...Jibananda Das During the later half of the twentieth century, Jibanananda Das emerged as the most popular poet of modern Bengali literature. Popularity apart, Jibanananda had distinguished himself as an extraordinary poet presenting a paradigm hitherto unfamiliar. It is said that his unusual poetic diction, selection of words and thematic inclination took time to reach the heart of the readers. The poetry of Jibanananda has become the defining essence of modernism in twentieth century Bengali poetry. He is considered one of the precursors who introduced modernist poetry to Bengali Literature, at a period when it was influenced by Rabindranath Tagore's Romantic poetry. Towards the later half of the twentieth century the poetry of Jibanananda has become the defining essence of modernism in twentieth century Bengali poetry Surrealism was one of his tools that he used to navigate in the Bengali literature with courage. He has shown his majestic mastery in lot of poems like Banalata Sen, Eight years ago one day, chil, poems of Rupashi Bangla and others. Jibanananda Das's poetry is occasionally result of profound feeling painted in imagery of a type not readily and easily comprehendable. At times the connection between the sequential lines is not apparent and clear. Jibanananda Das also deviated from the traditional circular structure of poetry (introduction-middle-end) and the pattern of logical sequence of words, lines and stanzas. As a result, the thematic undertone is often...
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...the world and of customs, and myths which sometimes carry moral or spiritual messages predominate in the preurban eras. The epics of Homer, dating from the early to middle Iron age, and the great Indian epics of a slightly later period, have more evidence of deliberate literary authorship, surviving like the older myths through oral tradition for long periods before being written down. As a more urban culture developed, academies provided a means of transmission for speculative and philosophical literature in early civilizations, resulting in the prevalence of literature in Ancient China, Ancient India, Persia and Ancient Greece and Rome. Many works of earlier periods, even in narrative form, had a covert moral or didactic purpose, such as the Sanskrit Panchatantra or the Metamorphoses of Ovid. Drama and satire also developed as urban culture provided a larger public audience, and later readership, for literary production. Lyric poetry (as opposed to epic poetry) was often the speciality of courts and aristocratic circles, particularly in East Asia where songs were collected by the Chinese aristocracy as poems, the most notable being the Shijing or Book of Songs. Over a long period, the poetry of popular pre-literate balladry and song interpenetrated and eventually influenced poetry in the literary medium. In ancient China, early literature was primarily focused on philosophy, historiography, military...
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...KAMLA DAS’S `MY STORY’ AND HER STORIES IN HER POEMS:A STUDY Indian English literature has been making great strides during the last few decades thereby attracting the international attention. Infect, the post-independence period in the history of Indian English writing is generally equated with the modern period. It must be said in the light of all considerations that the post independence Indo- English prose and poetry has characteristics which make it distinctive and different from the writing of the earlier period. Indian women poets writing in English from Toru Dutt to Kamala Das reveal the mind boggling variety of themes as well as style that poetry is capable of offering. It needs to be remembered that poetry written by women need not be viewed only as feminist poetry. For the first time in Indian English poetry, the women poets of post- Independence and postmodern period portrayed in a subversive idiom their desires, lust, sexuality and gestational experiences. They enriched Indian English poetry with a wealth of new themes and experience. They developed a new innovative iconoclastic discourse to portray their repressed desires. Thus a new form of feminist poetry emerged and grew to give they Indian English poetry new strength, new diversity and new potent a new signs of maturity The women poets of the present century have surely and confidently come out of the romantic entanglements, of the claptrap of the past tradition and succeeded in formulating a new tradition...
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...An Analysis of Indian Sensibility in Nissim Ezekiel’s Poetry (On the basis of the analysis of Night of the Scorpion, The Patriot, The Professor and Jewish Wedding in Bombay) Nissim Ezekiel is one of the most celebrated poets of the postcolonial Indian literary history. He has wielded great influence as a leading poet, editor and an occasional playwright. He’s applauded for his subtlety in exploring common mundane themes in a comic light. His poetry lacks the nationalistic fervor that was common to the poems released during that time. His poetry objectively analyses the Indian scenario without taking any political stance. He constantly ridicules the Indian sensibilities with hopes of bringing about a change through his words. Ezekiel has strived to create authentic Indian flavor by using ‘Indian English’ in all his poems. He stresses on the common mistakes committed by Indians, such as the usage of the present continuous tense in place of simple present. This is evident in this little excerpt from his poem, The Professor, “We are keeping up. Our progress is progressing. Old values are going, new values are coming. Everything is happening with leaps and bounds.” He ridicules the irony that a professor lacks the command over the language he uses to teach his subject. He also mocks the Indian habit of literal translation of the native language to English with the same structure and tone. This excerpt from “The Patriot” is clearly evident of the same, “How one...
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...This article was downloaded by: [148.85.1.113] On: 16 March 2015, At: 06:02 Publisher: Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK Interventions: International Journal of Postcolonial Studies Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/riij20 Contemporary Bhakti Recastings Laetitia Zecchini a a CNRS, France Published online: 03 Jun 2013. Click for updates To cite this article: Laetitia Zecchini (2014) Contemporary Bhakti Recastings, Interventions: International Journal of Postcolonial Studies, 16:2, 257-276, DOI: 10.1080/1369801X.2013.798128 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1369801X.2013.798128 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the “Content”) contained in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors make no representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the Content. Any opinions and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors, and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should be independently verified with primary sources of information. Taylor and Francis shall not be...
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...------------------------------------------------- Rabindranath Tagore Rabindranath Tagore, also written Ravīndranātha Thākura[1] (7 May 1861 – 7 August 1941),[b]sobriquet Gurudev,[c] was a Bengali polymath[3] who reshaped Bengali literature and music, as well as Indian art with Contextual Modernism in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Author of Gitanjali and its "profoundly sensitive, fresh and beautiful verse",[4] he became the first non-European to win the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1913.[5] In translation his poetry was viewed as spiritual and mercurial; however, his "elegant prose and magical poetry" remain largely unknown outside Bengal.[6]Sometimes referred to as "the Bard of Bengal",[7] Tagore introduced new prose and verse forms and the use of colloquial language into Bengali literature, thereby freeing it from traditional models based on classical Sanskrit. He was highly influential in introducing the best of Indian culture to the West and vice versa, and he is generally regarded as the outstanding creative artist of the modern Indian subcontinent. A Pirali Brahmin from Calcutta with ancestral gentry roots in Jessore, Tagore wrote poetry as an eight-year-old.[8] At the age of sixteen, he released his first substantial poems under the pseudonym Bhānusiṃha ("Sun Lion"), which were seized upon by literary authorities as long-lost classics.[9][10] By 1877 he graduated to his first short stories and dramas, published under his real name. As a humanist, universalist...
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...and N.W.F.P and each province has its own culture. These Pakistani cultures have been greatly influenced by many of the surrounding countries' cultures, such as the Turkic people, Persian, Afghan, and Indians of South Asia, Central Asia and the Middle East. Pakistani society is largely multilingual, multi-ethnic and multicultural. The first one to be described is Punjab’s cultureIt is one of the oldest in world history, dating from ancient antiquity to the modern era. The Punjabi culture is the culture of the Punjabi people who are now distributed throughout the world. The scope, history, sophistication and complexity of the culture are vast. Some of the main areas include, Punjabi Philosophy, poetry, spirituality, education, artistry, music, cuisine, science, technology, military warfare, architecture, traditions, values and history. Punjabi Cuisine has an immense range of dishes and has become world-leader in the field so much so that many entrepreneurs that have invested in the sector have built large personal fortunes due to popularity of Punjabi Cuisine throughout the world. Punjabi Poetry is renowned for its extremely deep meaning, beautiful, exciting and hopeful use of words. The poetry is one of the clearest views into the Punjabi mindset. The large numbers of Punjabi poetry works are being translated...
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...Bree Scarboro An Evening of Indian Insight and Encouragement A Response to Poetry Reading by Susan Deer Cloud Professor Diana, English 328 November 21, 2011 Susan Deer Cloud is a Native American literature writer of Blackfoot, Mohawk, and Seneca heritage, and considers the very act of writing ceremonial. She was born and grew up in the Catskill Mountains and the area is inspiration for her writing. She has earned her B.A. in General Literature & Creative Writing and M.A. in English Literature & Creative Writing from Binghamton University, and her MFA in Creative Writing from Goddard College. She has taught as a lecturer at Binghamton University, Broome Community College, and Holyoke Community College. She has authored five books for which she has won competitions and received various awards—including a National Endowment for the Arts Literature Fellowship, and two New York State Foundation for the Arts Fellowships (most recent in March of 2011), as well as grants and honorable mentions for her work. Susan Deer Cloud’s artistic goal is “getting out the voices of sister and brother writers (especially indigenous writers)” (Susan Deer Cloud). During our class visit with Susan Deer Cloud and at her poetry reading on November 7, she mentioned Akwe:kon which is a Mohawk word meaning, "all of us." She says that “we are all a part of this and are here together sending out energy and when we speak our breath mingles with other people's breath and other voices” (Deer Cloud...
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...model of history which he created a private mythology that allowed him to come to terms with both cultural and personal pain. This model also helped explain the symptoms of the Western civilization’s declining spiral; the plight of contemporary Irish society and the chaos of European culture around World War 1. Yeats shares with writers like Rilke and T. S. Eliot the quest for larger meaning in a time of trouble and the use of symbolic language to give verbal form to that quest. For many years it is Yeats’s mastery of images that defines his work. From his early use of symbols as private keys, or dramatic metaphors for complex personal emotions, to the immense cosmology of his last work, he continued to create a highly visual poetry whose power derives from the dramatic interweaving of specific images. One of his poems called When You Are Old pleads his love for the beautiful actress and Irish nationalist Maud Gonne, whom he met in 1889 and who repeatedly refused to marry him. From the love poems of his youth to his old age, when The Circus Animals’ Desertion describes her as prey to fanaticism and hate, Yeats returned again and again to examine his feelings for this woman, who personified love, beauty, and Irish Flores 2 nationalism along with hope, frustration and despair. Another poem called Leda and the Swan, on one level an erotic...
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...Todays modern age is apprehensive only with facts, yet facts can be a double edged sword when it comes to the human person. For people seem to be only interested in the biography of an artist rather than the statement he or she has contributed to the literary world. Sherman Joseph Alexie, notes this idea in an interview with Mr.Moyers when being prompted about developing great work. For in his words, “truly great work comes from an artist who is in a manic and or depressed state of being” (Sherman Alexie). This is where Alexie sees himself creating his best works because a surge of emotions rises up and write themselves out in his clinically diagnosed manic depression. Through his works, he “challenges and explodes” the common ideology of Native...
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...(Hons.) English Semester I Paper 1: English Literature 4(i) Paper 2: Twentieth Century Indian Writing(i) Paper 3: Concurrent – Qualifying Language Paper 4: English Literature 4(ii) Semester II Paper 5: Twentieth Century Indian Writing(ii) Paper 6: English Literature 1(i) Paper 7: Concurrent – Credit Language Paper 8: English Literature 1(ii) Semester III Paper 9: English Literature 2(i) Paper 10: Option A: Nineteenth Century European Realism(i) Option B: Classical Literature (i) Option C: Forms of Popular Fiction (i) Paper 11: Concurrent – Interdisciplinary Semester IV Semester V Paper 12: English Literature 2(ii) Paper 13: English Literature 3(i) Paper 14: Option A: Nineteenth Century European Realism(ii) Option B: Classical Literature (ii) Option C: Forms of Popular Fiction (ii) Paper 15: Concurrent – Discipline Centered I Paper 16: English Literature 3(ii) Paper 17: English Literature 5(i) Paper 18: Contemporary Literature(i) Paper 19: Option A: Anglo-American Writing from 1930(i) Option B: Literary Theory (i) Option C: Women’s Writing of the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries (i) Option D: Modern European Drama (i) Paper 20: English Literature 5(ii) Semester VI Paper 21: Contemporary Literature(ii) Paper 22: Option A: Anglo-American Writing from 1930(ii) Option B: Literary Theory (ii) Option C: Women’s Writing of the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries (ii) Option D: Modern European Drama (ii) Paper 23: Concurrent – Discipline Centered II 1 SEMESTER BASED UNDER-GRADUATE...
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...on this cite which i have thought i can be helpful for my paper. and i have wanted to read the rest of it. that is why i want to register into the cite. A self-styled "black, lesbian, mother, warrior, poet," writer Audre Lorde dedicated both her life and her creative talent to confronting and addressing the injustices of racism, sexism, and homophobia. Her poetry, and "indeed all of her writing," according to contributor Joan Martin in Black Women Writers (1950-1980): A Critical Evaluation, "rings with passion, sincerity, perception, and depth of feeling." Concerned with modern society's tendency to categorize groups of people, Lorde fought the marginalization of such categories as "lesbian" and "black woman," thereby empowering her readers to react to the prejudice in their own lives. While the widespread critical acclaim bestowed upon Lorde for dealing with lesbian topics made her a target of those opposed to her radical agenda, she continued, undaunted, to express her individuality, refusing to be silenced. As she told interviewer Charles H. Rowell in Callaloo: "My sexuality is part and parcel of who I am, and my poetry comes from the intersection of me and my worlds. . . . [White, arch-conservative senator] Jesse Helms's objection to my work is not about obscenity . . .or even about sex. It is about revolution and change. . . . Helms represents. . . . white patriarchal power. . . .[and he] knows that my writing is aimed at his destruction, and the destruction of every single...
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...them to the way to empowerment. Robert Blood (1965) observes, “Employment emancipates women from domination by their Husbands and secondarily, raises their Daughters from inferiority to their Brothers” (Blood and Wolfe, 1965). According to Dr. Nafi’s Sadik, the former Executive Director of UNFPA “Women are the heart of development”. Women are the agent to bring about better lives for billions of people in the developing countries as well as developed countries to bring sustainable development. The main aim of this research paper is to bring about the ideas about Empowerment of Women and barriers to the Women Empowerment through the poems of Eunice De Souza. Her poem reflects the socio-cultural life and domestic life of Indian Women. She chooses poetry as a medium to show the position of women in the society. She frequently shared her own personal experiences or the experience of her...
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...THE WASTE LAND In brief, The Waste Land is a 433-line modernist poem by T. S Eliot published in 1922. It has been called “one of the most important poems of the 20th century.” Despite the poem’s obscurity which it shifts between satire and prophecy, its abrupt and unannounced changes of speaker, location and time, its elegiac but intimidating summoning up of a vast and dissonant range of cultures and literatures has made the poem to be a familiar touchstone of modern literature. The poem has been written in five parts. The five parts of The Waste Land are titled “The Burial of the Dead”, “A Game of Chess”, “The Fire Sermon”, “Death by Water”, and “What the Thunder Said”. The Waste Land is an allusive and complex poem. As such, it is subject to a variety of interpretations, and no two critics agree completely on its meaning. It may be interpreted on three levels: the person, the society, and the human race. The personal interpretation seeks to reveal Eliot's feelings and intentions in writing the poem. At the society level, a critic looks for the meaning of the poem in relation to the society for which it was written. Finally, the human level extends the societal level to include all human societies past, present, and future (Thompson, 1963). The question of literary value is complex. We must distinguish, first of all, between the importance of literature in our lives and the importance of any specific text. Literature defines and creates our world. In poems, plays, novels...
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...| | | Islam Islam is known as one of the fastest-expanding religions in history. Many methods were used in order to spread this religion at such a rate.. Muslims were very reasonable people. They were tolerant, and offered many alternatives to the other religions of conquered lands. Mohammed once stated that another religion can either believe in Islam, or pay to keep his own religion. He would give the religions protection in exchange for obedience. Mohammed, however, threatens the lives of children or elders related to those who did not obey. This was one of his most powerful methods of obtaining new lands. Another method used by Mohammed was that he offered many reasons to other religions as to why they should convert to Islam. First and foremost, he offered them direction and guidance to heaven, which, alongside Muslims, was an eagerly anticipated place by Christians and Jews. The writer of History of Arabs describes the Muslim people as those who consider each other equals under Allah, and who worship him to the fullest. They would rather be in heaven with him than a child under him on earth. The expansion of Islam was also obviously obtained by means of conquering lands around Arabia. The impression of surrounding lands on the Muslim army is that they were strong, determined, relentless fighters who conquered any land they pleased. They had countless weapons and a drive that could cut through thick steel. Despite these characteristics, however, they would...
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