 7 Extra flexible cable c) 7 X 19 Extra flexible cable* 12. Tensile strength of a material is determined by a) Divide the load to pull apart by its cross-sectional area* b) Multiply the load to pull apart by its cross-sectional area c) Divide the load to pull apart its cross-sectional area by bending it to 45...
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...Introduction: HMT Bearings Ltd. ("HMTB") was incorporated in 1964 under the name of Indo Nippon Precision Bearings Limited. The Company was promoted as a state public sector company by the Government of Andhra Pradesh in technical collaboration with M/s Koyo Seiko Co. Ltd., Japan. It commenced commercial production in 1970. In 1980 the Company became a central public sector undertaking after it was made a subsidiary of HMT Limited ("HMTL"). The vision of the company is to produce & market bearings and other engineering components of world class excellence through total performance leadership. Company is strictly adhered to the standards, specifications stipulated in ISO-9001-2000. Objective: To explore the factors responsible for loss of company HMT Bearings Ltd. HMT Bearings began suffering a liquidity crisis in 1999-2000. It worsened 2002 and 2003, primarily due to a massive inventory buildup and accumulation of uncollected receivables. In mid-2002, the government and HMT Group explored shutting down HMT Bearings, taking the losses and pensioning off the employees. But that plan was rejected, out of concern for the impact on employment and high pension costs, and in the face of intense pressure by the Center of India Trade Union in Hyderabad. Rather than shut down HMT Bearings, government-funded bailouts were instituted, debt was converted to equity in order to eliminate the overwhelming interest expense. The key development in 2002 was the decision to seek a strategic...
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...in the bearing industry by combining more than 100 years of bearing manufacturing and development experience. Because the two companies shared many of the same customers but had few products in common, customers would surely appreciate that Timken’s sales representatives could meet more of their needs. Timken’s potential annual cost savings from consolidating manufacturing facilities and processes were estimated to be more than $80 million. If the price paid for Torrington were too high, Ingersoll-Rand, rather than Timken, would capture the value of the synergies. In addition, given the large size of the acquisition, Timken was concerned about the impact on its balance sheet. If Ingersoll-Rand demanded a cash deal and if Timken raised the money with new debt, the increased leverage would almost certainly prompt credit agencies to downgrade Timken’s investment-grade rating. The Bearing Industry Bearings of various sizes and specifications found their way into everything from space shuttles to household appliances, automobiles, dentist drills, roller skates, and computer disk drives. In 2001, U.S. establishments involved in ball- and roller-bearing manufacturing employed more than 33,000 workers. The bearing industry was facing a variety of complex problems. Policies favoring the steel industry did not always consider the best interests of the bearing industry, which, as manufacturers of secondary steel products, was in the middle of the production chain. Because bearings were...
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...Chapter III Result and Discussion The Fruit Juice Extractor was conceptualized by the researcher in their shop classes at the Electro-Mechanical Technology Shops, College of Technology, DON MARIANO MARCOS MEMORIAL STATE UNIVERSITY (DMMMSU), Mid La Union Campus, San Fernando City. It was a product if creativity of the researchers. The Fruit Juice Extractor is a machine used to extract juice. The design, fabrication and construction of the fruit juice extractor involved the following processes such as designing, measuring, cutting, assembling, mounting, connecting and testing the individual materials and devices to produce precise equipment. Figure 1 shows the perspective view of the Fruit Juice Extractor consisting of various parts that play an important role in the smooth and safe operation of the machine. The following are the main important parts of the Motorized Fruit Juice Extractor: (1) Base & Barrel / Carrier Assembly (2) Motor (3) Barrel / Cylindrical (4) Type of compactom (5) Body (6) Belt (7) Blade Assembly (8) Pulley ASSEMBLY DRAWING A. A. A A Legend A. Body B B B. PULEY C C C. ANGLE BAR D. BARREL / CYLINDRICAL D D E. FRAME F. PAN BELT G. MOTOR F F G. G. E E Fig. 1 Perspective View...
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...Ball Bearing Drop Lab Bijay Gurung Nathan Wells September 21, 2014 Physics 2425 Purpose: The purpose of this lab is to calculate the gravity constant. Procedure: The materials needed for this experiments are standard mechanism which includes the time calculator, bearing, and a ruler. Student has to measure the distance of mechanism. Further we have to setup the mechanism by placing the bearing ball in the holding mechanism a distance h above the impact sensor. Once the bearing ball is released, an electronic timer will begin and finally halt once the steel ball has hit the impact plate. One student in a group records the time and repeats the trial for fifteen times. The free fall time, t, can then be used along with the distance h to calculate the acceleration of gravity. Theory: After obtaining the data, we have to convert the distance from cm to m. 1 cm=0.01m. The total height from where the bearing was drop is 173.7 cm=1.737m. We can find the acceleration due to gravity or g value by using the formula, g=2h/t^2, where ‘g’ is the acceleration due to gravity, ‘h’ is the height where bearing was drop from, & ‘t’ is time taken by bearing to hit the floor. For example, for the first trial we have the height of 1.737m, and time it takes was 0.5924s. We can calculate the ‘g’ value by, g=2h/t^2 g=2*1.737m/(0.5924s)^2=9.899 m/s^2 We can also use graphic calculator to find the time. In order to find the “g” by using graphic calculator, we have to list...
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...│ CREDIT RESEARCH │ Wednesday │ 20 September │ 2006 Summary Financials (USD mn) 2003 Sales Gross Profit EBITDA Net Profit Fin Debt Equity Operating CF Free CF 160.3 32.8 14.8 8.4 9.7 43.4 12.3 (2.9) 2004 204.7 69.2 47.4 29.9 16.9 82.4 7.7 (11.3) 2005 249.7 82.8 52.1 30.9 50.7 96.3 21.1 2006E 279.6 94.0 61.0 34.8 153.9 129.2 45.4 No. 1 in the Russian ball bearing industry European Bearing Corporation (EBC) controls 37% of the Russian ball bearing market. EBC operates five ball bearing plants in Russia and one in Kazakhstan and produces more than 2,700 types of ball bearings for more than 500 customers. EBC controls 98% of Russia’s high-precision (aviation) ball bearing market and 95% of the railroad ball bearing market. These two business segments accounted for 65% of EBC’s revenues in 2005. Long-term relationship with Russian Railroads The company has a supply contract worth USD560 mn with Russian Railroads that secures EBC average annual revenue of USD100 mn to 2010. (23.2) 19.3 Source: Company data 2004 34% 23% 15% 0.4 35.0 2005 33% 21% 12% 0.9 13.7 Ratios 2003 Gross Margin EBITDA Margin Net Margin Debt/EBITDA EBITDA/Int. Expense Financial Debt/Equity 20% 9% 5% 0.7 22.8 0.22 Solid financial standing, moderate leverage In 2005, EBC reported revenues of USD250mn, up 22% y-o-y. EBITDA margin stood at 21%, while the debt/EBITDA ratio was only 0.9. Factoring in the planned CLN issue, debt/EBITDA should not exceed 2.5 at year-end 2006, and gradually decline...
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...CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 History A forklift (also called a lift truck, a high/low, a stacker-truck, trailer loader, side loader or a fork hoist) is a powered industrial truck used to lift and transport materials. The modern forklift was developed in the 1920s by various companies including the transmission manufacturing company Clark and the hoist company Yale & Towne Manufacturing. The forklift has since become an indispensable piece of equipment in manufacturing and warehousing operations. The middle 19th century through the early 20th century saw the developments that led to today's modern forklifts. The Pennsylvania Railroad in 1906 introduced battery powered platform trucks for moving luggage at their Altoona, Pennsylvania train station. World War I saw the development of different types of material handling equipment in the United Kingdom by Ransomes, Sims and Jeffries of Ipswich. This was in part due to the labor shortages caused by the war. In 1917 Clark in the United States began developing and using powered tractor and powered lift tractors in their factories. In 1919 the Towmotor Company and Yale & Towne Manufacturing in 1920 entered the lift truck market in the United States. Continuing development and expanded use of the forklift continued through the 1920s and 1930s. World War II, like World War I before, spurred the use of forklift trucks in the war effort. Following the war, more efficient methods for storing products in warehouses were being...
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...ABSTRACT Electric Overhead Travelling (EOT) Crane is one of the essential industrial equipment for material handling job. Indecent years little attention has been paid to the optimal design heavy electric overhead travelling bridges. The motive might be, but not limited to the availability of prevailing FEM, DIN, ISO, CMAA, BS, Chinese and now CEN standards for the design of cranes. Most of the crane manufacture has standardized the single dimensioned box section for multiple spans and duties of crane bridges for manufacturing simplicity. LIST OF TABLES Table No. | Table Description | Page No. | 1 Different cross section formula 2 Dimension for ramshorn hooks LIST OF FIGURES Figure No. Figure Description Page No. 1.1.1 Overhead crane 1.3.1 Standard crane 1.4.1 Free standing crane 1.5.1 Gear box 1.5.2 Electric brake motor 1.5.3 Rope guide 1.5.4 Load limiter 1.5.5 Low headroom trolley 1.6.1(A) Top Running Bridge Cranes 1.6.1(B) Under Running Bridge Crane 1.7.1 Top running vs. under running 1.9 Double girder crane hoist 1.9.1 Chain hoist 1.9.2 Wire rope hoist 3.1.1 Drawing of 160 ton hook, nut & Lock plate 3.2.1 CAD model of 160 ton hook 3.3.1 Different views of crane hook 3.3.2 Bending of a beam with larger Initial curvature 3.4.1 Modified cross section 3.5.1 Circular cross section 3.5.2 Rectangular cross section ...
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...As a manufacturing engineer , I also in charge on choosing the right material to be use on the car , for the wheels of the car , I decided to use teflon wheels as it is light , strong and helps in reducing during the rotation on the track . we use double ball bearing for each of the wheels. We used the treated ball bearings which we had produce during the innovation. The axle we use is the carbon fibre axle because it is very light . The colour that we use is metallic colour using spray paint . For the finishing process , we smoothen the car with differennt type of smoothness . we use the sandpaper that immersed into the water before sandblasting the car by using a sandpaper . this is to ensure the equal smooth on a surface of the car . After that ,,, the will be coated with a layer of car cement to repair the broken effects during the machining process on a denford CNC machine using my knowledge on CAM . it is used to cover the deformation that happened during the cutting process . NEXT , there will be next layer of of undercoat to coat the car . To ensure the perfect smoothness on the car surface, we sandblsting the car again that covered by the undercoat and to beautify and strenghten the car . It is the last finishing layer of the car before its paint using the pressure spray painting . Then , the car is sprayed by two layer of colour which are pink and thrn black . Lastly . we sprayed the clear layer to make the car surface looks shiny...
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...ISSN: 2348 9510 International Journal Of Core Engineering & Management (IJCEM) Volume 1, Issue 9, December 2014 Fault Analysis of a Bearing Archit Upadhyay Bachelor of Engineering- Mechanical Engineering Acropolis Institute of Technology & Research, Indore, (M.P), India Contact Number: +91-9993099957 E-maid ID: architupadhyay2192@gmail.com Abstract The performance of a bearing which is dynamic in nature is very crucial to the working of a machine. The presence of defects in a bearing results in reduced efficiency or in some cases severe damage to the machine which is under consideration. Rolling element bearing is an indispensable part of any machine which finds widespread domestic and industrial applications. Different methods are used for detection and diagnosis of the bearing defects. This research is intended as a tutorial overview of bearing fault detection using vibration analysis. The advent of the microprocessor has enormously advanced the process of vibration data acquisition and analysis in recent years. Measurement that took hours only two decades ago can now be completed in minutes and better decisions made because of better data acquisition and presentation. However, the basic process of measurement and analysis have remained essentially unchanged, just like the machines from which vibrations is measured. The results of the measurement and data analysis need to be compared with known standards or guidelines and decisions made as to whether the machine is acceptable...
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...PERFORMING THE PLATE BEARING TEST Summary: In the international literature there is often confusion between the terms Modulus of Elasticity EYoung and Modulus of Deformation EDef for homogenous, isotropic masses, which, sometimes, plainly referred as Modulus E, without any further explanation. In this paper a distinction between the EYoung and the EDef is being done and the interest is concentrated in the Plate Bearing Test, which is commonly used in highway earthworks. Moreover, a soil classification diagram is given, in which the soils are classified by their shear strength parameters and their behavior, as totally elastic or elastoplastic, under specific loading applied by rigid circular plate. Finally, a method for the estimation of the soil parameters is proposed, using only the in-situ Plate Bearing Test. The study and the documentation were supported by a presentation of theoretical examples, based on the Finite Element Method. 1. INTRODUCTION In highway earthworks the knowledge of the Modulus of Elasticity of the soils is very important, whether the projects are in the stage of design, construction or compaction check and this is required to be obtained by an easy manner. Due to the complexity and difficulty in determining the Modulus of Elasticity in the laboratory by the Triaxial Test, which is usually not available on the worksite, the common practice for the designer is to determine the Modulus of Deformation with the in situ and easier Plate Bearing Test. It must be...
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...effective are shredded plastic cups as additives in making decorative garden tiles in terms of durability? 3. How effective are shredded plastic cups as additives in making decorative garden tiles in terms of load bearing capacity? C. RESEARCH OBJECTIVE General Objective: The primary concern of this study is to determine the effectiveness of compressed plastic bottles as fillers for pathways. Specific Objectives: 1. To determine the effectiveness of shredded plastic cups as additives in making decorative garden tiles in terms of compressive strength. 2. To determine the effectiveness of shredded plastic cups as additives in making decorative garden tiles in terms of durability. D. To determine the effectiveness of shredded plastic cups as additives in making decorative garden tiles in terms of load bearing capacity. E. HYPOTHESES It is hypothesized that: 1. The shredded plastic cups have no significant effect as additives in making decorative garden tiles in terms of compressive strength. 2. The shredded plastic cups have no significant effect as additives in making decorative garden tiles in terms of durability. 3. The shredded plastic cups have no significant effect as additives in making decorative garden tiles in terms of load bearing capacity. F. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY G. SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS H. Decorative Garden Tiles with Shredded Plastic Cups RESEARCH...
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