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No âmbito do trabalho proposto em aula, optamos por desenvolver a vertente da “República e Ordem: centenário da Guarda Nacional Republicana”. No seguimento, iniciámos a investigação, sendo que nos focámos, primeiramente, em obras gerais e, mais tarde, em bibliografia específica.
Assim sendo, com o desenvolver da pesquisa, fomo-nos interessando pelo papel das Guardas precursoras da Guarda Nacional Republicana (Guarda Real da Polícia, Guarda Municipal) na Revolução de 5 de Outubro de 1911, e posteriormente, na composição da Guarda Nacional Republicana, ou seja, centrámo-nos no facto da Guarda Nacional Republicana ser a sucessora das extintas Guardas Municipais. Por conseguinte, tentámos desenvolver uma pesquisa que reunisse informações dos primórdios das forças de segurança pública até à criação da Guarda Nacional Republicana como a conhecemos.
Pode-se dizer que a primeira instituição legal com funções de policiamento foi o Corpo de Quadrilheiros, que havia sido criado na sequência da crise de 1383-85, cuja direcção recaía no Condestável do Reino D. Nuno Alvares Pereira. Muito mais tarde, já no século XVIII, foi criada, pelo Marquês de Pombal, a Intendência-Geral da Polícia da Corte e do Reino, instituição que já contava, em larga medida, com uma organização bastante moderna.
De seguida, em 1801, Pina Manique , intendente-geral da Polícia, criou a Guarda Real da Polícia de Lisboa, uma fusão do militar e do policial, que tinha por função velar pela execução da lei e pela segurança pública. Esta Guarda foi inspirada na Gendarmerie de França, e no modelo organizativo das forças policiais madrilenas, precedendo, contudo, à grande maioria de Guardas da Europa. A direcção desta força, o Estado-Maior da Guarda Real da Policia de Lisboa, instalou-se, desde logo, no Quartel do Carmo, quartel que se mantém em funções até à actualidade.
No entanto, dado que a criação desta Guarda ocorreu numa conjuntura particularmente difícil, tendo atravessado períodos bastantes críticos, dentre os quais importa destacar o facto de ter combatido o invasor francês (na sequência das Invasões Napoleónicas), e de ter visto grande parte dos seus oficiais partir para o Brasil, aquando da Partida da Família Real para o Brasil . Aproveitamos a oportunidade, dentro do âmbito comemorativo, para lembrar, precisamente, o bicentenário da Partida da Família Real para o Brasil em 1807/1808, que se completou em 2007/2008, acontecimento comemorado em Portugal e no Brasil.
Mais tarde, com a Revolução Liberal , em 1820, cria-se a Guarda Real da Policia do Porto, que com a Guarda Real da Policia de Lisboa vai tomar o partido dos absolutistas na Guerra Civil que se segue à dita Revolução.
Por consequência, as Guardas Reais da Policia são extintas pelos vitoriosos liberais em 1834 e são criadas, ainda em 1834, a Guarda Municipal de Lisboa e, no ano seguinte, a Guarda Municipal Portuense. Estas novas Guardas seguem o modelo da predecessora, tendo pouco sido alterado na sua composição ou missão pública que rompa decididamente com a Guarda Real da Polícia.
Devido à crescente instabilidade da causa monárquica, as Guardas Municipais foram grandemente vinculadas à defesa da Monarquia, razão pela qual foi criada Polícia Cívica, que ficou encarregue de várias competências que eram, anteriormente, da competência das Guardas Municipais. Estas passam, portanto, nos últimos anos da Monarquia, a ser uma força de protecção desta e das suas instituições: foi a Guarda Municipal Portuense que destruiu as forças republicanas na intentona de 31 de Janeiro de 1890; da mesma forma, na intentona de 28 de Janeiro de 1908, a Guarda Municipal de Lisboa teve um papel preponderante na subjugação dos revoltosos.
Dois anos mais tarde, com a Revolução de 5 de Outubro de 1910, que se saldou na Queda da Monarquia e na consequente Proclamação da República, tornou-se necessário reformular as instituições monárquicas, adaptando-as ao novo regime.
Com efeito, na sequência da Revolução republicana, são extintas as Guardas Municipais, sendo, no imediato, criada uma Comissão para analisar a formação de uma nova guarda, a Guarda Nacional Republicana (GNR). No seguimento destas medidas, o regime republicano laureou os protagonistas da Revolução de 5 de Outubro, integrando-os na nova Guarda, não obstante, o Comando-geral permaneceu no Quartel do Carmo, ou seja, um Quartel da Guarda Municipal (força da Monarquia) converteu-se num Quartel republicano, cuja direcção cabia aos autores da Revolução.
É, portanto, notória a fusão entre símbolos monárquicos e republicanos na constituição desta Guarda. Com efeito, a Guarda Nacional Republicana manteve a mesma missão e normas, bem como diversas características do uniforme (tecidos, cores principais, etc.), tendo mantido, ainda, grande parte dos oficiais e do efectivo geral da Guarda anterior (sobretudo no Porto, dado que na Capital se registam diversas alterações na composição do pessoal).
O Regime Republicano vai, então, apostar na ampliação da área de acção da Guarda Nacional Republicana a todo o país, respondendo, deste modo, às necessidades do interior e aproximando as populações do interior da influência republicana, da qual estas se encontravam algo afastadas. Todavia, dada a grande instabilidade da Primeira República, a política de expansão territorial da Guarda Nacional Republicana, não tem os efeitos pretendidos, uma vez que esta continuaria muito circunscrita às grandes urbes, sobretudo à capital. Por conseguinte, a referida expansão delongou-se muito mais que o previsto, pelo que a presença da Guarda Nacional Republicana por todo o território apenas se consolidou vários anos mais tarde. Assim, é possível averiguar que a Guarda Nacional Republicana é, com efeito, produto da sua história secular e herdeira das várias instituições que a antecederam no tempo. Não obstante, a Guarda Nacional consagrou-se como uma instituição da República, tendo contribuído grandemente para a sua consolidação. Em continuação a este trabalho, cremos que seria de grande relevância uma análise pormenorizada da importância das reformas do Marquês de Pombal e, posteriormente, de Pina Manique no domínio da segurança pública e dos modelos de policiamento actuais.

Bibliografia
Bibliografia Pesquisada
1. Bibliografia Geral
BAPTISTA, Jacinto
O cinco de Outubro, Lisboa, Arcádia, 1964.

BRANDÃO, Fernando de Castro
A I República Portuguesa: uma cronologia, Lisboa, Livros Horizonte, 1991.

FARINHA, Luís, coord.
Viva a República! 1910-2010, Lisboa, Comissão Nacional para as Comemorações do Centenário da República, Imprensa Nacional da Casa da Moeda, 2010.

FERRÃO, Carlos
História da I República, Lisboa, Terra Livre, 1975.

MACEDO, Jorge Borges de
“Cinco de Outubro”, Verbo Enciclopédia Luso-Brasileira de Cultura. Edição Século XXI, vol. 6, Lisboa, São Paulo, Editorial Verbo, 1997, colns. 128-1293.

IDEM
O Bloqueio Continental/Economia e Guerra Peninsular, Lisboa, Delfos, 1962.

IDEM
Para o encontro de uma dinâmica concreta na sociedade portuguesa (1820-1836), Revista Portuguesa de História, tomo 17, Coimbra, 1979, pp. 245-262

MARQUES, A. H. de Oliveira
História de Portugal II, Lisboa, Palas Editores, 1973.

IDEM
Guia de história da I Republica Portuguesa, Lisboa, Estampa, 1981.

IDEM
História da I República Portuguesa. As Estruturas de Base, Lisboa, Iniciativas editoriais, [s.d.].

RAMIRES, Alexandre, coord.
Ver a República, Coimbra 22 de Outubro de 2010 a 27 de Fevereiro de 2011, Coimbra, Comissão Nacional para as Comemorações do Centenário da República /Universidade de Coimbra, 2010.

REGO, Raul
História da República, Lisboa, Círculo de Leitores, 1986-87.

SELENITA, Jaime
À volta de uma polémica: antecedentes e consequentes da implantação da República em Portugal, Lisboa, J. Selenita, 1962.
VICENTE, António Pedro
Espanha e Portugal/ Do Antigo ao Novo Regime: similitudes e alternativas no acesso ao liberalismo, Lisboa, [s. n.], 1990.

VITORINO, Pedro
As Invasões Francesa, Porto, [s. n.], 1945

http://centenariorepublica.pt/ [consultado a 23/10/2011]

2. Bibliografia Específica

ANDRADE, Nuno [coordenação]
100 Anos – Guarda Nacional Republicana [1911-2011], [Lisboa], Guarda Nacional Republicana/ Guerra e Paz, Editores, 2011.

GUERREIRO, Marília
“O Intendente Pina Manique”, História de Portugal – Portugal Absolutista, vol.7, Amadora, Ediclube, [s.d.], pp. 450-456

NORONHA, Eduardo de As Origens da Guarda Nacional Republicana – A Guarda Municipal, Lisboa, Guarda Nacional Republicana 1950

PEREIRA, Ângelo
“A Retirada da Família Real para o Brasil”, D. João VI. Príncipe e Rei, vol.1, Lisboa, Empresa Nacional de Publicidade, 1953, pp. 157-181

RODRIGUES, Luís Alberto Filipe e BOTELHO, Afonso
A Guarda Real da Policia: esboço histórico, [s.l., s.n.], 1950

SOARES BRANCO, Pedro Portugal Militar, 1850-1918, Edições Inapa, Lisboa, 2003

http://www.gnr.pt/default.asp?do=t04/uv5614vny/uv5614vny [consultado a 15/10/2011]

Bibliografia Consultada

1. Bibliografia Geral
MACEDO, Jorge Borges de
“Cinco de Outubro”, Verbo Enciclopédia Luso-Brasileira de Cultura. Edição Século XXI, vol. 6, Lisboa, São Paulo, Editorial Verbo, 1997, colns. 128-1293.

MARQUES, A. H. de Oliveira
História de Portugal II, Lisboa, Palas Editores, 1973.

VICENTE, António Pedro
Espanha e Portugal/ Do Antigo ao Novo Regime: similitudes e alternativas no acesso ao liberalismo, Lisboa, [s. n.], 1990.

VITORINO, Pedro
As Invasões Francesa, Porto, [s. n.], 1945

2. Bibliografia Específica
ANDRADE, Nuno [coordenação]
100 Anos – Guarda Nacional Republicana [1911-2011],edição n.º 1, Lisboa, Guarda Nacional Republicana/ Guerra e Paz, Editores, 2011.

GUERREIRO, Marília
“O Intendente Pina Manique”, História de Portugal – Portugal Absolutista, vol.7, Amadora, Ediclube, [s.d.], pp. 450-456

NORONHA, Eduardo de As Origens da Guarda Nacional Republicana – A Guarda Municipal, Lisboa, Guarda Nacional Republicana, 1950.

PEREIRA, Ângelo
“A Retirada da Família Real para o Brasil”, D. João VI. Príncipe e Rei, vol.1, Lisboa, Empresa Nacional de Publicidade, 1953, pp. 157-181

RODRIGUES, Luís Alberto Filipe e BOTELHO, Afonso
A Guarda Real da Policia: esboço histórico, [s.l., s.n.], 1950.

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