...World War 1, a war that began in 1914 and lasted until 1918, was often referred to as the “total war” due to its immense effect on the countries, through and even after the war. There were many events that lead to this atrocious battle, such as the competition to prove a sense of nationalism, mutual defense alliances, military establishment and many other triggers. In addition to the countries, it is important to note that there were also many immediate consequences on the soldiers of the war as well, as shown in All Quiet on the Western Front by Erich Maria Remarque. Although many countries thought that it would be advisable to go into the war because of numerous certain factors, not only did this war result in the collapse of the German economy...
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...Two definitions of nationalism: Bender’s Notes: A powerful unifying force drawing together people who share common bonds such as language, culture, religion and heritage. Also a divisive force in large empires where culturally distinct people may seek to create their own independent states. Patriotic feelings, an extreme form of this, especially marked by a feeling of superiority over other countries. advocacy of political independence for a particular country. A deep devotion to one’s nation A unifying force within a country However, it can also cause intense competition among nations, with each seeking to overpower the other. Book definition: The belief that people’s greatest loyalty should not be to a king or an empire but to a...
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...1 Preliminary draft The First Global Emerging Markets Investor: Foreign & Colonial Investment Trust 1880-1913 David Chambers and Rui Esteves∗ September 2011 Abstract: The Foreign and Colonial Investment Trust (FCIT) is the oldest surviving closed end fund in the world today. Its early success was related to its identification of a missing market, namely, the provision of a wholesale diversified investment vehicle for the investing public. Whilst much research has been conducted on aggregate international capital flows in this period, little work has been undertaken on the prime investment institutions. This micro-study seeks to fill this gap by undertaking detailed quantitative analysis of the leading investment trust investing widely in emerging markets during the first era of financial globalisation before WWI. The history of this flagship investment trust over more than three decades up to 1913 provides an insight into the relative success of this institutional innovation as well as into the risk and returns of investing in global emerging markets over a century ago. ∗ David Chambers (d.chambers@jbs.cam.ac.uk) is at Judge Business School, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 1AG, United Kingdom. Rui Esteves (rui.esteves@economics.ox.ac.uk) is at the Dept of Economics, Oxford University, Manor Rd Building, Oxford OX1 3UQ, United Kingdom. We thank Foreign and Colonial for access to their archives...
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...This essay is an attempt to examine A Farewell to Arms by Ernest Hemingway, within the critical theoretical framework of Chris Weedon’s essay, ‘Feminism and the Principles of Post Structuralism’. At the heart of feminist post structuralism lies the theory of post structuralism itself. The theory offers a way to study the conditions of how knowledge is produced. To understand an object it is necessary to study both the object and the systems within which it is produced and lives. Post-feminist structuralism seeks to examine the production of knowledge as it impacts on gender. The pervasiveness of male discourse is a particular target for post-structuralist feminism. What I hope to achieve is an analysis of the theory in relation to the character of Catherine Barkley and her romantic relationship with the novel’s narrator and protagonist Frederick Henry. For poststructuralist theory the common factor in the analysis of social organization, social meanings, power and individual consciousness is language. Language is the place where actual and possible forms of social organization and their likely social and political consequences are defined and contested. Weedon in Storey, ed. (555) However, within Hemingway’s novels language is used to different effect, or rather the omission of it is. Hemingway’s aversion to theory is discussed in Owens-Murphy’s essay on pragmatism. She quotes Scott Donaldson as saying both Hemingway and his characters...
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...In 1969, Coco was a Broadway musical inspired by her life starring Katharine Hepburn as Coco Chanel. You can find her designs at The Metropolitan Museum of Art, The Modern Museum of Art, and The Paris Museum for fashion. Her apartment is open as an exhibit with some of her belongings on display. “Many of the editions on display have personal inscriptions and are covered with handwritten notes, and a selection of the books have been specially bound. For these covers, Chanel chose a particular color palette and decorative details for each individual author—not surprising, perhaps, that the fashion designer also ‘dressed’ her books”( “Travel Reviews, News, Guides &...
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...food and water until they dropped down dead. Whoever stopped to rest was shot. Some Armenians were fortunate to escape from those deadly tortures, which is why Armenians are spread all over the globe today. First, it is important to note the emergence of the legal notion of “crimes against humanity” arising from the Armenian Genocide, the Legal Qualifications of the Armenian Case as Genocide and its implications...
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...The durability of a genre is conditional on the reciprocity between tradition and innovation. Genres and texts exist in a mutually-influential relationship. Though it is genres that serve to categorise and classify texts, it is the texts themselves that characterise and modify their genre. Crime fiction can be recognised as texts that encircle criminal activity and the motives surrounding it. In order to accommodate contemporary audiences, composers can playfully rework and innovate the conventions of crime fiction. This subversion can be achieved by encompassing relevant contextual issues. However, crime fiction texts must still incorporate traditional elements to preserve their core appeal. This delicate balancing act between tradition and innovation is shown through P.D. James’ novel The Skull Beneath the Skin (1982) and Tom Stoppard’s play The Real Inspector Hound (1968) when viewed alongside Edgar Allan Poe’s The Murders in the Rue Morgue (1841) and Raymond Chandler’s Farewell, My Lovely (1940). Ultimately though, it is the ability of genre to evolve through subversion whilst retaining its inherent traditional features that ensures its durability. The ever-changing nature of society and context results in the innovation of genre. In The Skull Beneath the Skin, P.D. James subverts Poe’s original detective prototype, presented in the character of Cordelia Gray. Traditional detectives were equipped with exceptional intellect, and often portrayed as powerful, almost surreal...
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...THE DEVELOPMENT OF COMMUNICATION THEORIES: A Critique Paper Since the inception of communication as a discipline of knowledge, scholars have come up with many theories related to its components. In fact, the encyclopaedia of communication theories (Littlejohn, 2009) has identified more than 300 relevant theories, a testament that the field is already making a big wave in the academic arena. It has been a product of many minds converging into one vision – to enrich the communication field. However, it was not an easy road for these intellectual minds as they are confronted with issues that still need to be resolved. In this paper I will try to present first the rich beginning of communication theories and in light with this development context follows my presentation on the varied problems confronted the field of communication theories as well my personal views on the matter. Historical Beginning There are two insights into how communication theory came into being – the religious view and the philosophical aspect. Although most of communication theories book do not include the religious view, I find it necessary to take into account the dogmatic view to present the variations of its origin. The religious view is demonstrated in the Holy Bible especially in Genesis when God communicated with man and man had the ability to communicate with Him and with each other. It is no wonder then that other writers of Bible theorize about communication. Notably, the Old Testament portrays...
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...Eiffel Tower * Eiffel Tower is an iron tower located on the Champ de Mars in Paris. * It was named after the engineer Gustave Eiffel, whose company designed and built the tower. * It has become both a global cultural icon of France and one of the most recognizable structures in the world. The tower is the tallest structure in Paris. * Submitted as a project in response to the note on the construction of a structure on the Champ de Mars, Gustave Eiffel designed the four legged tower for the bid. * Gustave did this with his assistant engineers Maurice Koechlin and Emily Nauguier and Architect Stephen Sauvetre. Gustave Eiffel Born in Dijon in 1832 * He was an Engineer who graduated from the Ecole central des Arts et manufactures (Central School of Arts and Manufactures) in 1855. * He constructed hundreds of Metallic structures around the world. * Eiffel Tower was built for the International Exhibition of Paris of 1889 as an entrance arch commemorating the centenary of the French Revolution. * Originally the structure had been planned for Barcelona in 1888 but the authorities there did not believe it fitted in with the culture and design of the region and refused permission at which point the designer applied to the Paris authorities to have the structure erected in France. * Initially the idea of the Eiffel Tower was met with disdain by many members of the public who, probably influenced by the fact that Barcelona had rejected idea...
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...History Exam Notes WW1: Causes and Start of War (4): Industrialism: * As European countries increased production by using machines, they needed to sell these goods outside there own countries because there were now able to produce more then their own people could consume * The economic competition led the European people to look for colonies Imperialism: * The desire to control colonies around the world * Colonies were important to Europe because they provided natural resources and markets for export * Main two areas of the world Europeans competed for colonies were Africa and the Middle East Nationalism: * Belief that your country is the best and deserves more then other countries * Natural extension of the economic competition created by imperialism and industrialism * People in each country were willing to go to war to prove that there country was superior Militarism: * Increase in a countries armed forces to intimidate its rivals Unification of Italy and Germany: * Several short war’s fought * Never existed before 1870s as unified states * Italy unified by Kingdom of Piedmont, Germany unified by Kingdom of Prussia * Happened during industrial revolution Germany and France Rivalry: * Unification of Italy and Germany created a rivalry between Germany and France * In wars France was defeated and became Germany What is a dreadnought? - A ship that impressed people and was used in...
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...AS Level History Russia 1855 – 1917 Alternative F Revision Guide Contents 1. Alexander II 2. Alexander III 3. Nicholas II 4. Stability of the Tsarist Regime 1905 - 14 5. Political Opposition 6. February / March Revolution 1917 7. October Revolution 1917 Tsar Alexander II To what extent does Tsar Alexander II deserve to be viewed as the Tsar Liberator? Think BALANCE!! Alexander II 1855-81 ▪ Came to the throne during the Crimean War (1855) ▪ Initiated a wide range of reforms (social, economic, administrative and legal) ▪ Earned the title ‘Liberator’ for giving freedom to the peasants BUT did not wish to share political power ▪ Assassinated by the People’s Will in 1881 Answering the key question |Introduction |Use this chart to answer any question on Alex II | | |All questions (whether relating to ‘Liberator’ or not) will require BALANCE | | |Precision of knowledge – “Detail is King!” | | |Yes |No | |Emancipation |Emancipation Committees set up |Redemption Payments...
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...The president for the IOC, however, travelled to Berlin to announce to Hitler that during the Olympics the area belongs to IOC, and that Hitler therefore only was a guest and only allowed to declare the Olympics in Berlin opened – all together only the standard announcement accumulated into 16 words; “I proclaim open the Olympic Games of Berlin, celebrating the XIth Olympiad of the modern era.” Kilde John Idorns side 60. The reason for only letting presidents or other political leaders use the standard 16 words opening speech is due to the fact that the Olympic committee wants to keep sport and politics...
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...History of Women in Science Women have continually played a part in scientific endeavor, even prior to invention of the term ‘scientist’. Nevertheless, in Western culture, science and femininity lacked unity and the masculine painting of science revealed not only that more males did science, but that science itself was seen as an integrally masculine venture. The notion that mathematics and science were unsuitable or ‘hard’ for women, and even ‘at odds’ with real femininity, can be trailed back to the beginning of modern science and the commencement of the Royal Society in the seventeenth century. Then ‘femininity’ became the exact opposite of the new, masculine, experimental science of Newton and his colleagues who needed to break from the passive, reflective analytical style of outdated ‘natural philosophy’, the former word for science. (Schiebinger, 1996). This divide that detached women from the new experimental science, was made a lot wider by the Nature’s tradition being embodied in female form only. The masculine scientists made ‘mother nature’ their goal of research, and branded her as a female muse who could trick them, but if trained would also permit them to ‘enter her secrets’. This entire trap cast femininity as the inactive, topic of investigation and the male as the virile, enthusiastic investigator; a dualism that just increased the difference between science and femininity (Jordanova, 1991). Regardless of this, there existed women scientists— botanists, mathematicians...
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...Themes in Media Theory Dan Laughey KeyThemes in MediaTheory KeyThemes in MediaTheory Dan Laughey Open University Press Open University Press McGraw-Hill Education McGraw-Hill House Shoppenhangers Road Maidenhead Berkshire England SL6 2QL email: enquiries@openup.co.uk world wide web: www.openup.co.uk and Two Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121–2289, USA First published 2007 Copyright # Dan Laughey 2007 All rights reserved. Except for the quotation of short passages for the purposes of criticism and review, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher or a licence from the Copyright Licensing Agency Limited. Details of such licences (for reprographic reproduction) may be obtained from the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd of Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London, EC1N 8TS. A catalogue record of this book is available from the British Library ISBN–10: 0335 218 13X (pb) 0335 218 148 (hb) ISBN–13: 9780 335 218 134 (pb) 9780 335 218 141 (hb) Library of Congress Cataloguing-in-Publication Data CIP data applied for Typeset by YHT Ltd, London Printed in Poland by OZGraf S.A. www.polskabook.pl Contents List of illustrations Acknowledgements 1 What is media theory? What are media? What is theory? What is media theory? How to use this book Behaviourism and media effects Introduction Lasswell’s chain...
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...Contents |Lo 1. History And Structure Of The Travel And Tourism Sector |3 | |Lo1.1 Key Historical Developments In The Travel And Tourism Sector |3 | |1.2 Early Travel |3 | |1.3 The Egyptians |3 | |1.4 The Persians |3 | |1.5 The Greeks |3 | |1.6 The Romans |4 | |1.7 Renaissance And Grand Tour (Ad 1763-1773) |4 | |1.8 Milestone |4 | |1.9 Earliest Tourism |4 | |2.0 Social Change In Victorian Society |4 | |2.1 Steamships ...
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