...Ontology by Tom Gruber in the Encyclopedia of Database Systems, Ling Liu and M. Tamer Özsu (Eds.), Springer-Verlag, 2009. Synonyms computational ontology, semantic data model, ontological engineering Definition In the context of computer and information sciences, an ontology defines a set of representational primitives with which to model a domain of knowledge or discourse. The representational primitives are typically classes (or sets), attributes (or properties), and relationships (or relations among class members). The definitions of the representational primitives include information about their meaning and constraints on their logically consistent application. In the context of database systems, ontology can be viewed as a level of abstraction of data models, analogous to hierarchical and relational models, but intended for modeling knowledge about individuals, their attributes, and their relationships to other individuals. Ontologies are typically specified in languages that allow abstraction away from data structures and implementation strategies; in practice, the languages of ontologies are closer in expressive power to first-order logic than languages used to model databases. For this reason, ontologies are said to be at the "semantic" level, whereas database schema are models of data at the "logical" or "physical" level. Due to their independence from lower level data models, ontologies are used for integrating heterogeneous databases, enabling interoperability...
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...The Clean Air Act James Huckabone ENV/320 9/10/2012 Siroos Mostaghimi The Clean Air Act The Clean Air Act was established in 1970 when the United States government decided to a more drastic role in protecting the countries air from unwanted pollution. There were a few amendments to the Clean Air Act in the following years to come, one being in the year 1977 and the other coming in 1990. Although having control over pollution did not just start in 1970 the United States Government stated with a clean act in 1955 which started paving the way for today’s Clean Air Act.(EPA) In the year of 1955 the United States enacted the first pollution control act this act was called the Pollution Control Act of 1955. This act was the first federal regulation for air pollution and the Pollution Act of 1955 also gave funding to help find the main sources of air pollution that was contaminating the air. Before the federal government enacted this act there were several state and local regulations to help with pollution control.(Encyclopedia of Earth) Next came the Air Quality act of 1963, The Air Quality Act of 1963 was an act that authorized a national program to address pollution related environmental problems.(EPA) The act also helped expand research into air quality. One of largest benefits to the Air Quality Act of 1963 was the control of automobile emissions. The controlling of automobile emissions came through an amendment to the Air Quality Act of 1963. This amendment...
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...The relationship in between mind and body, the idea of monism and dualism, the connection of mind and body being separate or one had been a debate for centuries. According to Gurung (2013) throughout history of most cultures, there has been the debate of separation in between body and the spiritual mind. The views are not only religious, but also in philosophical approach, going back to 17th century, when Rene Descartes presented the dualism version of mind and body. According to Descartes (1952), “human beings consisted of two quite unlike substances which could not exist in unity” (p1). Descartes’s explanation of mind-body dualism explains that it is natural that our conscious experiences are completely separate from physical and non-living things. According to Gurung (2013) “there are many different cultural approaches to health, and it is important to acknowledge that many cultural variations exist within ethnic communities” (p. 14). Culture has a big debate on how health is incorporated to the mind-body. Different cultures have different believes and health behaviors and expectations from current country they live in. For example a person living in US vs a person living in India with the same health issue have different expectations and understanding of the health issue and the health system. According to Gurung (2013) one health approach used in western medicine that focuses on biology and psychology underlying health is the biopsychosocial approach. Biopsychosocial...
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...Explain concisely the philosophical problems of the relation between the mind and body. The mind and our understanding of what it is has been the centre of philosophical debate since the 6th Century BC where the ancient Greeks sort for ways of explaining human action. No longer did the Homeric understanding that human action was simply the result of his environment sufficient, an inward search to explain actions took place and as such, the concept of psyche was developed. The concept of psyche evolved through terms such as soul and then mind through philosophical debate and mistranslation since this period, and it is the aim of this paper to show how the mind has been conceptualised and the irrationality of associating in like form to that of the body. In order to understand the problems with relating the mind and body – the concept of Cartesian dualism, as theorised by Descartes needs to be examined. Descartes believed in an independent nonmaterial soul inhabiting and finding expression in a mechanically operated body. Descartes used his own words cogito ergo sum, “I am thinking therefore I exist” as somewhat of an unanswerable means of proof. In an attempt to understand everything and break it down to its most simplest form, Descartes the skeptic attempted to doubt everything in order to understand himself. He argues that he can doubt everything around himself, he can even doubt that his own body exists, however he can no doubt that he is doubting, - he could not doubt...
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...The Mind and Body Debate LaSonya Jenkins PHL 443 June 16, 2011 Dr. Dean Dowling The Mind and Body Debate Is the mind independent of the body? The relationship between the mind and body has been a stimulating argument for philosophers for many years. Some believe that the mind and body is separate entities and others believe that the mind and body are one and are dependent upon each other. The following dialogue will present the position of René Descartes and John Searle regarding the mind and body debate. Descartes: It is certainly obvious that the mind and body are two distinctly different entities. The body has physical properties whereas the mind is nonphysical. John: With all due respect Mr. Descartes, I can’t say that I fully agree with your proclamation. However, I would say that the mind is a biological state of the mental that can cause or be caused by physical changes to the body. I feel like you do not have sufficient justification of the relationship of the body and mind (Searle, 2004). Descartes: Well young man, let me explain a few things that will support my premise in a substantial way that may indeed change your position. First of all, the mind can exist without the present of the body. You see John; the existence of my body is dubitable whereas my mind is not. Therefore my mind does not consist of the same properties of my body. This is a clear distinction that my mind is separate from my body. John: Mr...
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...There is a major debate in philosophy called the mind and body debate. This is the debate about what gives us our personal identity as to whether it is our minds, our bodies or whether it is both. A number of philosophers have commented on the mind and body debate. These are dualists, monists and materialists all of which have theories explaining what gives us our personal identity. Dualists believe that the mind and body are separate, monists believe that the mind and body are one but can be separated and materialism is the view that there is no such thing as a mind or a soul and that when we die we die. Philosophers such as Plato and Descartes are dualists. In this dualist argument, Plato presents four arguments for the immortality of the soul which are cyclical – everything comes into existence from its opposite which sets up the cycle of birth and death, recollection- Plato believed that the knowledge we acquire is not learnt but remembered or recollected. Plato believed that the soul existed in a realm of forms before coming into the body, where it acquires this knowledge. As evidence of this he cites the slave boy who has no education but can grasp complex mathematical concepts just like the film ‘Good will hunting’, Affinity – Plato believed that the body has an affinity with the earth and that the soul has the affinity with the eternal real of forms. Because the soul is composite, at death it is dispersed at death and so it returns to the real of form to which it has...
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...Body image is how you see yourself when you look in the mirror or when you picture yourself in your mind. Living in an era in which Kardashians and Victoria Secret models exist, young teens obsess over their bodies on a daily basis. “If one is pleasing to the eye, one is accepted in society.” This is a completely bias statement. When comparisons of “the perfect body” tell them that their bodies aren’t “perfect,” they often become depressed, suffer from low self-esteem, or develop eating disorders. There has been many research on this delicate topic. Some main ideas that ties this all together is: how people instill thoughts in others’ minds about how their body looks and other perceive it to be true, how ads/ commercials influence young teens,...
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...that time frame the human behavior was interpreted but never truly acknowledged until scientific experiments came into play. Several important and significant figures are responsible for the first history of the study of psychology and how psychology was first developed in the nineteenth century. Three philosophers who were the first to question about the mind and mental processes was during the fifth centuries and they were known as Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. These three philopshers were questioned by Hippocrates about the questions of how the nature of mind and mental processes really affects humans. Three Greek Philosophers, Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle, were the first to question the nature of the mind and mental processes during the fourth and fifth centuries B.C. This process is known as Psychology. These three philosophers questioned Aristotle, during the fourth and fifth centuries B.C. Hippocrates was a Greek physician that was also called the father of medicine. Hippocrates was very interested in the study of the living organism and its parts. He observed how the brain controlled various parts of the body. Hippocrates medical ethics are now reflected upon by many physicians. This gave rise to the biological perspective of psychology. Following Aristotle, Plato, and Socrates around the 17th century, a big discussion of human psychology was whether or not human beings are born with a...
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...Spoken language is a powerful way in which a man or lady can make a change the minds of other human beings, it allows them to express feelings and emotion and also can deter a certain human beings mind whether it for the good or bad, it allows our body and brain to make a choice through spoken language. Spoken language comes from a certain person idiolect, sociolect and also dialect, knowledge and the use of language does not come naturally it builds up by where you have been born? Where you have grown up, weather its staying in a certain place for 15 years or maybe just 2 weeks, people adapt the way in they speak naturally through their idiolect and also sociolect. Spoken language can also inspire others, changing their minds in which naturally...
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...Many would argue between the existence of the mind-body. One may say that the mind and body are two separate entities with distinct characteristics (Dualism). While on the other hand, some may say that there exists only one entity (Monism). The mind represents mental processes such as thoughts and consciousness. The body represents physical aspects of the brain, such as neurons and the formality of the brain. The debate over the mind-body existence have been constant through the teachings and influences of intelligent philosophers. Rene Descartes’ Meditation on First Philosophy, he states that there exists two different entities the mind and body and that they both interact with each other. Gilbert Ryle’s The Concept of Mind critiques Descartes’...
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...THE IMPORTANCE OF BODY LANGUAGE IN PRESENTATION by Deborah Grayson Riegel The lecture presented by Deborah Grayson Riegel, who is a very professional speaking instructor, discusses about the importance of body language in presentation and how to do well in presentation by using body language properly. Firstly, Ms Riegel provides an example about the presidential debate between Richard Nixson and John F. Kennedy in 1960 to demonstrate the importance of body language. In this debate Nixson lost by a landslide in the poll of TV audience because of his improper body language such as his hands hidden behind the podium and perspiring, which expressed his uncomfortableness and a lack of confidence to be a president, even though he won the debate by a landslide in the poll of radio audience. As a consequence, Nixson lost the presidency in the end. This example provides a convincing evidence to prove that having positive, powerful and skilled body language could strongly impact your audience and make them feel your authority and professionalism. Secondly, since body language is NON-verbal communication, then Ms Riegel suggests that five aspects of body language, which are Posture, Gestures and Movement, Facial Expressions, Eye Contact, and Dress, should be kept in mind when making presentation. In each aspect, Ms Riegel gives explanation in detail and many useful tips to help audience understand easily, for instance, Posture should be noticeable from the moment of entering...
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...occurred. We want to know where we actually live. Where is conscious thought? It was once believed that our thoughts and soul were housed in our hearts. As man began to understand and study the human body, these beliefs changed. We now know that every thought, emotion, belief, and impulse begins in the brain. The primary focus of biopsychology is to understand the mind versus brain relationship. Biological psychology is a sub-field and combination of two separate academic areas of scientific study. Biology literally means the study of life. Physiology is the study of how the body functions. Human psychology studies the mind and the resulting behavior of people (Pinel, 2009). The fields of psychology and physiology are studied together in order to achieve a better understanding of each area and their interdependent functioning and relationships. Biological psychology is also known as: biopsychology, neuroscience, neurobiology, and even behavioral science (Bickhard, 2009). Historically, biological psychology began with the ancient Greeks. Theorists and philosophers across time have added to biology and psychology. Plato, Socrates, Descartes, Galen, and Galvani have all given life to this field. Descartes thought that pineal gland of the brain is where the mind and body talk to each other. He also theorized that behaviors were merely a type of mechanical reflex. As time has gone on, scientist, psychologists, and theorists investigate the interdependent relationships...
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...In debate Death is not Final , Eben Alexander, Steven Novella, Sean Caroll, and R. Moody attempt to scientifically prove if life after death exist or if it is a scenario put together by the brain. Eben Alexander neurologist and author of Proof of Heaven and Raymond Moody argue for the belief that life after death is in fact existent and that complete unconsciousness of the brain does not occur after death that there is something more after the soul has left the body that cannot be scientifically proven. In the opposing side Sean Caroll physicist, and Steven Novella a clinical neurologist at Yale University oppose to the belief that life after death is existent and argue that damage to the brain can cause a person to hallucinate and Sean Caroll...
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...With the influential invention of vaccines, the almost seemingly psychiatric scare soon fell through. For the believers, the ones who promote artificial immunity, vaccines have saved the world. In their right minds, vaccines are one of the greatest inventions of the last 150 years. The impacts of vaccines have ranged from the 1979 eradication of polio in the US and the 1980 eradication of smallpox worldwide, to prevention of cancer of the liver and the cervix.They've all but eradicated deadly diseases like smallpox, polio, and measles from most of the world. The Centers For Disease Control states that many vaccine-preventable diseases are still in the United States or "only a plane ride away." Although the paralytic form of polio has largely disappeared thanks to vaccination, the virus still exists in countries like Pakistan where there were 93 cases in 2013 and 71 in 2014. The polio virus can be incubated by a person without symptoms for years. Furthermore...
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...these exercises offered women an outlet they have craved since primary school days. Regardless of how calisthenics sustained gender bias, it allowed a woman to move her body in new ways and expand her physical liberties accordingly. Further, these exercises were specifically designed to be performed within the home, enabling women to reclaim their living quarters by engaging with the space in a unique fashion. This reallocated power within the domestic sphere to offer women a degree of control over their personal lives and stretching the limits of the cult of domesticity. No longer restricted exclusively to domestic duties, the evolving concept of a woman's role in the home challenged the concrete divide between the public and private realms. Admittedly, men felt threatened by how this undermined the patriarchy, but recognized the implications of calisthenics for securing the nation’s prosperity: fit and able-bodied mothers were fundamental to raising the next generation of leaders. Beyond this, movement also facilitated individual expression and nurtured a woman's relationship with her own body and sense of self. Exercise exhausted the physical in new ways and tested the limits of a woman’s body, seemingly allowing her to discover herself in the process. Fostering the connection between the physical and the mind, calisthenics instilled a sense of confidence in a historically marginalized population. Despite the ways that calisthenics cemented women into the cult of domesticity...
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