...COMMUNICATION MODELS WHAT IS A MODEL? Sven Windahl and Dennis McQuail (1993) defined model, “as simplified description in graphic form of a piece of reality.” It is a conceptual model explaining the different human communication processes. Models are simple diagrams. They help us understand different communication processes. FUNCTIONS OF A MODEL * ORGANIZING FUNCTION * HEURISTIC FUNCTION * PREDICTING FUNCTION BASIC MODELS THE LASSWELL FORMULA * Harold D. Lasswell * The simplest communication formula * “A convenient way to describe an act of communication is to answer the ff. questions: Who?, Says What?, In which channel?, To whom? and With what effect? BRADDOCKS EXTENSION MODEL * Richard Braddock * Added other elements of the communicative act: Under what circumstances? For what purpose? and With what effect? SHANNON & WEAVER * Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver * Mathematical Model (linear/one-way process) * Five elements: information source, transmitter, receiver, destination and noise The Elements of the Shannon and Weaver Model * The Information source – It refers to the person who creates the message. Also known as the encoder/initiator/creator of the message * The message – It is a combination of symbols and meanings. * A transmitter – It pertains to the medium that the sender is using to send the message. (Ex. mouth, gesture etc.) * The signal – It refers to the message being...
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...Models of communication To communicate effectively, knowledge of the dynamics underlying the communication process is essential. One way to analyze communication is to present it in the form of a ‘model’. A model is nothing but the mechanistic perspective of human communication that effectively tells at a glance how it works. Several theorists have discussed the communication process in ways that have important implications for those involved in informal education programs such as extension work. Communication models come in a variety of forms, ranging from catchy summations to diagrams to mathematical formulas. A model is an abstracted representation of a reality. A good model comes as close to reality as possible and it discusses and explains the reality as clearly as possible. But being an abstraction, a model is not a reality; it only represents the reality of communication for better understanding of the communication process. For example, an architectural model of a house is only a representation of the house giving a fair idea of the number of rooms, layout, etc. but it is not the house ‘per se’. Thus a model is a pictorial presentation to show the structure of communication process in which various component elements are linked. Arrows are used to depict the transmission of messages from communicators to receiver. Models are based on assumption that theorists make as to how communication functions and what affect it has upon individual and society. A variety of models...
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...MODELS OF COMMUNICATION Models: • Aim to present communication as a process. • It is like a map, representing features of a territory. But it cannot be comprehensive. • We need therefore to be selective, knowing why we are using it and what we hope to gain from it. Transmission models - criticism The Shannon and Weaver and Lasswell model are typical of so-called transmission models of communication. These two models also typically underlie many others in the American tradition of research, showing Source-Message/Channel-Receiver as the basic process of communication. In such models, communication is reduced to a question of transmitting information. Although transmission models have been highly influential in the study of human communication, it can be argued that, although Shannon's and Weaver's work was very fertile in fields such as information theory and cybernetics, it may actually be misleading in the study of human communication. Some criticisms which could be made of such models are: The conduit metaphor Their model presents us with what has been called the 'conduit metaphor' of communication (Reddy (1979) The source puts ideas into words and sends the words to the receiver, who therefore receives the ideas. The whole notion of 'sending' and 'receiving' may be misleading, since, after all, once I've 'sent' a message, I still have it. The underlying metaphor is of putting objects into a container and sending them through some sort of conduit...
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...Marketers have a series of influencer communication models to assist with their understanding of how mass media and the public communicate with each other. Illustrate your answer with examples and discuss how they might assist in an advertising campaign. (50 marks) The influencer model depicts information flowing via media channels to particular types of people (opinion leaders and opinion formers) to whom other members of the audience refer for information and guidance. Through interpersonal networks, opinion leaders not only reach members of the target audience who may not have been exposed to the message, but may reinforce the impact of the message for those members who did not receive the message. This approach indicates that the mass media do not have a direct and all-powerful effect over their audience. Personal influences are necessary to be persuasive and to exert direct influence on members of the target audience. The influencer approach can be developed into a multi-step model. This proposes that communication involves interaction among all parties to the communication process. This interpretation closely resembles the network of participants who are often involved in the communication process. The influencer model attempts to account for an individual’s participation in the communication process. These models emphasis individual behavior but exclude any social behavior implicit in the process. The interactional model of communication attempts to assimilate the variety...
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...Models of the Communication Process Abstract We teach the same models of communication today that we taught forty years ago. This can and should be regarded as a mark of the enduring value of these models in highlighting key elements of that process for students who are taking the process apart for the first time. It remains, however, that the field of communication has evolved considerably since the 1960's, and it may be appropriate to update our models to account for that evolution. This paper presents the classic communication models that are taught in introducing students to interpersonal communication and mass communication, including Shannon's information theory model (the active model), a cybernetic model that includes feedback (the interactive model, an intermediary model (sometimes referred to as a gatekeeper model of the two-step flow), and the transactive model. It then introduces a new ecological model of communication that, it is hoped, more closely maps to the the range of materials we teach and research in the field of communication today. This model attempts to capture the fundamental interaction of language, medium, and message that enables communication, the socially constructed aspects of each element, and the relationship of creators and consumers of messages both to these elements and each other. Introduction While the field of communication has changed considerably over the last thirty years, the models used in the introductory chapters of communication...
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...Gerbner's General Model (1956) Gerbner's General Model emphasizes the dynamic nature of human communication. It also gives prominence to the factors which may affect fidelity. The model shown diagrammatically is to be read from left to right, beginning at E - Event. • The event (E) is perceived by M (the man (sic) or machine). • The process of perception is not simply a matter of 'taking a picture' of event E. It is a process of active interpretation. • The way that the E is perceived will be determined by a variety of factors, such as the assumptions, attitudes, point of view, experience of M. • E can be a person talking, sending a letter, telephoning, or otherwise communicating with M. In other words, E could be what we conventionally call the Source or Transmitter. • Equally, E can be an event - a car crash, rain, waves crashing on a beach, a natural disaster etc. In this case, we could be applying the model to mass media communication, say the reporting of news. The model is a useful starting-point for the analysis of wide variety of communication acts. Note that the model, besides drawing our attention to those factors within E which will determine perception or interpretation of E, also draws our attention to three important factors: • Selection: M, the perceiver of the event E (or receiver of the message, if you prefer) selects from the event, paying more attention to this aspect and less to that...
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...known famously as the Mehrabian Communication Model, Professor Mehrabian’s work provided the basis upon which the statistic for the effectiveness of verbal communication is grounded. The statistic concerns the messages of feelings and attitudes that is discerned during spoken communication. More precisely the spoken words normally account for about 7% of the message of feelings and attitudes that is relayed when speaking while paralinguistic (the manner in which that words are spoken) accounts for 38% and finally 55% is attributed to the facial expression. While this model has been effective in proving the primacy of the non-verbal communication in a speech, it has been the center of criticism from some quotas who insist that it is based on too many assumptions. This study therefore undertakes to prove that the Mahrebian model is as effective as it can get provided it is applied where it was intended to be used. The research was based solely on literature review. In particular the paper reviews the content of the Mahrebian model with specific details paid to the study that informed the model and its findings. The paper also looks into the criticisms leveled against the model. The findings of this study show that there is enough evidence to proof that the Mahrebian communication model met the standards for scientific research and is therefore authentic. The study also finds that criticisms leveled against the model miss the point by subjecting the model to situations where it was never...
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...Communication Process Model Eric Drew Business Communication and Critical Thinking /BCOM/275 May 20, 2013 Steve Hynds Communication Process Model The purpose of this paper is to describe through examples (examples 1 & 2) the types and reasons for some misunderstandings when communicating with peers and subordinates in the workplace. Who Was the Sender? In example 1, I was the sender. In Example 2, a peer was the sender. Who Was the Receiver? In example 1, the receiver was a subordinate staff person. In example 2, I was the receiver. What Was the Message? In example 1, the message I was attempting to convey was the due date and process needed to complete a deliverable for a client presentation. More specifically, we needed to complete and finalize a power point presentation outlining specific opportunities for the client to pursue. In example 2, the message that my peer was trying to convey related to potential problems with a client’s treatment of Medicaid reimbursement payments. What Channel Was Used to Send the Message? In both examples 1 and 2, verbal communication was used. What Was the Misunderstanding that Occurred? In example 1, the misunderstanding was that the staff did not clearly understand the level of work or information needed for the project to be completed within the due date following our conversation resulting in frustration on both parties. In example 2, the misunderstanding was that I did not clearly understand the question...
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...Assignment 1.1 Communication Process Model University of Phoenix BCOM 275 Business Communication and Critical Thinking Communication Process Model First Example: |Who was the sender? |Retirement Protocol Office | |Who was the receiver? |Team Leader (myself) for Retirement Detail | |What was the message? |ATTN: In preparation for the Retirement Ceremony scheduled for | | |September 9, 2008, Protocol Office is requesting 17 Cables from each | | |Unit involved in the ceremony to accommodate all guests and attendees.| |What channel was used to send the message? |Email message through Microsoft Outlook. | |What was the misunderstanding that occurred? |“Cables” was meant to be “Tables”. Cables were brought to the | | |Protocol Office on the day of the Retirement Ceremony instead of | | |Tables. Needless to say, I was put in parade rest in front of the | | ...
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...Communication Process Model Scenario I * Who was the sender? In this particular scenario, I was the sender. * Who was the receiver? Jessica, my trainee was the receiver. * What was the message? The message was to complete an inventory audit by herself to ensure she knew how to do it and what to count. * What channel was used to send the message? Verbal face to face communication was used in this scenario as the channel to send the message. * What was the misunderstanding that occurred? Jessica was supposed to do the counts on her own; however, our inventory specialist, Glenn needed to monitor her and show her our company’s way of generating inventories. Because of my error in communication, Jessica thought she had to do this alone and never asked Glenn for assistance. This error in communication resulted in a delay of the end of month paperwork and working overtime to correct the inventory and train Jessica properly. * How could the misunderstanding have been avoided? | * | This misunderstanding could have been avoided by getting everyone involved in this task together at the time of assignment. It was not Jessica’s fault, but mine since I did not mentioned her to ask for Glen’s assistance. I also did not informed Glenn about Jessica’s task and his role as trainer. From time to time, the sender may forget to mention certain details about a message that could result in a decoding error (sending the wrong message), that is why it is always...
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...Communication Process Model Example 1: For this example I will be using an example from an issue that arouse at work between a Supervisor and a Floor Lead in the airport between Gate agents. Who was the Sender? Immediate Supervisor Who was the receiver? Floor Lead What was the message? Confusion between gate assignments What Channel was used to send the message? Portable Radios What was the misunderstanding that occurred? Supervisor told the Lead Agent to assign certain gate to an agent; the lead misunderstood the number and assigned the wrong gate number to agent creating a delay on the flight How could the misunderstanding have been avoided? The supervisor could have been clearer about the gate that needed assignment, maybe repeated the number of the gate. What did you learn about the communication process from this activity? Clear communication is very important in the type of job I described above, I am not a gate agent but work with them on a daily basis, as they are a part of my job. While radio communications is what we use to talk to one another, I believe been clear on instructions and making sure the message was understood by the recipient is the main key for preventing this type of misunderstanding and making sure the operation runs smooth and no delays occur. What seem to be the main causes of the misunderstandings? I believe the type of radios being used, and maybe some sort of interference may have been the cause for the misunderstanding, maybe...
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...Communication is the process of transferring information and ideas between one another. It is central to ways we experience life and what it is to be human. Communication is the method of transferring information and ideas between one another. It is vital to ways we understand life and what it is to be human. The context in relation to communication fundamentally allows people to function, co-operate and co-ordinate at high levels. The three theories of communication models known as linear, interactive and transactional all rely on context. This essay will examine how communication is influenced by context, as it is an important factor and without it the process cannot occur effectively. An analysis of the four types of context in relation...
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...Assignment 1.1: Communication Process Model Misunderstanding 1 |Who was the sender? |Human Resources for the school where I work | |Who was the receiver? |The Principal of the school where I work | |What was the message? | We should be able to make Ms. Anderson a full time employee in August. | |What channel was used to send the| This message was sent via email | |message? | | |What was the misunderstanding | The Principal told Ms. Anderson that in August she would become a full time employee. The | |that occurred? |first two weeks of August Ms. Anderson worked full time hours. Human Resources called the | | |Principal and asked why was Ms. Anderson working so many hours. The Principal referred to the | | |email regarding Ms. Anderson beginning full time hours in August. Human Resources noted that | | |the word “should” was used; therefore the switch to full time was not completely approved. | | |Human Resources directed the Principal to schedule Ms. Anderson for part...
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...ASSIGNMENT 1.1: COMMUNICATION PROCESS MODEL Directions: Think of a misunderstanding you experienced when communicating with someone else at work, home, or school. Then fill in the blanks of the chart below. Who was the sender? Service Manager Who was the receiver? Me What was the message? How to post certain invoices to a certain account. What channel was used to send the message? Email What was the misunderstanding that occurred? When he was sending me the emails he wasn’t telling me that he didn’t want me to do a certain thing and I was totally lost on what I was supposed to do. How could the misunderstanding have been avoided? It can have been avoided by him just calling me or coming to talk to me directly. He did end up calling me and explaining to me exactly how he wanted it done. 1. What did you learn about the communication process from this activity? I learned that mistakes can be made but it’s just as easy for him to of called me and explained it to me over the phone instead of emailing me and confusing me even more. 2. What seemed to be the main causes of the misunderstandings? The main causes of the misunderstanding were the way he was wording things in the email. It was totally confusing on how he was wording everything. Who was the sender? Warranty Manager Who was the receiver? Me What was the message? New cashier scheduling What channel was used to send the message? Email What was the misunderstanding that occurred...
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...Assignment 1.1: Communication Process Model Directions: Think of a misunderstanding you experienced when communicating with someone else at work, home, or school. Then fill in the blanks of the chart below. |Who was the sender? | Me (Joe) | |Who was the receiver? | Co-worker (Dan) | |What was the message? | The message was to call all members on a list and ask them if they intend to sign up for an | | |important golf event coming up in a few months. Additionally, if they would like to sign up, go | | |ahead and sign them up for the event. | |What channel was used to send the | Face to Face communication | |message? | | |What was the misunderstanding that | I don’t know if it so much a misunderstanding as it was a lack of follow through on Dan’s part. | |occurred? |Not only did he not call the entire list of participants, but, he didn’t sign up the people (one | | ...
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