...Mitochondrial disease is a disease that is passed from mother to child. The altered functions of the proteins results in this debilitating disease. This disease is diagnosed in 152 babies in the UK per year and 778 babies in the US per year (Spark). Mitochondria are supposed to convert food and oxygen into life sustaining energy. When those mitochondria aren’t working properly, functions of the body which need a lot of energy are affected greatly. Symptoms of this disease may include loss of motor control, muscular dystrophy, seizures, liver disease, cardiac disease and many more (Foundation). These symptoms can take many years to show up in a child’s life. Some don’t know they have the disease until they are 10 years old whereas others may...
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...vaccination. Age adjusted death rates has decreased by 69% and 59% for stroke and heart disease respectively while it has been static for cancer with no decrease in death rates inspite of extensive research and treatment efforts. This suggests that something is wrong about cancer treatment. The term “Five year survival rate” hides within it our sad story of not being able to find a permanent cure to cancer. Chemotherapy, radiotherapy, surgery are not curative but symptomatic therapies merely extending our lives. Our scientists inspite of doing researches involving billions of money and publishing an amazing 1.5 million papers have not found a cure to cancer. We have been only able to increase the five year survival rates from 48.75 % in 1975 to 69% in 2007, pointing to us that there is something wrong. Radiotherapy and chemotherapy increases risk of leukemias and solid tumors, targeted therapy to melanoma and stem cell transplant can result in second cancers. The irony of cancer treatment causing cancers and the unending list of severe side effects from vomiting, alopecia to infertility and immunocompromised state gives a sickening feeling about the cancer management we are following. 90% of the time the cause of death in cancer is metastases. We don’t have any weaponry to attack them except palliative pain treatment. Its not even in our priority list with only less than 0.5% of research projects on metastases. Not targeting the biggest monster i.e. metastases makes me...
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...Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Throughout our lives we learn and discover the world through our self-regulated abilities to ambulate, laugh, hug, consume, and even breath. Yet there is an aggressive disease known as Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) that threatens to eliminate our most basic and human capabilities. Over the course of this research paper we will explore various aspects of ALS which include the historical context of ALS, symptoms or characteristics of the disease, causes of ALS on a cellular level, as well as diagnosis and management. In 1869 ALS was first acknowledged by a french neurologist named Jean-Martin Charcot a man historically renowned as the “founder of modern neurology”. However it wasn't until 1939 that...
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...Pantothenic Acid, Vitamin B5 for Acne Virtually everyone remembers the frustrating experience of acne with small inflamed dots called pimples or blackheads. For the young woman concerned about self-image, skin complexion is important. One or two strategically placed pimples can be intolerable. For some, acne can progress, leading to scarring and disfigurement, with pitting and nodularity called Acne Vulgaris. While some are spared this chronic ordeal, others endure many years of ineffective treatments by a succession of dermatologists. Although some treatments such as Accutane™ may offer success, there is a price in terms of serious adverse side effects. What Causes Acne? Acne is caused by excess oil called sebum which originates in the sebaceous glands at the root of the hair follicles. This oily build may occlude the duct in the skin causing blockage and infection. "Popping the pimple” is a home remedy which forces the occluding plug to pop out of the pore, providing drainage and temporary relief. Common Causes of Acne Acne is a common adverse side effect of synthetic birth control pills which mimic testosterone. Elevated testosterone levels in males and females are associated with increased oil production in the skin resulting in acne. A common genetic mutation called atypical CAH (congenital adrenal hyperplasia) causes increased testosterone in females resulting in acne. PCOS (polycystic ovary syndrome) syndrome is associated with increased testosterone...
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...Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research 6 (5): 532-536, 2010 ISSN 1990-9233 © IDOSI Publications, 2010 Phytochemical Studies and in vitro Cytotoxicity Screening of Piper betle Leaf (PBL) Extract 1 Sundeep Chaurasia, 2G.T. Kulkarni and 1L.N. Shetty 1 Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Meerut Institute of Engineering and Technology, NH-58 Bypass Road, Baghpat Crossing, MEERUT 250 005 UP, India 2 Department of Pharmaceutics, Laureate Institute of Pharmacy, KATHOG 177 101 The. Dehra, Dist. Kangra, HP, India Abstract: Piper betle leaves (Family: Piperaceae) have been used in Chinese and Indian folk medicine for centuries and recently been proposed to be used as a chemopreventive agent because of its anti-oxidant activity. In the present paper, Piper betle leaves were standardized for stomatal index, vein islet and vein termination numbers, palisade ratio, UV fluorescence and different ash values. The Piper betle leaves are earlier reported to possess anticancer potential. Hence, the aqueous extract of the leaves was subjected to cytotoxicity studies on Hep-2 cell line using MTT and SRB assays. The mean CTC50 was found to be 96.25 µg/mL, which proved the potent cytotoxicity and hence, the probable anticancer property of the selected extract. Key words: Betel Leaf Anticancer Phytochemical characterization and its leaves, with a strong pungent and aromatic flavour, are widely consumed as a mouth freshener [4]. The leaves are credited with wound healing, digestive...
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...ones (Galton), is dead. However, the idea of focusing on one’s inherited genes to eliminate passed down diseases is alive and well, albeit in a more “modern” fashion. Is modern eugenics the right way of the future for humanity? To what extent should modern eugenics be viable? Before ambitious genetic projects had begun, such as the Human Genome Project which mapped out the entirety of the human genome (Genome.gov), the only way to tamper with an individual’s genes was through their parents. Gregor Mendel earned the moniker “The Father of Genetics” because of his experiments involving the breeding of plants in the mid 19th century (Biography.com). However, modern eugenics focuses on the genes of child more than the parents through abortions and the genetic altering of the embryo to achieve the desired results. This can be achieved through a process called genetic screening, which observes an embryo’s chromosomes for any lapses or breaks (Galloway a). Embryo’s that show signs of a genetic disorders, such as Down Hassan 2 Syndrome, SCID, or Sickle Cell Disease, are aborted in favor of an “unflawed” one. John Galloway, a writer for the Genetic Literacy Project, discusses this injustice: Genetic screening, followed by the discarding of unwanted embryos (perceived as “flawed”) and implanting unflawed ones, denies life to an individual with a genetic disease in favour of an...
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...condition that interests you and research it. Write about the possible uses of hypnosis in the treatment of the condition as you see them. I will be looking at the impact that chronic illnesses have on a person’s life with particular reference to the illness Myalgic encephalomyelitis’ (M.E.) sometimes known as ‘Chronic Fatigue Syndrome’ (C.F.S). I will explore the role that hypnotherapy can have in pain relief and stress reduction. M.E. is an illness about which there is currently much disagreement among medical professionals regarding its classification, aetiology and recommended treatment. Estimates of it’s prevalence in the UK for example have ranged from 6 to 2600 in 100’000 across 10 years of study (1). Estimates by national health organizations say 450’000 people in the UK suffer. it occurs more often in women and is less prevalent among children and adolescents. Most research done has been on the assumption that they’re the same and this is gives good enough information at least for therapeutic purposes. CFS didn’t gained acceptance as a bona fide illness until 1988 because it is a ‘diagnosis by exclusion’ illness that can’t be tested for directly. Also the primary symptoms of fatigue, lethargy and muscle aches are similar to psychological conditions like depression, leading it to be dismissed by many as ‘all in their head’, a viewpoint is still held by some authorities. The Centre for Disease Control does in fact legitimise...
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...metabolism. Antioxidants (e.g., glutathione, arginine, citrulline, taurine, creatine, selenium, zinc, vitamin E, vitamin C, vitamin A, and tea polyphenols) and antioxidant enzymes (e.g., superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione peroxidases) exert synergistic actions in scavenging free radicals. There has been growing evidence over the past three decades showing that malnutrition (e.g., dietary deficiencies of protein, selenium, and zinc) or excess of certain nutrients (e.g., iron and vitamin C) gives rise to the oxidation of biomolecules and cell injury. A large body of the literature supports the notion that dietary antioxidants are useful radioprotectors and play an important role in preventing many human diseases (e.g., cancer,...
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...Medicinal Cannabis….what’s all the hype? Medicinal Cannabis Jennifer L. Mello COM/156 Abstract I am writing this research paper not just to inform you, but to help educate you. There are many proven scientific trials and methods of medicinal cannabis. The research that I have found has truly enlightened my way of thinking. Segal, Ph.D. (2012), "The Jamestown settlers brought the marijuana plant, commonly known as hemp, to North America in 1611, and throughout the colonial period, hemp fiber was an important export. Indeed, in 1762, 'Virginia awarded bounties for hemp culture and manufacture, and imposed penalties on those who did not produce it.” (Jamestown Settlers Bring Marijuana to North America). Booth (2005). Medicinal Cannabis….what's all the hype? The therapeutic qualities are marvelous. Cannabinoids offer the following for patient’s antipastic, analgesic, antiemetic, neuroprotective, and anti-inflammatory actions. People who suffer from psychiatric diseases have found relief with their conditions ranging from depression, anxiety, bipolar, and similar mood disorders. The National Institute of Health, also known to many people as NIH. This organization states that medical marijuana helps a great deal with chemotherapy, and nausea. Letting the cancer patient consume food. They have also found that people who suffer from epileptic seizures that use medicinal cannabis helps to prevent them altogether. (Potter, 1998). Cancer patients who are going...
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...letters to nature and 10 Na3HP2O7. FV solution also contained 0.2 NaF and 0.1 Na3VO4. Rarely, irreversible current rundown still occurred with FVPP. The total Na+ concentration of all cytoplasmic solutions was adjusted to 30 mM with NaOH, and pH was adjusted to 7.0 with N-methylglucamine (NMG) or HCl. PIP2 liposomes (20–200 nm) were prepared by sonicating 1 mM PIP2 (Boehringer Mannheim) in distilled water. Reconstituted monoclonal PIP2 antibody (Perspective Biosystems, Framingham, MA) was diluted 40-fold into experimental solution. Current–voltage relations of all currents reversed at EK and showed characteristic rectification, mostly owing to the presence of Na+ in FVPP and possibly also residual polyamines. Current records presented (measured at 30 C, −30 mV holding potential) are digitized strip-chart recordings. Purified bovine brain Gbg29 was diluted just before application such that the final detergent (CHAPS) concentration was 5 M. Detergent-containing solution was washed away thoroughly before application of PIP2, because application of phospholipid vesicles in the presence of detergent usually reversed the effects of Gbg; presumably, Gbg can be extracted from membranes by detergent plus phospholipids. Molecular biology. R188Q mutation was constructed by insertion of the mutant oligonucleotides between the Bsm1 and BglII sites of pSPORT– ROMK1 (ref. 11). A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) fragment (amino acids 180–391) from pSPORT–ROMK1 R188Q mutant was subcloned into pGEX2T...
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...milk production and net profit for smallholder farmers in the Philippines. Social and economic factors might prevent households from diagnosing, treating, and eliminating from circulation those animals or animal products, such as milk, that are afflicted with mastitis or which came from individuals afflicted with mastitis; this is especially true in the case of the asymptomatic subclinical mastitis, which tends to become chronic and difficult to eradicate by conventional antimicrobial therapies (Brouillette & Malouin, 2005; Ng et al., 2010). With the advent of technology comes new techniques in identifying and treating diseases such as mastitis through more rapid, accurate, and efficient means, such as fluorescent dye staining or the utilization of electrical fields (Dohoo & Meek, 1982). By far, genetic approaches to the treatment of this disease have been of great interest, primarily because of the lack of information regarding their application in...
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...families. Due to long hours of wearing footwear in performing daily activities and routine, many of them tend to acquire fungal foot diseases. These fungal diseases are caused by different types of fungi, including dermatophytes and yeasts which are common in the environment. Most fungi are not dangerous, but some types can be harmful to health. In effect, the person who is affected of it might acquire smelly stinky feet which prompt them to find for some herbal and over-the-counter medicines (www.cdc.gov.com, August 17, 2015). Herbal medicines have been widely used within rural areas as a medicinal alternative to cure fungal infections and skin-causing diseases such as ringworm and athlete’s foot in the past. Nowadays, as technology innovates, new products have been released in the market as an alternative to herbal medicines for fungal infections such as foot powder. Foot powder is a solid substance in the form of fine tiny loose particles containing active agents for topical application in the treatment of fungal infections. This helps regulate the odor of the foot and aids in the healing process of the skin diseases such as athlete’s foot. In order to make the foot powder more effective, it must be made out of eight plants that the Department of Health affirms as scientifically proven to provide health benefits especially in the fungal disease curing process. One of these is the Akapulko. Akapulko or Akapulco is a shrub found throughout the Philippines. A medicinal herb...
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...Anatomy and Physiology 2, SCI 136 Research project # 40904000 Muscular Dystrophy Definition Muscular dystrophy (MD) refers to a group of more than 30 genetic diseases that cause progressive weakness and degeneration of skeletal muscles used during voluntary movement. The word dystrophy is derived from the Greek dys, which means "difficult" or "faulty," and troph, or "nourish." These disorders vary in age of onset, severity, and pattern of affected muscles. All forms of MD grow worse as muscles progressively degenerate and weaken. Many patients eventually lose the ability to walk (“National Institute,” 2011). Some types of MD also affect the heart, gastrointestinal system, endocrine glands, spine, eyes, brain, and other organs. Respiratory and cardiac diseases may occur, and some patients may develop a swallowing disorder. MD is not contagious and cannot be brought on by injury or activity (“National Institute,” 2011). Method(s) of diagnosis Muscular dystrophies are diagnosed through both the patient’s medical history and a complete family history to determine if the muscle disease is secondary to a disease affecting other tissues or organs or is an inherited condition. It is also important to rule out any muscle weakness resulting from prior surgery, exposure to toxins, current medications that may affect the patient's functional status, and any acquired muscle diseases. Thorough clinical and neurological exams can rule out disorders of the central and/or...
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...Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia. Research advances have enabled detailed understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of the hallmarks of the disease-ie, plaques, composed of amyloid β (Aβ), and tangles, composed of hyperphosphorylated tau. However, as our knowledge increases so does our appreciation for the pathogenic complexity of the disorder. Familial Alzheimer's disease is a very rare autosomal dominant disease with early onset, caused by mutations in the amyloid precursor protein and presenilin genes, both linked to Aβ metabolism. By contrast with familial disease, sporadic Alzheimer's disease is very common with more than 15 million people affected worldwide. The cause of the sporadic form of the disease is unknown, probably because the disease is heterogeneous, caused by ageing in concert with a complex interaction of both genetic and environmental risk factors. This seminar reviews the key aspects of the disease, including epidemiology, genetics, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment, as well as recent developments and controversies. 100 years ago, Alois Alzheimer gave a lecture at a congress in Tubingen, Germany, on the first case of the disease that Kraepelin some years later named Alzheimer's disease.1 In this single case. Alzheimer described typical clinical characteristics with memory disturbances and instrumental signs, and the neuropathological picture with miliary bodies (plaques) and dense bundles of fibrils (tangles), which we today...
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...FORENSICS Forensics, by and large, is the application of science to the legal process. It is an emerging research domain in India. There are many different types of forensic sciences baring their vital presence possibly in every field of human endeavor. Of these, let us now discuss about the computational, cyber and the DNA forensics. COMPUTATIONAL FORENSICS: The development of computational methods or mathematical and software techniques to solve forensic issues is called computational forensics. These methods analyze the evidence beyond human cognitive ability. They scrutinize a large volume of data, which is at any case impossible for a human mind to figure out. In spite of this, we can’t say that these techniques alone would serve our purpose because computational forensics is a field which needs huge collaboration between recognition and reasoning abilities of humans combined with comprehension and analytic abilities of the tool or a machine, which is most of the times, a computer. Computational forensics aids us to model the uncertain. At the crime scenes, we usually get incomplete or broken evidences. These evidences are later on modeled by the computational forensic tool which gives us first clues from its largest biometric database (fingerprints, criminal histories, mug-shots, scar and tattoo, physical characteristics like height, weight, hair and eye color and aliases), which is a collection of significant information regarding the criminals, their criminal history...
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