...Draft, October 2008 ABSTRACT The aim of the paper is to analyze the overseas activities of multinational corporations (MNCs) coming from small open economies (SMOPEC), their international or global expansion strategies behind outward foreign direct investments. Using a sample of 1089 subsidiaries, of which 187 are Icelandic subsidiaries, 444 are Irish subsidiaries and 458 are Israeli subsidiaries. We explore the geographical and industrial pattern of their direct investment strategies. Our analysis reveals several important facts. Firstly, most of the outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) is directed in finance, insurance and real estate services for all of the countries. Secondly, by far the majority of investment projects are carried out in Europe and North America which are almost equal in terms of frequency of investments. Thirdly, Icelandic firms use horizontal integration strategies and they diversify risk. Irish firms use lateral integration strategies and diversify risk. Finally, MNCs from Israel tend to diversify risk and use horizontal integration strategies. Keywords: OFDI, MNC, Horizontal integration, Vertical integration, Lateral integration, SMOPEC, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Introduction “Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is one of the main engines of growth for national economies. In particular, many small and medium sized countries have grown through promoting and attracting FDI. At the same time FDI enables a country to better integrate...
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...been a major contributor to economic growth across the globe. FDI inflows reached an all-time high in 2007 at $1.8 trillion with approximately 40% of that amount being invested in less developed countries. The prediction of this inflow into less developed countries was that it would be a wholly positive thing for the host country through resource transfer effects, employment effects, and effects on competition domestically and balance of payments. In the case of developed nations and even those in the upper tier of less developed nations this can be true but for the poorest of the less developed nations this has not been the case. In this essay we will examine why FDI has failed these nations and what can be done going forward to improve the economies of less developed nations by better utilizing FDI. To understand why FDI is not working in these less developed nations we must look at what are believed to be the fundamental effects of FDI on any host country. These effects include the increase in employment opportunities within the host country. They also include resource transfer effects whereby the skills and knowledge of the MNC are transferred to the host country. It is also expected that competition from MNC in domestic markets will force domestic companies to work more effectively to compete and thereby make these companies more effective in competing internationally. Lastly, FDI can increase the balance of payments to a surplus as the MNC uses the host country to create a...
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...Role of transnational corporations Role of Transnational Corporations (TNCs) 1.0 Introduction A transnational corporation (TNC) or multinational corporation (MNC) is a firm which has the power to co-ordinate and control stages in operations of production chain in more than one country, even if it does not own them. Transnational Corporation take advantage on national differences in production factor costs such as natural resources, labour, and state incentives where it has the ability to switch its resources and operations between locations at a global scale. 2.0 Role of Transnational Corporations (TNCs) The role of transnational corporations (TNCs) or multinational corporations (MNCs) has created the wealth, new job opportunities and new tax revenues that arise from multinational corporations' generated income. By increasing the efficiency of capital flows, multinational corporations (MNCs) will contribute in reducing the levels of world's poverty in developing countries, improve their infrastructures, strengthen their human capital and always encourage countries to cooperate and seek peaceful solutions for conflicts. Transnational corporations (TNCs) or Multinational corporations (MNCs) have responsibilities on its employers, customers, governments, suppliers and communities as well as towards shareholders. Corporate social responsibilities (CSR) that take part in protecting TNCs' business where businesses must include duty, do business honestly, legally...
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...CHAPTER SEVEN STRATEGY FORMULATION: CORPORATE STRATEGY True/False 1. Corporate strategy deals primarily with the choice of direction for the firm as a whole and the management of its business or product portfolio. Answer: T (pp.164-165) 2. Corporate parenting is the coordination of cash flow among units. Answer: F (p.165) 3. The most widely pursued corporate directional strategies are those designed to achieve growth. Answer: T (pp.165-166) 4. A merger is a transaction involving two or more corporations in which stock is exchanged, but from which only one corporation survives. Answer: T (p.166) 5. A strategic alliance is a partnership of two or more corporations or business units to achieve strategically significant objectives that are mutually beneficial. Answer: T (p.166) 6. The two basic growth strategies are concentration and strategic alliances. Answer: F (p.166) 7. Vertical integration is going backward on an industry’s value chain. Answer: F (p.167) 8. Vertical integration is the degree to which a firm operates vertically in multiple locations on an industry’s value chain from extracting raw materials to manufacturing to retailing. Answer: T (p.167) 9. Forward integration is often more profitable than backward integration. Answer: F (p.167) 10. BP Amoco and Royal Dutch Shell are examples of fully integrated firms because they internally make 100% of their key supplies and completely control their distributors...
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...from modernization theories. It has been advanced by industrialized nations and thereupon imposed on the developing nations. This concept is paradoxical where in one hand it is liberating and on the other it is constraining. In this paper, globalization is defined as a set of institutional and ideological relations which brings nations into a global village, fusion of cultures, and advancement of geopolitics, internationalization, increased borderless society and global market economy (Robertson, 1992; Ritzer, 2004; Wallerstein, 1974/2000; Zetlin, 2001). This essay chronicles a heated debate between supporters of globalization and those who are skeptical about it as suggested by the question that globalization benefits small nations while in sharp contrast these small developing nations find it as beneficial to developed nations. A plethora of case studies will be drawn across the globe in assessing these two contrasting views and in the conclusion a judgement will be passed based on the evidence substantiated throughout the entire essay. The assertion that “while promoters of globalization proclaim that this model is the tide that will lift all boats, while citizens movements find that it is instead lifting only yachts” means that globalization is viewed, conceived and interpreted differently by the rich and the poor countries are very sceptical. Globalization is not different from other theories of development such as modernization and microeconomic structural adjustment adjustments...
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...Disadvantages 7 Hypothesis 8 Conceptual Model 8 Conclusion 10 References 10 Abstract Globalization paved the way for entrepreneurs to expand their wings beyond their respective counties. MNCs exploit the business opportunities in other countries based on the FDI policies in those countries. This has both advantages and disadvantages to the target country. The MNCs have their impact on the economy and people of countries in which they operate business. This paper focuses on the impact of MNCs on local businesses in retail sector in India. The report review existing literature which provides insights into FDI policies in India, the level of FDI allowed by Indian government with respect to single –brand and multi-brand foreign companies, the advantages, opportunities, risks, threats and disadvantages of allowing MNCs into retailing sector in India. Introduction Retailing is the business taking up by individuals or families in India. Generally mom and pop kind of businesses operate in retail sector. The retail sector has tremendous growth in India. Moreover retailing is a profitable business in India. Since India is the country with huge population, naturally it is the correct destination to foreign investors to get profits from the market. India has been traditionally depending on the small businesses in terms of retailing. However, retaining has plenty of scope to improve quality in terms of products, infrastructure, and economy. This has been concern of many countries including...
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...SYLLABUS INDIAN BUSINESS ENIRONMENT MBA–2nd SEMESTER, M.D.U., ROHTAK External Marks : 70 Time : 3 hrs. Internal Marks : 30 UNIT-I Nature, components and determinatnts of business environment; basic nature of Indian economic system; relation size and growth of public and private corporate sector, social responsibility of business; broad features of India's now economic policy. UNIT-II Trend and pattern of industrial growth; review of industrial policy developments; industrial licensing policy; liberalisation of the private sector; trends and issues in corporate management; growth and problems of the small scale sector; public sector reforms and privatisation the problem of industrial sickness; MRTP Act, SICA and Industrial Disputes Act. UNIT-III Development banks for corporate Sector (IDBI, IFCI, ICICI) - trends pattern and policy; regulation of stock exchanges and the role of SEBI; banking sector reforms, challenges facing public sector banks; growth and changing structure of non bank financial institutions; problem of non performing assets in Indian Banks. UNIT-IV Trend and pattern of India's foreign trade and balance of payments; latest EXIM policy-main features; policy towards foreign direct investment; globalisation trends in Indian economy; role of MNC's; India's policy commitments to multilateral insitiutions - IMF, World Bank and WTO. NOTE : The question paper will be set by the external examiners. The external examiner will set 8 questions...
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...qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmrtyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmrtyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmrtyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmrtyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwer...
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...SYLLABUS INDIAN BUSINESS ENIRONMENT MBA–2nd SEMESTER, M.D.U., ROHTAK External Marks : 70 Time : 3 hrs. Internal Marks : 30 UNIT-I Nature, components and determinatnts of business environment; basic nature of Indian economic system; relation size and growth of public and private corporate sector, social responsibility of business; broad features of India's now economic policy. UNIT-II Trend and pattern of industrial growth; review of industrial policy developments; industrial licensing policy; liberalisation of the private sector; trends and issues in corporate management; growth and problems of the small scale sector; public sector reforms and privatisation the problem of industrial sickness; MRTP Act, SICA and Industrial Disputes Act. UNIT-III Development banks for corporate Sector (IDBI, IFCI, ICICI) - trends pattern and policy; regulation of stock exchanges and the role of SEBI; banking sector reforms, challenges facing public sector banks; growth and changing structure of non bank financial institutions; problem of non performing assets in Indian Banks. UNIT-IV Trend and pattern of India's foreign trade and balance of payments; latest EXIM policy-main features; policy towards foreign direct investment; globalisation trends in Indian economy; role of MNC's; India's policy commitments to multilateral insitiutions - IMF, World Bank and WTO. NOTE : The question paper will be set by the external examiners. The external examiner will set 8 questions in all, selecting not more...
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............................ 3 3. INDIAN LABOUR LAWS ............................................................................................................. 4 4. PRESENT SCENARIO OF LABOUR AND MNCs IN INDIA ........................................................... 8 5. PERCEPTION OF LABOUR ABOUT MNCs ................................................................................ 10 6. RECOMMENDATIONS .............................................................................................................. 11 7. INTERVIEW WITH INDUSTRY EXPERTS ................................................................................... 13 8. BIBLOGRAPHY.......................................................................................................................... 15 MDI-PGPM-HRM-Term-II Page 1 Multinationals and their impact on Labour Scene BACKGROUND India was predominantly an agricultural economy till Independence in 1947. Even after Independence, the First Five-Year Plan (1951 —56) laid emphasis on agriculture. With the Second FiveYear Plan (1956 — 61) there was a shift towards heavy industrialization. The share of agriculture in gross domestic product (GDP) declined from about 56 per cent in 1950 — 51 to less than 30 per cent in 1990 — 99 while the share of industry rose from 15.6 per cent to 24.7 per cent and of the services sector, from 29 per cent to 45 per cent during the corresponding period. The industrialization...
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........................ 3 3. INDIAN LABOUR LAWS ............................................................................................................. 4 4. PRESENT SCENARIO OF LABOUR AND MNCs IN INDIA ........................................................... 8 5. PERCEPTION OF LABOUR ABOUT MNCs ................................................................................ 10 6. RECOMMENDATIONS .............................................................................................................. 11 7. INTERVIEW WITH INDUSTRY EXPERTS ................................................................................... 13 8. BIBLOGRAPHY.......................................................................................................................... 15 MDI-PGPM-HRM-Term-II Page 1 Multinationals and their impact on Labour Scene BACKGROUND India was predominantly an agricultural economy till Independence in 1947. Even after Independence, the First Five-Year Plan (1951 —56) laid emphasis on agriculture. With the Second FiveYear Plan (1956 — 61) there was a shift towards heavy industrialization. The share of agriculture in gross domestic product (GDP) declined from about 56 per cent in 1950 — 51 to less than 30 per cent in 1990 — 99 while the share of industry rose from 15.6 per cent to 24.7 per cent and of the services sector, from 29 per cent to 45 per cent during the corresponding period. The industrialization strategies and industrial policies followed...
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...Industry Snapshot The Indian pharmaceutical industry is highly dynamic and offers great opportunities for both domestic and foreign companies. The industry is estimated to have generated revenue worth US$ 13.1 billion in FY 2011, according to a new Research and Market’s report, “Indian Pharma Sector Forecast 2014.” India will emerge as a leading global player in pharmaceutical industry by 2020, securing a place among the top five major global markets, according to Ikon Marketing Consultant (IMC). Also, Associated Chambers of Commerce and Industry (Assocham) has said it expects the Indian pharmaceutical industry to reach US$ 20 billion by 2015, making it one of the world's top 10 pharmaceuticals markets. India has a strong local manufacturing base and domestic players are developing substantial international presence. Healthcare is also one of the largest service sector industries in India, in terms of revenue and employment. Rising health awareness and increasing government expenditure on healthcare sector is driving growth in the sector. Medical tourism and health insurance are also on a rise, with significant growth in healthcare sector and establishment of large number of hospitals, both public and private. The Indian healthcare industry, estimated at US$ 50 billion, is expected to reach over US$ 75 billion by 2012, and US$ 100 billion by 2015. Talent Challenges While specialised talent is critical for any knowledge industry, it is more so within the pharmaceuticals industry...
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...A Report on Foreign Market Entry Strategy: The case of Crimson Tide Plc Global Marketing Masters in Business Administration Word count excludes tables, figures, abstract, bibliography and appendix Glenworth M Joseph A4046741 Page i of 28 A Report on Foreign Market Entry Strategy: The case of Crimson Tide Plc Table of Contents Executive Summary ........................................................................................................................................................... iii 1 1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................... 1 Crimson Tide..................................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1.1 1.1.2 1.1.3 1.2 2 2.1 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 4 5 5.1 6 7 8 8.1 9 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 10 11 12 Core business and performance ............................................................................................................ 1 History of the company.......................................................................................................................... 1 Target Market and Competitors ............................................................................................................ 1 Going Global.....................................................................................................
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...Abstract Developing countries seeking to build their economy commonly look to attracting multi-national corporations (MNCs) through low cost labor and lucrative tax incentives plans in the hopes of creating a mutually benefiting relationship between both parties. However bringing in these outside businesses poses a legitimate threat to elite special interest groups already existing and thriving in the current economic state. MNCs must due their due diligence when selecting a potential host country and then determine the best strategy to deal with these groups in order to mitigate as much risk as possible. Contents Abstract ……………2. Contents……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 3 Intorduction 4 Literature Review 6 MNCs must determine the political environment 6 Why elite special interest groups exist 8 Strategies for dealing with elite special interest groups 9 Corupption………………………………………………………………………… 9 Assisting host government in creating a functioning economy………………… 11 Methodology 12 Conclusion 12 References 16 Multi-National Corporation’s Strategies for Special Interest Groups within a Host Country Research of developing countries has shown that economic growth is closely correlated to its cash flows and the quickest way for developing countries to increase those cash flows is through attracting new businesses. Technology has played a major role in the globalization of business and has made it much easier for corporations...
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...interested in innovating for the BOP markets is the MNCs. For these companies large economic benefits can be reached and increased growth, as these markets grow at an incredible speed they can put an end to matured firms stagnation in growth. The purchasing power of the BOP population is higher than imagined usually. As a large company with economies of scale, it should be easy to produce a similar cheap product as the ones already in the BOP markets, but with better quality, thus market penetration can have a steep upward curve. Furthermore, for MNCs to outsource e.g. customer service to BOP market is a way to reduce costs, and it aids to enhance the growth of both the company and the BOP population, as their purchasing power increases. One of the smartest things to offer the BOP markets is connectivity, as this meets one of their most urgent needs head on and thus enables a strong market position for the company bringing it. Connectivity decreases the need for intermediaries, which improves access to the population and costs for the company. (Prahalad and Hammond, 2002) According to Prahalad and Hammond (2002), BOP markets have been the subject to social entrepreneurship and NGOs for several years, trying to solve the demands of the population, so clearly there are similar benefits to be reached by these actors. Small businesses and start-ups also show an interest, as for example in Uganda where a small business offers packages to female entrepreneurs in their...
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