...(Author’s Name) (Institutional Affiliation) MALIGNANCY (CELLULAR MORPHOLOGY) Normal Tissue Present Firstly, normal tissues in the image are the ones on the right; the ones that appear lighter. Usually, staining (as performed in the image) helps to distinguish normal from cancerous tissue. From the image one can see that compared to the tissue that appears darker, the normal tissue is smaller (Koch 2010, pg. 18). The normal tissue cells are also consistent in their size and shape, unlike the cancerous tissue cells which appear to have very different shapes and sizes. Using the image only, those are the clear observations that can be made when describing the normal tissue. In addition, unlike the cancerous tissue cells which appear abnormal and distorted, normal tissue cells look smooth and regular. Deeper analysis focusing on the nucleus would have provided information that identifies and distinguishes normal from cancerous tissue. Malignant tissue morphology suggesting cell/tissue origins The malignant tissue have large nucleus with irregular shape and size. In addition, the nucleoli are prominent; the cytoplasm is scarce and deeply colored or, on the opposite, is pale. The nucleus of malignant tissue plays, through its alterations, a big role in the evaluation of malignancy. Changes are associated with the surface, structure and homogeneity, the nucleus/cytoplasm ratio, volume, as well as shape and density. Ultra-structural features are associated with changes in chromatin...
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...[pic][pic] Kromosom DNA Genetik - på godt og ondt [pic][pic] Gensplejsning Kloning 1. del. Noget om genetik Gener: Alle levende organismer – mennesker, dyr, bakterier, planter, og svampe, rummer tusindvis af gener. Generne afgør en organismes mange forskellige træk, hos mennesker f.eks. hårfarve, øjenfarve, kropsbygning og tendens for sygdomme. Generne overføres fra slægtled til slægtled, og derfor kaldes gener også for ”arveegenskaber”. Mindre organismer, f.eks. gær og bakterier, består af en enkelt celle, men større organismer f.eks. planter og dyr, er komplekst af mange celler. I hver eneste celle findes der DNA som ligger i organismens gener. Ud fra hvert gen kan cellen danne et bestemt protein. Proteiner er lange kæmpemolekyler, der er over 100.000 forskellige proteiner i kroppen. De udfører en række forskellige funktioner i cellen. Proteiner kan være byggesten i cellen, eller de kan medvirke i kemiske reaktioner, som tilsammen konstituere cellens stofskifte. Man kan godt sige, at generne er ”kongen” og proteinerne er ”tjenestefolkene”, der udfører kongens befalinger. DNA kan godt sammenlignes som en genetisk kode, der indeholder opskriften på, hvordan cellerne konstituere proteiner. Man kan sammenligne DNA- strukturen med en vindeltrappe, hvor at hvert trin består af et basepar, som er en sammensætning af to baser...
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...Fission: The parent cell break into two equal parts, each half become a new organism. 3) Budding: In this process, a new organism comes from a point of the parent body by the synthesis of cytoplasm and repeated nuclear divisions. The genetic material of the parent cell is divided equally but the cytoplasm is divided unequally. The new individual may be separated to exist independently, or the bud may remain attached, forming colonies. Budding is distinctive by a few unicellular individual. 4) Sporogenesis: This asexual way is used by most of the fungus. Sporangiospores are spores that are developed in a sac-like structure which encloses a lot of them in it and the sac itself is named a sporangium. These spores haploid produce gametes by mitoses. The process of gamete formation and spore formation happens in separated generations of the life cycle of fungi, known as alteration of generation. The types of spores: a) Zoospores: are flagellated and motile spores formed inside the zoosporangia. These types of spores don’t have cell wall. b) Sporagiospores: are non-motile spores formed inside the sporangia structure. These types of spores are propagated by wind. c) Chlamydospores: are walled thick resting spores which come from hyphal cells directly. They store food. d) Oidia: are spore like structures composed by the cut of hypha cells. They can’t store reserve food so, they can’t survive in bad conditions. e) Conidia: are non-motile spores formed in chains or singly at the...
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...The Benefits of Video Games In today's frantic and stressful society, a desire to escape sometimes is imminent. There are piles of work to do, constant headaches, and relationship tensions are rising. In this current condition one may be aware that it will be impossible to get anything accomplished. What one really needs is a chance to get away from it all, to replenish the mind and release all of their apprehension. A relaxing vacation to a secluded private island would do the trick, but of course this is impractical. Instead, at no cost one can fully immerse into a lush, stunning virtual paradise oozing with beauty and serenity. This is the magnificence of the modern video game world; it lets a person be somebody they could only dream of, construct amazing structures and inventions, or can even provide relief and fulfillment. However, stress relief and personal enjoyment are not the sole advantages. Video games should be more widely accepted and integrated into the daily and professional lives of individuals because of the many positive effects they create, which include: self satisfaction, educational and economic opportunities, advances in technology and science, and the spawning of creativity and ingenuity. One of the age old attacks against video games is the statement that they contain an addictive allure that grabs hold of students and chokes the academic life out of them; well, according to recent studies, quite the opposite may be observed. In a study of young...
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...normal unstressed cell and the overstressed injured cell -by definition - an adaptative process is reversible -within defined limits, all the cells are capable of adapting to a variety of stimuli which may upset normality NORMAL CELL GROWTH -Normal tissue growth depends on a balance between the number of cells actively dividing and the number of the cells dying -the cells of the body can be divided into 3 groups on the basis of their regenerative capacity- they respond differently to stress and injury 1.- Labile cell ( intermitotic) 2.- Stable cell ( reversible postmitotic ) 3.- Permanent cell ( irreversible postmitotic) The cell cycle and types of cells Proliferating cells occupy several functional states between two mitoses. The cell cycle consists of G1 gap (presynthetic), S (DNA synthesis), G2 gap (premitotic) and M (mitotic ) phases. The cells may leave cell cycle during G1 and then they either cease proliferation, differentiate or eventually die or they enter G0 phase, resting phase from which they can be eventually recruited back to the cycle. G0 phase is a non-proliferative and is known as growth arrest 1.- Labile cells- continuously dividing cells- they continue to proliferate, remain all the time in cell cycle -tissues that contain most labile cells include- -epithelia such as -stratified squamous epithelium of the skin, oral cavity, vagina cervix, esophagus, -lining epithelial cell of the gland such as salivary glands, pancreas biliary...
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...Connective Tissue: IntroductionThe different types of connective tissues are responsible for providing and maintaining form in the body. Functioning mechanically, they provide a matrix that connects and binds the cells and organs and ultimately gives support to the body.Structurally, connective tissue is formed by three classes of components: cells, fibers, and ground substance. Unlike the other tissues (epithelium, muscle, and nerve), which are formed mainly by cells, the major constituent of connective tissue is the extracellular matrix. Extracellular matrices consist of different combinations of protein fibers (collagen, reticular, and elastic) and ground substance.Fibers, predominantly composed of collagen, constitute tendons, aponeuroses, capsules of organs, and membranes that envelop the central nervous system (meninges). They also make up the trabeculae and walls inside several organs, forming the most resistant component of the stroma, or supporting tissue of organs.Ground substance is a highly hydrophilic, viscous complex of anionic macromolecules (glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans) and multiadhesive glycoproteins (laminin, fibronectin, and others) that imparts strength and rigidity to the matrix by binding to receptor proteins (integrins) on the surface of cells and to the other matrix components. In addition to its conspicuous structural function, the molecules of connective tissue serve other important biological functions, such as serving as a reservoir for hormones...
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...SYMPOSIUM: The 2007 Revised World Health Organization (WHO) Classification of Tumours of the Central Nervous System: Newly Codified Entities DOI 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2007.00082.x Newly Codified Glial Neoplasms of the 2007 WHO Classification of Tumours of the Central Nervous System: Angiocentric Glioma, Pilomyxoid Astrocytoma and Pituicytoma Daniel J. Brat, MD, PhD1; Bernd W. Scheithauer, MD2; Gregory N. Fuller, MD, PhD3; Tarik Tihan, MD, PhD4 Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Ga. Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn. 3 Department of Pathology, The University of Texas M. D. anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex. 4 Department of Pathology, Neuropathology Unit, The University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif. 2 1 Corresponding author: Tarik Tihan, MD, UCSF, Department of Pathology, Neuropathology Unit, M 551, 505 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143-0102 (E-mail: tarik.tihan@ucsf.edu) The 4th edition of the WHO Classification of Tumours of the Nervous System (WHO 2007) introduces changes that reflect both the recognition of new brain tumour types and a better understanding of neoplastic behavior. Three new tumours, angiocentric glioma (AG), pilomyxoid astrocytoma (PMA), and pituicytoma are added to the section on gliomas. AG is a slowly growing cerebral tumour that typically presents with seizures in children and young adults. It is characterized by...
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...VOORLETTERS EN VAN/INITIALS AND SURNAME:………………………………………….. STUDENTE NOMMER/STUDENT NUMBER:………………………………………….…………... GEEN SAKREKENAARS WORD TOEGELAAT NIE NO CALCULATORS ARE PERMITTED |UNIVERSITEIT VAN STELLENBOSCH |UNIVERSITY OF STELLENBOSCH | |DEPARTEMENT MIKROBIOLOGIE |DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY | |SEMESTERTOETS 2012 |SEMESTER TEST 2012 | |MIKROBIOLOGIE 244 |MICROBIOLOGY 244 | | | |Punte/Marks: 120 |Tyd/Time: 2 uur/hours | Beantwoord alle vrae. Beantwoord Afdeling A op die vraestel en beantwoord Afdeling B in die eksamenboek. Answer all the questions. Answer Section A on the questionnaire and answer Section B in the exam book. AFDELING A/SECTION A Omkring die letter wat ooreenstem met die korrekte antwoord by Vrae 1 tot 30. Vul die korrekte antwoord in vir Vrae 31 en 32. / Circle the letter corresponding to the correct answer...
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...Genetik Grundbog Vigtigese processer med nukleinsyrer: DNA -> DNA (replikation) DNA -> RNA (transkription RNA -> protein (translation) RNA -> DNA (revers transkription) Organisme typer: 1. Autotrofe: kan opbygge organiske molekyler ud fra uorganiske stoffer a) kemoautotrofe: bruger kemisk energi til opbygning af organiske stoffer fra uorganiske (få bakterier) b) fotoautotrofe: bruger lysenergi (planter, alger, få bakterier) 2. Heterotrofe: får energi ved at nedryde organiskestoffer optaget fra omgivelserne fotoautotrofe processer: fotosyntesen hetoerotrofe processer: respiration gæring Cellen Prokaryoter: Før kerne=ingen kerne Baktierier. Blågrønalger. Fleste prokaryoter er encellede. Arveanlæg et stort ringformet kromosom. Har desuden plasmider, ringformede DNA-molekyler. Kan indholde antibiotikaresistents. Bakterien kan kopier pladsmidet uafhængigt af resten af cellen. Og overføre plasmidet til andre bakterier. Kan modtage DNA på forskellige måder. Transformation (optagelse fra omgivelserne) Konjugation (via parringsrør , F-pilus) Transduktion: overførsel med virus. Prokaryoter har heller ikke mitokondrier, grønkorn, golgi apparat. Har ribosomer Eukaryoter flest flercellede. Kun protister er encellede (f.eks eukaryotiske alger) Cellemembran består af dobbeltlag af phosfolipider og er derfor selektiv permeabel fedtdråber kan jo ikke blande sig med vand Proteiner indlejret som transportkanaler og receptorer. ransport ...
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...Kapitel 08.12: Molekulare Grundlagen der Vererbung (Molekulargenetik) Kapitel 08.12 Molekulare Grundlagen der Vererbung (Molekulargenetik) 2 Inhalt Kapitel 08.12: Molekulare Grundlagen der Vererbung (Molekulargenetik)............................................ 1 Inhalt.................................................................................................................................................. 2 Genübertragung und Genaustausch bei Sexualvorgängen höherer Lebewesen............................... 5 Der Birkenspanner als Beispiel für Mimese.................................................................................... 5 Der Birkenspanner............................................................................................................................. 6 Der Birkenspanner ist auf weißen Birken gut getarnt:..................................................................... 6 Wdh. DNA & Chromosomen.............................................................................................................. 7 Feinstruktur der Chromosomen......................................................................................................... 8 Extrachromosomale Vererbung......................................................................................................... 9 Zur Geschichte der Entdeckung der DNA........................................................................................ 10 1928 - Erste Versuche von Frederick Griffith:...
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...Abstract Abstract The goal of this master’s thesis is to identify and evaluate data mining algorithms which are commonly implemented in modern Medical Decision Support Systems (MDSS). They are used in various healthcare units all over the world. These institutions store large amounts of medical data. This data may contain relevant medical information hidden in various patterns buried among the records. Within the research several popular MDSS’s are analysed in order to determine the most common data mining algorithms utilized by them. Three algorithms have been identified: Naïve Bayes, Multilayer Perceptron and C4.5. Prior to the very analyses the algorithms are calibrated. Several testing configurations are tested in order to determine the best setting for the algorithms. Afterwards, an ultimate comparison of the algorithms orders them with respect to their performance. The evaluation is based on a set of performance metrics. The analyses are conducted in WEKA on five UCI medical datasets: breast cancer, hepatitis, heart disease, dermatology disease, diabetes. The analyses have shown that it is very difficult to name a single data mining algorithm to be the most suitable for the medical data. The results gained for the algorithms were very similar. However, the final evaluation of the outcomes allowed singling out the Naïve Bayes to be the best classifier for the given domain. It was followed by the Multilayer Perceptron and the C4.5. Keywords: Naïve Bayes, Multilayer...
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...62118 0/nm 1/n1 2/nm 3/nm 4/nm 5/nm 6/nm 7/nm 8/nm 9/nm 1990s 0th/pt 1st/p 1th/tc 2nd/p 2th/tc 3rd/p 3th/tc 4th/pt 5th/pt 6th/pt 7th/pt 8th/pt 9th/pt 0s/pt a A AA AAA Aachen/M aardvark/SM Aaren/M Aarhus/M Aarika/M Aaron/M AB aback abacus/SM abaft Abagael/M Abagail/M abalone/SM abandoner/M abandon/LGDRS abandonment/SM abase/LGDSR abasement/S abaser/M abashed/UY abashment/MS abash/SDLG abate/DSRLG abated/U abatement/MS abater/M abattoir/SM Abba/M Abbe/M abbé/S abbess/SM Abbey/M abbey/MS Abbie/M Abbi/M Abbot/M abbot/MS Abbott/M abbr abbrev abbreviated/UA abbreviates/A abbreviate/XDSNG abbreviating/A abbreviation/M Abbye/M Abby/M ABC/M Abdel/M abdicate/NGDSX abdication/M abdomen/SM abdominal/YS abduct/DGS abduction/SM abductor/SM Abdul/M ab/DY abeam Abelard/M Abel/M Abelson/M Abe/M Aberdeen/M Abernathy/M aberrant/YS aberrational aberration/SM abet/S abetted abetting abettor/SM Abeu/M abeyance/MS abeyant Abey/M abhorred abhorrence/MS abhorrent/Y abhorrer/M abhorring abhor/S abidance/MS abide/JGSR abider/M abiding/Y Abidjan/M Abie/M Abigael/M Abigail/M Abigale/M Abilene/M ability/IMES abjection/MS abjectness/SM abject/SGPDY abjuration/SM abjuratory abjurer/M abjure/ZGSRD ablate/VGNSDX ablation/M ablative/SY ablaze abler/E ables/E ablest able/U abloom ablution/MS Ab/M ABM/S abnegate/NGSDX abnegation/M Abner/M abnormality/SM abnormal/SY aboard ...
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