...direct investment (FDI), joint ventures and strategic alliances, among other forms of internationalisation (Moore and Lewis, 1999). Several multinational corporations (MNEs) can also be identified in Europe in the middle ages and in the beginning of the modern era (Dunning, 1993a; Jones, 1996). The origins of modern international business activity however, are associated with the industrial revolution. Modern MNEs, in particular, have their roots in the massive international movement of factors that took place in the nineteenth century (Dunning, 1993a: p.99). Resource-seeking was the most common motivation of FDI in this period, even if by 1850 many firms had already crossed the Atlantic, in both directions, in what can be defined as market-seeking investment (Dunning, 1993a: p.100; Jones, 1996: p.5). 8 Despite the presence of FDI, most foreign investment in the nineteenth century - and indeed until the late 1940s – was portfolio capital. As a result, international business activity was largely ignored in economic theory until the late 1950s. On the one hand, the phenomenon did not have a major perceived economic impact. It was widely assumed that MNEs were a passing post-war phenomenon originating in the United States (Jones, 1996: p.3). On the other hand (and probably more importantly), the neo-classical theory, based upon perfect markets and the international immobility of factors, did not easily incorporate multinational activity. The growth of FDI (and of the MNEs themselves)...
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...Effects of FDI by MNCs in Developing Countries What are Multinational corporations? What motives do they have for foreign direct investment? This paper explores these questions and seeks to find explanations by exploring key economic theories. The impact of FDI on developing nations is discussed with analysis and evaluation of the positive and negative effects. The findings of this essay are that FDI is neither entirely good nor bad for a country. Instead its effects vary and depend on a number of factors. Whilst firms have different strategies and objectives, the aim is ultimately to gain profits. In some instances this comes at the detriment of the welfare in the host nations, but it can also have benefits for these developing countries. | Introduction Foreign direct investment (FDI) has played an important role in developing countries with these nations receiving an increasing share of world FDI inflows (see Fig.1 below). From 1985 to 1990, the FDI inflow into developing nations was 17.4% of the total global flow. This increased to 31-40% in the four years leading up to the financial crisis (Hill, 2014). FDI acts as a major contributor to capital formation in developing countries and can promote growth and sustainable development. However, there are many challenges that the host country can face when dealing with multinational corporations (MNCs). By looking at key issues and analysing empirical evidence, the positive and negative effects that foreign direct investment...
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...multinational corporations from Hong Kong Introduction Although the origins of Hong Kong-based MNCs can be traced(ditelusuri) to the British colonial period and Hong Kong’s position as an entrepôt(gudang) for trade in South East Asia and China, indigenous (adat) Chinese firms(perusahaan) based in Hong Kong emerged(munculnya) as MNCs in the early 1950s, thus reflecting(mencerminkan) a longer history by comparison to MNCs from Taiwan and South Korea whose emergence(muncul) can be traced(ditelusuri) to the early 1960s. Hong Kong has grown to become a significant home country(negara asal) of FDI(foreign direct investment) with an outward FDI stock of ,$154.9 billion in 1998, or some 3.8 per cent of the global stock of outward FDI. Indeed, it had become the world’s tenth-largest source of FDI in that year based on the size of outward FDI stock after the United States (with a share of 24.1 per cent of the global stock of outward FDI), United Kingdom (12.1 per cent), Germany (9.5 per cent), Japan (7.2 per cent), the Netherlands (6.4 per cent), France (5.9 per cent), Switzerland (4.3 per cent), Italy (4.1 per cent) and Canada (3.8 per cent). In fact, Hong Kong is almost as important as Canada whose outward FDI stock was $156.6 billion in that year. Thus, Hong Kong had become a significant source of FDI in the world economy, particularly more so in relation to the stock of outward FDI from developing countries where Hong Kong is the single largest home country with a share...
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...Foreign Direct Investments and Multinational Corporations Introduction In a globalised world and economy, foreign direct investment (FDI) flows have boomed dramatically in recent decades. Factors contributing to the growth of FDI are rapid growth in technological advancement, low interest funds from development banks, bilateral investment treaties and the welcoming developing countries have given FDI its importance in helping the economy growth. This led to the rapid growth of FDI flows around the world in the last 20 years period. FDI outflows increase from $53.7 billion in 1980, to a staggering $1.4 trillion in the year 2000 (Brooks et al, 2003). Foreign direct investment (FDI) involves the real investments or ownership in the land, inventories, factories and capital goods in foreign countries where investor have control and authority over the invested capital. Examples of FDIs involves investors purchasing a minimum of 10% of the firm’s stock or more, setting up a wholly owned subsidiary company, joint venture with another firm and merging or acquisition of another company. Major market players who are always on the lookout for investing in foreign countries are multinational corporations (MNC). Multinational corporations (MNC) plays an important role in bringing capital and employment to the host countries and since a few decades back, MNCs took a great amount of interest in investing their business in foreign markets because of the various advantages in foreign countries...
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...forward contract, it is included the price adjustment clauses. In order to reflect certain exchange rates changes it’s based on the adjusted price. The forward contract also brings more benefit to the consumers that helps them can get lower price. Furthermore, Honda Company has used policy such as purchasing foreign currency by using the currency swaps. This helps to fix the price of the car across currency contract in advance. In the foreign market from Japan’s Honda Co. the car is priced in Yen that means the company faces with foreign exchange risk. Thus, above solution is helpfully to protect subsidiary and reduce transaction exposure. Translation exposure Translation exposure can be established as type of foreign exchange risk that MNC have subsidiaries operated markets oversea (Wang, 2005), which country faced with translation exposure. This is affected on the translation of the liabilities and assets denominated in the foreign currency into the home currency of the parent company when...
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...Foreign Direct Investment (FDI): Funds invested by an MNC and one nation for starting, acquiring, or expanding an enterprise in another nation. Three reasons corporations make foreign direct investments: To seek access to new markets To grow beyond a small domestic market To achieve cost and other competitive advantages over competitors Foreign direct investment (FDI) is an investment in a business by an investor from another country for which the foreign investor has control over the company purchased. The Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) defines control as owning 10% or more of the business. Businesses that make foreign direct investments are often called multinational corporations (MNCs) or multinational enterprises (MNEs). A MNE may make a direct investment by creating a new foreign enterprise, which is called a greenfield investment, or by the acquisition of a foreign firm, either called an acquisition or brownfield investment. Green-field investments occur when a parent company begins a new venture by constructing new facilities in a country outside of where the company is headquartered. There are several reasons why a company opts to build its own new facility rather than purchase or lease an existing one. The primary...
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...MNC's Effect on Local Businesses in Retailing Sector (India) Contents Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 2 Effect of MNC’s into Indian Retail Market 5 Advantages 5 Disadvantages 7 Hypothesis 8 Conceptual Model 8 Conclusion 10 References 10 Abstract Globalization paved the way for entrepreneurs to expand their wings beyond their respective counties. MNCs exploit the business opportunities in other countries based on the FDI policies in those countries. This has both advantages and disadvantages to the target country. The MNCs have their impact on the economy and people of countries in which they operate business. This paper focuses on the impact of MNCs on local businesses in retail sector in India. The report review existing literature which provides insights into FDI policies in India, the level of FDI allowed by Indian government with respect to single –brand and multi-brand foreign companies, the advantages, opportunities, risks, threats and disadvantages of allowing MNCs into retailing sector in India. Introduction Retailing is the business taking up by individuals or families in India. Generally mom and pop kind of businesses operate in retail sector. The retail sector has tremendous growth in India. Moreover retailing is a profitable business in India. Since India is the country with huge population, naturally it is the correct destination to foreign investors to get profits from the market. India has been traditionally depending...
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...CONCEPT OF MNC A multinational corporation is an enterprise that carries on business operations in more than one country. It extends its manufacturing and marketing operations through a network of branches and subsidiaries which are known as its foreign affiliates. According to a report of international labour office the essential nature of multinational enterprises lies in the fact that its managerial headquarters are located in one country while the enterprise carries out operations in a number of other countries as well.´ CHARACTERISTICS OF MNC: * Large size * Worldwide operations * Centralized control * Sophisticated technology * Professional management * International market * High brand equity ROLES OF MNC 1) MNC’s help to increases the investment level & thereby the income & employment in host country. 2) The transnational corporations have become vehicles for the transfer technology, especially to developing countries. 3) They also initiate a managerial revolution in host countries through professional management and employment of highly sophisticated management techniques. 4) The MNCs enable that host countries to increases their exports & decreases their import requirements. 5) They work to equalize cost of factors of production around the world. 6) MNC’s provide and efficient means of integrating national economies. 7) The enormous resources of multinational enterprises enable them to...
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...Multinational Corporations and Foreign Direct Investment This page intentionally left blank Multinational Corporations and Foreign Direct Investment Avoiding Simplicity, Embracing Complexity Stephen D. Cohen 1 2007 1 Oxford University Press, Inc., publishes works that further Oxford University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education. Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offices in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Copyright # 2007 by Oxford University Press Published by Oxford University Press, Inc. 198 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10016 www.oup.com Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Oxford University Press. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Cohen, Stephen D. Multinational corporations and foreign direct investment: avoiding simplicity, embracing complexity / Stephen D. Cohen. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN-13 978-0-19-517935-4; 978-0-19-517936-1 (pbk.) ISBN 0-19-517935-8; 0-19-517936-6 (pbk.) 1. International...
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...contributor to economic growth across the globe. FDI inflows reached an all-time high in 2007 at $1.8 trillion with approximately 40% of that amount being invested in less developed countries. The prediction of this inflow into less developed countries was that it would be a wholly positive thing for the host country through resource transfer effects, employment effects, and effects on competition domestically and balance of payments. In the case of developed nations and even those in the upper tier of less developed nations this can be true but for the poorest of the less developed nations this has not been the case. In this essay we will examine why FDI has failed these nations and what can be done going forward to improve the economies of less developed nations by better utilizing FDI. To understand why FDI is not working in these less developed nations we must look at what are believed to be the fundamental effects of FDI on any host country. These effects include the increase in employment opportunities within the host country. They also include resource transfer effects whereby the skills and knowledge of the MNC are transferred to the host country. It is also expected that competition from MNC in domestic markets will force domestic companies to work more effectively to compete and thereby make these companies more effective in competing internationally. Lastly, FDI can increase the balance of payments to a surplus as the MNC uses the host country to create a product they...
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...NEW STRATEGY OF MULTINATIONAL COMPANIES: FOREIGN INVESTMENT, INTERNATIONAL SUBCONTRACTING AND PRODUCTION RELOCATION* WLADIMIR ANDREFF Professor Emeritus University Paris 1 Panthon Sorbonne Centre d’Economie de la Sorbonne. ABSTRACT. The article is dealing in the first place with the definition of (offshore) outsourcing in relation with foreign direct investment and international subcontracting process, as well as with some connected issues such as fragmentation of the production process, international production relocation, de-industrialisation in developed countries and industrialisation in newly industrialising, now coined emerging countries. In the second place, it aims at finding how global strategy differentiates from traditional MNC strategies and how much outsourcing fits with such global strategy. The last section of the article briefly screens the economic impact of outsourcing on the world trade structure – with the two enlightening snapshots of global trade in sports goods and European Union 15’s outward processing trade with Central Eastern European countries (CEECs)-, as well as on home developed and host emerging countries. The article conclusion is that outsourcing has grown faster than world trade in the past two decades and has skyrocketed during the very last years because it is a cornerstone of a new global strategy adopted by multinational companies since the late 1980s. KEY WORDS: Offshoring, outsourcing, new strategy of multinational companies. JEL...
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...lucrative policies that attract foreign direct investments (FDIs). Foreign direct investments are simply business entities operated by a corporation in one country (the home country) but with subsidiaries in the foreign markets (the host countries) (Agarwal, 2009).A perfect example for FDIs is Multinational Corporations (MNCs) which have their parent company located in their home country but with subsidiaries in foreign markets. In most cases, FDIs are operated through joint ventures, franchises or mergers where the parent company of the MNC acquires other businesses in overseas markets (Chaurasia, 2008). The objective of this assignment, therefore, is to discuss and explain further the operations of MNCs and issues surrounding these corporations. Hedging Transaction Exposure Four of the Hedging Techniques Available To MNCs Hedging simply means minimizing or mitigating the effect of the exchange rate exposure. This risk is of three types namely, translation exposure, economic exposure and transaction exposure (Luo, 2001). A transaction exposure is a form of foreign exchange risk which results to loss or gains when operations are carried out or denominated in foreign currency (Hill, 2005). It is a short-term exposure that arises as a result of fluctuations in exchange rates. To mitigate or hedge the effects of this risk, an MNC can use any of the following four techniques. When selecting the method to apply, MNCs compare the expected cash flow from each one of these. A)...
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...This paper aims to establish the analysis of a unique international data set in four host countries like Canada. Ireland, Spain and UK. The study examines the argument that various, rather than single, proof are required to understand the factors promoting or retarding the diffusion of human resource practices within multinational companies. Multinational companies are progressively powerful and effective in Europe and worldwide. They are the main factor of the world and regional economies. MNCs are familiar with the sharing of organizational practices to foreign subsidiaries with the rest of the company. Organizational practices can be shown as important resources and abilities to produce and develop through the firm. “The key part of MNC’s is the diffusion of human resource practices to develop at the international level at the diverse capabilities and knowledge that they possess at subsidiary level.” The article examines the diffusion of HR practices from the foreign operations of MNCs to the rest of the firm. The term for this is reverse diffusion. In these case the main focus of research which are related to MNC’s is that the direction of the diffusion is inverted. It was separated into exacting RD and they transfer form subsidiaries practices to other foreign operations. Nonetheless there are two main gaps in this literature. “Hypothetically, the...
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...Finance-Individual Assignments I Name Institution MFI 442 International Finance-Individual Assignments I Most corporations expand beyond their local boundaries to become multinationals. There are myriad reasons behind this (Wells & Wint, 2000). The biggest of all these reasons is to gain access to international markets and perhaps invest in economic zones that have high investment returns as compared to home countries (Fu, 2000). The trend of globalization has made most firms become multinational corporations. The most common method for MNCs is through franchises (Jones, 2005). In line with this, economists have put up theories explaining why businesses expand beyond their national boundaries (Hicks, 2000). My primary objective in this paper, therefore, is to discuss international finance and other macroeconomics policies. To foresee this goal, I will delve into foreign exchange market and operations of multinational corporations (MNCs). Theories Explaining Why Corporations Expand to become Multinationals a). Financial economists have brought forward three key arguments that enumerate why companies expand their operations to global markets. These theories are; the imperfect markets theory, the comparative advantage theory and the product cycle theory (Levi, 2004). i).The Comparative Advantage Theory This theory is among the most important concepts in international trade. It states that economic welfare increases when countries specialize in producing lower opportunity cost...
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