...achieve success initially due to many initiatives set up to promote aeronautic research by the government. Of particular importance is the subsidies received by Embraer, which helped it to achieve the majority market share in the commuter turboprop market with its ‘Bandeirante’ aircraft. The subsidies were believed to be in the region of 39-44% as claimed by their competitor Fairchild, which undoubtedly played a huge role in their early success. However, Embraer began to falter when a series of negative events began to hurt its profits when budgetary pressures as a result of macroeconomic difficulty in Brazil meant that they could no longer depend on subsidies to help boost sales. In addition, their political ties led to the development of CBA 123, which ultimately turned out to be a huge failure. To help examine Embraer’s post-privatisation success, we can use an adapted version of ‘The Four-Tiered Structure of Markets’ found in Khanna & Palepu (2006). In this adapted version of the regional aircraft manufacturing industry (Apendix 1), there are only three tiers namely Global, Glocal and Local. In the early stages of Embraer’s operations, they were arguably operating in the Local tier of the industry. As a state-owned initiative, their primary purpose was to serve the local Brazilian market. Around 1981, Embraer began moving up into the Glocal Tier as it set up a subsidiary to focus on its exports to the U.S. as Embraer became the market leader in the...
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...Players Association Position Paper The National Basketball Players Association, NBPA, and the Major League Baseball Players Association, MLBPA, are recognized for their security and support towards professional athletes. With similar qualities, both player’s associations negotiate terms of the collective bargaining agreement, CBA. They help improve the sports they represent on and off the court/field. The community surrounding these associations is greatly affected by the actions taken in regards to protecting and representing the players. One of the only differences between the MLBPA and the NBPA can be seen through the actual sports being played. Not only do the players reach out to the community but they have a similar CBA, player assistance programs and representative functions. Both player associations are equally as impactful on the players. A top priority for the NBPA is community outreach. With various initiatives in place, the goal of the player’s association is to impact the lives of others throughout the globe. With more than 400 players giving back to the community, they tackle social issues and are committed philanthropists. During Christmas, the NBPA distributed necessities and amenities to those less fortunate across the globe. An ongoing dedication to improving lives and impacting communities is a top priority for players, as they travel overseas to host basketball clinics for local children and distribute meals. With cooperation from the MLBPA and other...
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...leagues, The NBA, NFL, NHL, and MLB, have all had their own specific bouts with the same controversial issue; each of the four main sports leagues have all had to come up with their own interpretations, rulings, punishments, and general code of conduct when it comes to handling situations involving Performance Enhancing Drugs or PEDs. To further understand the issue of PEDs in domestic sports here in the US you need to take a step back and look at some of the larger scale events that effected what turned out to be the “steroid era”. Starting off in 1988 Canadian sprinter Ben Johnson was stripped of his Olympic Gold Medal for testing positive for an anabolic steroid. Less than two months after Ben Johnson had his medal taken away, President Ronald Regan signed an act outlawing non-medical steroids sales as a part of his war on drugs; less than two years later congress passed the Anabolic Steroids Control Act which placed steroids in the same legal class as other drugs such as amphetamines, opium, and morphine. Scandal brought legal action, legal action turned into more strict legal action, and finally the first of the four major sports leagues got involved in the MLB. This was only the start of what would become an ongoing issue that has stretched over the past couple, few, decades; the following is more insight to each league and their specific struggles with PEDs respectively. Due to its growing celebrity status, I will start with the MLB and their policies regarding...
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...Professional Sports Team Financial Statements Controlling Player Costs National Football League National Basketball Association Major League Baseball National Hockey League European Soccer’s Path to Financial Health: UEFA’s Financial Fair Play Creative Accounting Roster Depreciation Allowance Franchise Appreciation Summary The Financial Status of Professional Sports Growth of Professional Sports Major Leagues The 1990s and early 2000s was a period of substantial growth for professional sports at all levels. The number of teams in the Big 4 major leagues grew from 103 franchises in 1989 to 122 franchises by 2001. During that time, the National Hockey League (NHL) added eight expansion teams, Major League Baseball (MLB) added four, the National Football League (NFL) added three, and the National Basketball Association (NBA) added five teams. In addition, several new leagues were launched in the 1990s with aspirations of becoming prominent national properties, most notably Major League Soccer (MLS) and the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA). By 2001, each of the Big 4 leagues had reached a saturation point, having established franchises in nearly every market capable of sustaining a major sports property. A few markets remain available for certain leagues. For example, Los Angeles has not had an NFL team since the Rams abandoned LA for a new stadium in St. Louis in 1995. While the NFL would love to have a franchise in the country’s 3rd largest...
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...Major League Baseball and the Player’s Union In one form or another Major League Baseball (MLB) has been around since 1869 (Wikipedia, 2012) and the Pittsburgh Pirates have been in existence since 1877 when they joined the National League (Wikipedia, 2012). It would be an understatement to say that the Pirates are a team rich in history. By contrast the Major League Baseball Players Association (MLBPA) has been around only since 1965 when they hired Marvin Miller to negotiate the collective bargaining agreement in 1968 (Major League Baseball Players Association, 2012). With a new collective bargaining agreement signed in 2011 this paper will review some of the issues that Major League Baseball and the Pittsburgh Pirates may encounter and how they can be overcome. Legal Problems and Solutions One major legal issue facing Major League Baseball and the Players Association today is the issue of performance enhancing drugs. This issue started to gain some traction in 1998 when Mark McGwire and Sammy Sosa were both attempting to break Roger Maris’ long-standing home run record of 61 home runs one season. In a 2010 interview with Bob Costas, McGwire finally admitted to taking steroids starting in 1993 (Kepner, 2010). McGwire stated that he even felt the need to apologize to the widow of Roger Maris, the man whose record McGwire broke “I felt that I needed to do that. They’ve been great supporters of mine. She was disappointed, and she has every right to be. I couldn’t tell her how...
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...enacting a salary cap, larger market teams are prevented from monopolizing talent. Through a series of collective bargaining agreements and lawsuits, there has been a movement in the NFL toward benefiting both the players and owners. The NFL is the most successful professional sports league in the country. This is in large part due to its ability to run efficiently as a business and promote competition as a sport. In this paper, we examine the historical significance of the progressive collective bargaining agreements and how its changes have effected players and owners of teams in the league. We also examine the components of revenue-sharing and the salary cap implemented through the NFL’s CBA and their significance in promoting competitive balance. Historical Analysis of the Salary Cap and CBA The National Football League has undergone many changes since its inception in the 1920s. Early in the development of the National Football League, there was competition among teams in choosing players for their roster. As a result, teams agreed to an option clause which allowed them to continually renew player contracts, thus restricting trade. After one of the players from the Detroit Lions requested to be transferred to another team, and subsequently was denied the request, a lawsuit led to the incorporation of the “Rozelle Rule,” whereby, a team which decided to recruit...
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...many years, the collectively bargained system—which has given the players union enhanced free agency and capped the amount that owners spend on salaries—has worked enormously well for the NFL, for NFL players, and for NFL fans.” Goodell’s first argument is clear, that the status quo has worked out “enormously well” for every party involved. Unfortunately this argument is problematic, given that it was actually the NFL whom decided to opt out of the collective bargaining agreement (CBA). In 2008 the Owners voted unanimously to exit the CBA after the 2010 season, even though the 2006 extension would have been valid through the 2012 season. The Owners shortened the deal by two years because they believed the players were receiving too much of the NFL’s adjusted gross revenues. From the beginning of his Op-ed article, Goodell’s begins to imply that it was the NFL Players Association (NFLPA) that walked out of the existing agreement when in actuality, the NFLPA offered to continue to operate under the CBA until a new agreement could be negotiated; the Owners refused and instituted a lockout, everything...
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...Amani Wynne Dr. Earley Image Analysis: NFL logo “Poisoned by Greed” The National Football League was founded in Canton, Ohio, by a group of seven individuals representing four clubs in 1920. The league began with 14 teams and after eight decades since its inaugural season, the NFL has grown to 32 clubs and has become America’s biggest and most popular sports league. According to a recent Harris poll, 30% of those surveyed selected the NFL as their favorite sport, equal to the popularity of professional baseball (15%), professional basketball (7%) and auto racing (7%) combined (Harris Poll). Roughly 120 million fans watch NFL football on television or in stadiums every weekend during the season. The top 10 most-watched television shows in history are all Super Bowls. Telling people one thing when one looks at the NFL logo: it epitomizes sports in America. That is one thought that can come to mind when one views the NFL logo. Many believe the NFL is a prosperous business full of wealthy, honest and hardworking individuals. However, if one were to dig a little deeper into the NFL organization, one would find that the NFL is far from hardworking and honest. To be honest, the NFL works pretty hard to screw everybody over, and take their money in the process. A deeper look into mind of an NFL exec, one would find that the NFL is nothing but a group of frugal, deceptive, egotistical, billionaire snobs...
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...Running head: THE IMPACT OFWESTERN SPORTS 1 The Impact of Western Sports to Chinese Traditional Sports Lyon (Yanqing, Huang) Northeastern University THE IMPACT OFWESTERN SPORTS 2 Abstract With the advent of the globalization era, the conflict in different cultural exchange becomes prominent, especially the difference between Chinese and western sports culture. The difference is largely due to the different historical and cultural background. Each of them has made a sense to the development of its own society and influenced our understanding of sports and main sport activities in the wide world. What's more, because of the impact western sport, Chinese traditional sport has changed a lot compared with last century. THE IMPACT OFWESTERN SPORTS 3 The General With the advent of the globalization era, the conflict in different cultural exchange becomes prominent, especially the difference between Chinese and western sports culture. The difference is largely due to the different historical and cultural background. Each of them has made a sense to the development of its own society and influenced our understanding of sports and main sport activities in the wide world. What's more, because of the impact western sport, Chinese traditional sport has changed a lot compared with last century...
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...Running head: New York Yankees Profitable for Baseball The New York Yankees Spending & Pursuit for Perfection is not Detrimental to Baseball Tom Moccia Kaplan University CM220-03AU Professor Holly Sprinkle November 8, 2009 Tom Moccia, CM220-03 STEP 1: Present Your Thesis Statement The New York Yankees spend the most money on payroll, sign the best free agent players to lucrative, long term contracts and have the largest budget to work with year after year in Major League Baseball. The Yankees have also won the most World Series Championships, 27 with the next closest team being the Saint Louis Cardinals with 10. The Yankees high spending threshold is not detrimental to Major League Baseball, but in fact profitable both economically and in terms of fan interest. Yankee fans have an emotional interest to see their team win, while non-Yankee fans have an emotional interest to see them falter. The New York Yankees spend the highest dollar amount in terms of salaries and they also pay the most “luxury tax” which is redistributed by “Revenue Sharing” as per the terms of the Collective Bargaining Agreement. The redistribution of revenue from large market teams such as the Yankees benefits small market teams, keeping them viable if not profitable. The spending of the New York Yankees helps keep Major League Baseball as a whole profitable. This is not to say that other teams do not spend a lot of revenue on salaries but it is...
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...The league commissioner in professional sports arose in the 1920’s in Major League Baseball. The position was created to help prevent scandals following the 1919 World Series in which the Chicago “Black-Sox” purposefully threw games for money. Ever since the creation of the position, the power to act in the “best interests” of the sport regarding conduct detrimental to the league has been entrusted to the commissioner. Currently all four major professional sports leagues in the United States–the MLB, NFL, NHL, and NBA–have commissioners with broad power. The league commissioner generally has power to take any action necessary to protect the “best interests” of the sport. Under this power the commissioner has, among other powers, the power to discipline those in the league. The case book notes even though the commissioner is hired and can be fired by the owners at any time, while in office, a commissioner’s ruling cannot be easily challenged. In this course up to this point courts have generally held the commissioner’s power to act in the “best interests” of the sport to be nearly absolute (See Finley, Oakland, Milwaukee); however, in...
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