...Function or 'functionalism' in architecture is the defining principle which in its simplest form states that a building or structure should be derived solely from the function it is intended to fulfill. Employed by pioneering modernist architects including Louis Sullivan and Le Corbusier, functionalism, stood alone as the cornerstone of their definitions of honest, pure, and beautiful structure. In Louis Sullivan's 'Kindergarten Chats and Other Writings' he exposes the true inter-correlations at work between function and form (structure): "I suppose if we call a building a form, then there should be a function, a purpose, a reason for each building, a definite explainable relation between the form, the development of each building, and the causes that bring it into that particular shape; and that the building, to be good architecture, must, first of all, clearly correspond with its function, must be its image as you would say." Functionalism as an architectural principle can be traced back as far to the Vetruvian principles of Greek and Roman structure. For Louis Sullivan as well as Le Corbusier form was a mere manifestation of functional principles including the practical considerations of use, material, and structure and not by a preconceived picture in the designer's mind. Born in 1856 Louis Sullivan, deemed by some to be the "father of modern architecture," is credited with the creation of a wide variety of structural masterpieces all of which subscribe to his archetypal...
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...Gropius then became an architect. Gropius's career further emerged in the post war period. He was appointed as master of the Bauhaus school in 1919. It was this academy which Gropius transformed into the world famous ‘Bauhaus’, attracting a faculty that included a lot of talented influential modernist artist. In principle, the Bauhaus represented an opportunity to extend beauty and quality to every home through well designed industrially produced objects. This building ‘The Bauhaus’ designed by Walter Gropius in year 1919 was designed with an emerging style that would forever influence architecture. The current state of the graphic design industry today owes a lot to the Bauhaus movement. The Bauhaus which means ‘building house’ in German, was a design school that persevered throughout a tough time of social and political upheaval to leave one of the biggest stamps on art, architecture and design in the 20th century. Four facts that loomed over the founding of the Bauhaus in 1919 in Germany were the; -World War I, 1914-1918. The War killed some two million Germans, and left Germany’s economy in shambles, -The Russian Revolution of 1917,...
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...Herbert Bayer He is one of the most recognized designers to come from the Bauhaus institution and his theories of design are still taught in many schools today. A Graphic designer type face designer, painter, sculptor, and art director, environmental and interior designer, Herbert Bayer. Herbert Bayer was born Haag am Hausruck. He was both a student and teacher from 1921 to 1923 he attended the Bauhaus in Weimar, studying mural painting with Vasily Kandinsky and typograph. A great deal of Herbert Bayer design activity took place in Germany Italy and New York. (2) Widely recognized as the last living member of the Bauhaus and was instrumental in the development of the Atlantic Richfield Company's corporate art collection until his death in 1985. Herbert was a producer of innovative thinking and creative problem solving. His design aesthetics continue to live on and influences many of today’s works. At just 28 years of age Herbert Bayer had accomplished the amount of work more notable than most Designer’s entire careers of work. He spent time teaching at the Bauhaus, working as an Art Director for the Container Corporation and as an architect in both Germany and America. Worked as an art director with Vogue. (1) Ronnita Whipple GRDS 205 Professor Dean Ballas 07.08.2017 __________________________________ 1. "Oral history interview with Herbert Bayer, 1981 Oct. 3". Oral History interview. Archives of American Art. 2011. Retrieved 30 Jun 2011. One that should be noted was his design...
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...ALEX KITNICK “New Brutalism” remains a tricky term for the student of postwar art and architecture, both too specific and too general. On the one hand, it is associated with a small number of writings and projects carried out by a group of architects, artists, and critics in 1950s London. Alison and Peter Smithson first used the term to describe a residential project in Soho that was to be characterized by a “warehouse” aesthetic and unfinished surfaces, and, in a famous 1955 essay, Reyner Banham wrote that the movement’s three primary characteristics were “Memorability as an Image,” “Clear exhibition of Structure,” and “Valuation of Material ‘as found.’”1 Despite having been granted these attributes, however, or perhaps because of the way they lend themselves to both oversimplification (unfinished sur faces) and open- ended abstract ion (“Memorabilit y as an Image”), Brutalism is often employed today as nothing more than a vague epithet lobbed at vast expanses of postwar institutional building; its associations with art practice are, more frequently than not, left out entirely. The purpose of dedicating this issue to New Brutalism, then, is both to reconsider its theses and to reevaluate its work and writings, while at the same time amending and supplementing earlier histories of the moment, which have emphasized the pop aspects of the work. 2 In doing so, we hope to recapture something of New Brutalism’s latent critical potential. As Theo Crosby wrote in the January 1955...
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...relevant persons or officials involved Not applicable 1.5 Details o institution f Not applicable PART II: I NDIGENOUS AND TRADITIONAL 74 KNOWLEDGE AND PRACTICES 1.6 Name of person and/or institution conducting the research Lim Jee Yuan, Consumers’ Association of Penang 1.7 Details of research person/institution (a) (b) (c) (d) Address: 228 Macalister Road, 10400 Penang, Malaysia Telephone:++ (60) (4) 229 35 11 Fax: ++ (60) (4) 229 8 I06 E-Mail: elawmalaysia@igc.apc.org 2. THE PROBLEM OR SITUATION BEING ADDRESSED BY THE PRACTICEDNNOVATIVE EXPERIENCE The traditional Malay house, which is an autonomous housing process using self-help and mutual-help approaches, can throw some light on the development of a modern autonomous housing model which is based on the needs and aspirations of its users, rather than being imposed by others on the users. The...
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...Pioneers of Modern Architecture: Importance of Their Contribution in the Development of 20th Century Architecture” “Pioneers of Modern Architecture: Importance of their contribution in the development of 20th Century Architecture” Modernism roughly spans the time between World War I and the early 1970s. In regards to architecture, this particular movement or style is characterized by simplification of form and subtraction of ornament from the structure and theme of the building. Intrigued by the emerging technologies of the day, they mostly used concrete, glass, or steel in their revolutionary creations. They eschewed ornament, rejecting what they saw as the frivolous strokes of Victorian and art nouveau styles. At the same time new technological developments continued to influence architects' designs, such as the development of complex air conditioning and heating systems allowed modern architectures to spread from the temperate climates of Europe and North America to countries with extremely varied weather conditions such as India, as seen in the National Assembly Building in Dacca Bangladesh by Louis Kahn. Instead of viewing a building as a heavy mass made of ponderous materials, the leading pioneers of modern architecture considered it as a volume of space enclosed by light, thin curtain walls and resting on slender piers. The visual aesthetic of modern architecture was largely inspired by the machine and by abstract painting and sculpture. Since World War II, modern architecture...
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...“Pioneers of Modern Architecture: Importance of their contribution in the development of 20th Century Architecture” Modernism roughly spans the time between World War I and the early 1970s. In regards to architecture, this particular movement or style is characterized by simplification of form and subtraction of ornament from the structure and theme of the building. Intrigued by the emerging technologies of the day, they mostly used concrete, glass, or steel in their revolutionary creations. They eschewed ornament, rejecting what they saw as the frivolous strokes of Victorian and art nouveau styles. At the same time new technological developments continued to influence architects' designs, such as the development of complex air conditioning and heating systems allowed modern architectures to spread from the temperate climates of Europe and North America to countries with extremely varied weather conditions such as India, as seen in the National Assembly Building in Dacca Bangladesh by Louis Kahn. Instead of viewing a building as a heavy mass made of ponderous materials, the leading pioneers of modern architecture considered it as a volume of space enclosed by light, thin curtain walls and resting on slender piers. The visual aesthetic of modern architecture was largely inspired by the machine and by abstract painting and sculpture. Since World War II, modern architecture has admitted a certain amount of free play in buildings of various designs. In all, the required ...
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...Louis Kahn (1901-1974) was one of the American leading architectures of the 20th century with the design that involved the combination of modern technique an timeless form. Kahn was born and grew up in Estonia then immigrated to the United States with his family when he was in an early age of four. Once Kahn displayed a drawing gift but his family could not afford to buy him art materials so he improvised burnt matches and twigs to sketch and draw. He values the charcoal quality so much that even after he becomes a famous architecture he still uses burnt matches. Kahn attended Philadephia’s Central High School and the Public Industrial Art School. During his final year of high schooling, he received a scholarship of architecture history offered...
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...Timeline of Architecture in Texas BY: SM Early settlers brought to Texas their cultural values and traditions. These values and historical civilization features were reflected through the settlers’ survived architectural achievements. Texas architecture compromises diverse structures and legacy from the Spanish colonies to the European expenditures to the Anglo pioneers’ log cabins. The architecture of Texas through the centuries has indeed outlined the cultural history and gave the state a unique Texan identity. Texas architecture can be organized into six periods: Indian, Spanish colonial-Mexican, Republic-antebellum, Victorian, and Early twentieth century Modern [1]. The earliest Indian-Native American, nomadic or Indigenous people were divided to several tribes. The Coahuiltecan and Karankawan lived in the coast of south Texas and the Trans-Nueces, were not organized did not have permanent habitations. Jumanos and Patarabueyes lived in Trans Peco, built homes from mud and sticks. The Apaches and the Comanches, relied on hunting for survival. So their culture was based on moving very often to various places in Texas. They used tepees for shelters, easy to assemble or disassemble for transportation. The caddos lived In Northeast Texas, an agricultural people. They assembled round, thatched shelters, and mounds. Some of their shelters were about 50 feet in diameter. The Pueblo tribe used animal skin or fur and adobe to build their abodes. They made the adobes...
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...ARCHITECTS ARCHITECTURE OR USERS ARCHITECTURE The construction industry is based around projects. Each project is every time different and unique on its own design, management and construction. Nevertheless a project is not only made out of concrete, wood or any of the materials used on it, a project is a lot more and a lot deeper than that. It is not a quick sketch on a napkin. A project is influenced by its atmosphere which is the location, the client or the user, and even the contractor hired for the project. Architecture is influenced by anything happening around it, which is why it changes every time its atmosphere changes. Böhme states that to experience space in its complete entirety. By inhabiting space individuals can sense the character that surrounds them. Inhabitants sense its atmosphere. Photography, written articles and the interpretation of other viewers of a space cannot compare to individual experience and interaction in interior spaces. Recently this way of interaction has become an important discussion between architects and designers. The process of a project is not anymore unique, and it becomes something functional. It is thought that a template can be followed even when the client or the factors involving the project change every time. For example many architects choose the same sub-contractors for each project as they believe they are trustful and successful, even when the clients have their specific needs and vary...
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...intro fashion ruling every domain of life, definition of "modern fashion" by Lipov lipovertsky, simmel.. GENDER Barthes in his attempt for a semantics of fashion in The System of Fashion, applies the economic system that is brought to the fore by Karl Marx and consisting three categories of production, distribution and consumption to a social institution: fashion. Thus he defines 3 states of clothing: real clothing, represented garment and the used garment. Real clothing is the when the raw material is used and the clothing is first produced as a prototype for its later stages. This real clothing then is provided with a symbolic mise en scène and becomes the represented garment. The image of the cloth performs a mimetic function as well as making the garment into a pleasing sight, or a pleasant arrangement. The used garment is the clothing after its purchase which usually doesn't satisfy the reasons that the represented garment was bought for. Barthes argues that clothes change their meaning and went under transformation at each of these stages. In the case of fashion, the system that Barthes proposes would reveal that these stages of production, distribution and consumption take place all at different locations hence are separated and can take place one after another, moving from one place to other and transform their meanings. However, in the case of architecture, these stages take place all at the same site. There is but one site. After the building is constructed...
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...at a picture of “Joe and Mansueto Library”, I sit there stunned by its extreme creativity and modern engineering phenomenon. The very next second I wonder what a masterpiece it is! And this is how I get inspired from these exemplary architectural designs. Although there are numerous eye-catching structures but this particular library is my primary inspiration due to several reason. The main reason would be its impressive structure and how well designed it is. This was the first structure I liked when I decided architecture as my field of study. Although, I have not been to the library in Chicago, Illinois, United States but, with the Internet providing many various images, I almost feel like I've been there. This structure has proved to be a great source of motivation for me. Another reason is that I have a thing for books and libraries. And oh, how it must feel to read under a snow covered dome! Reading books is one of my favourite pastimes and as far as a library is concerned, I am working on having a small one in my own house. I believe that Joe and Mansueto Library is a very good example of unique engineering and bold design coming together to foster intellectual discovery. This library now emerges to be a Chicago Icon . I absolutely agree that there are differences in choices and opinions and there are many more such fantabulous creations in the world, in the field of architecture. However, this library is the masterpiece which developed a passion in me and since then I have...
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...Society & Architectural Design Architecture is defined as the complex or carefully designed structure of an object. In this case architecture can apply to a variety of different examples that are not just buildings, or objects, but as a reflection upon the thoughts and ideas of the time period in history. In this essay I will be discussing the dramatic impact that architecture has had on the major civilizations throughout time by being able to display them in their works, which not only was a clear representation of the time but as well helped mold and solidify the society’s thoughts through expression. By taking examples from ancient to modern times I will examine how the architecture of these eras clearly displays the thoughts and ideas of the culture in which it was built upon and as well the society in which it is placed. As well I will be examining how several major key architects played a dynamic role in these critical showcases that represented their time. I will be taking architectural examples from; the ancient Egyptian time period, the gothic and medieval time period, the renaissance & pre-modern period and the now contemporary period. Each one of these unique periods of time in architectural design were clear representation of the dynamic time period in our history. Here, looking back at these time periods we can see the most incredible works in architectural design that still to this day help us understand the culture at the time. As well I will be...
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...Tyrek Daniel Professor Genell Anderson History & Theory of Architecture II 2 April 2015 Book Review of Complexity and Contradictions in Architecture Robert Charles Venturi is an American architect, originator principal of the architecture firm Venturi, Scott Brown and Associates. He is also considered one of the foremost architectural dignitaries in the twentieth century dealing with post-modern architecture. Venturi worked in the field of architecture with a partner, which is wife, Denise Scott Brown. They worked together to shape the approach that architects, planners, and students encounter and sense architecture and the American assembled environment. Venturi attended school at the Episcopal Academy in Merion, Pennsylvania. He advanced summa cum laude from Princeton University as a member elect of Phi Beta Kappa and acquired the D’Amato Prize in architecture. He obtained his Master of Fine Arts from Princeton also. The years he spent being educated at Princeton was a dynamic factor in his development of a tactic to architectural theory and design. Contrasting to aesthetics terms, he extracted this tactic from architectural history in logic. He briefly worked under Eero Saarinen in Michigan, and later for Louis Kahn in Philadelphia. He was granted the Rome Prize Fellowship at the American Academy in Rome, which he was able to tour and study in Europe for two years. Venturi also held teaching positions at the University of Pennsylvania, allocating for Kahn. He advanced...
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...“Aldo Rossi” Miccah E. Harrison Architecture Appreciation Instructor Kivett October 22, 2011 Aldo Rossi was born on May 3, 1931 in Milan, Italy. His parents were of Italian immigrant descent. When Aldo became of school age he began studying architecture at Politecnico di Milo. While studying at this prestigious school he became an columnist for the magazine “Cassabella” in 1955. In his articles he criticized the architecture of others and how they had a lack of understanding of how architecture has an influence on a city. He wrote for the magazine long after he graduated from the university in 1959. A few years later in 1964 Aldo Rossi became the head editor. While writing for the magazine Aldo Rossi realized his passion for architecture. His writing were undeniably correct, in which lead him to pursue a career in architecture. Before beginning his masterpieces he felt that one must understand the city and how it is valued long after one has passed away. “Aldo Rossi argued that a city must be studied and valued as something constructed over time; of particular interest are urban artifacts that withstand the passage of time” (Aldo Rossi,www.Architecture.uk). Aldo Rossi worked as an assistant to Ludovico Quaroni and Carlo Aymono before he became a famous architect. These two famous gentlemen help mold him into the fine architect he was later to become. They trained him on how to be able to teach other on the fundamentals of architecture. In 1965, he became an instructor...
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