...Molecular Gastronomy It has many names: culinary alchemy, avant-garde cooking, scientific cooking, scientific cuisine, progressive cook¬ing, experimental cuisine, and molecular cooking … but is it all the same? Many believe it represents a new culinary genre that those “out there” chefs do. Reactions to this new culinary movement range from enthusiasm, buoyant with foam sauces and bubbling liquid nitrogen, to perplexed looks or mutterings of disapproval. Some people’s understanding about molecular gastronomy appears to be free-form dots scattered over the culinary map, perhaps it’s time to connect those dots. Molecular gastronomy can be defined as the fusion of food science and culinary arts. New technologies and natural texturing agents can now be used to deconstruct any dishes and cocktails, enabling one to serve mojito bubbles and martini bites, as well as balsamic vinegar pearls and chocolate spaghettis. Molecular Gastronomy has become the name of the scientific discipline co-created by Nicholas Kurti and Herve This, based on exploring the science behind traditional cooking methods. Herve This identified five goals of this new science: “(1) to collect and investigate old wives’ tales about cooking; (2) to model and scrutinize existing recipes; (3) to introduce new tools, products, and methods to cooking; (4) to invent new dishes using knowledge from the previous three aims; and (5) to use the appeal of food to promote science.” Molecular gastronomy was born in 1988, when...
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...JAVIER GARCIA, a 28-year-old neuroscientist at the University of California, Irvine, was in the campus pub recently having a grilled cheese sandwich. But before he took a bite, he snapped a digital picture of it, cheese artistically oozing between toasted white bread, just as he has photographed everything he has eaten in the last five years. Every other week he posts the photos on his Web site, ejavi.com/javiDiet, providing a strangely intimate and unedited view of his life and attracting fans from as far away as Ecuador. The nearly 9,000 photos leave nothing out, not even snacks as small as a single square of shredded wheat. When he lost his iPhone while visiting New York last month, he pleaded with exasperated friends to take pictures of his food and to e-mail them to him, lest his record be incomplete. “It was a nightmare,” Mr. Garcia said, particularly because the unfocused pictures “were not the quality I’m used to.” Continue reading the main story Related Coverage interactive What Are You Eating Right Now?APRIL 6, 2010 Diner's Journal: How to Take Photos of FoodAPRIL 6, 2010 video Say CheeseAPRIL 6, 2010 In 1825, the French philosopher and gourmand Jean Anthelme Brillat-Savarin wrote, “Tell me what you eat, and I will tell you what you are.” Today, people are showing the world what they eat by photographing every meal, revealing themselves perhaps more vividly than they might by merely reciting the names of appetizers and...
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...[pic] Biological control of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense using non-pathogenic F. oxysporum endophytes by Aneen Belgrove 动感之星 Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Magister Scientiae In the Facul ty of Natural and Agricultural Science University of Pretoria Pretoria Date October 2007 PROMOTOR: Prof. A. Viljoen CO-PROMOTOR: Dr. C. Steinberg I © University of Pretoria [pic] Declaration I, the undersigned, declare that the work contained in this thesis is my own and original work and that it has not previously in its entirety or part submitted for a degree to any other university. _________________________________ II [pic] TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements XII Preface XIII Chapter 1: Biological control of Fusarium wilt diseases ABSTRACT 2 INTRODUCTION 3 THE FUSARIUM WILT PATHOGEN 4 THE DISEASE 6 CONTROL OF FUSARIUM WILT 7 Chemical control 7 Cultural control 9 Disease resistance 10 Biological control 12 BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF FUSARIUM WILT 12 Suppressive soils 12 Mechanisms of biological control 13 Antibiosis 13 Competition ...
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...Report on the connection between the Central dogma of Molecular Biology/ Bioinformatics, Model Organism and Drug Designing. The basis of the central dogma of molecular biology is the expression of the genetic information in any call. It is a universal process that occurs in every cell. The genetic information is stored in the DNA. During gene expression DNA is transcript to RNA and these RNA are transcribed to proteins. Bioinformatics deals with the genetic information which involves collecting, analyzing, manipulating and predicting etc. For the functioning of bioinformatics it is essential to know the genetic information that is stored in DNA. Therefore sequencing of DNA, genes or genomes is the fundamental need in bioinformatics. Organisms that are used in biological experiments in laboratories are called ‘model organisms’, of which most genomes are sequenced at present (rat, yeast, Arabidopsis; plant model organism) These sequenced genomes could be analyzed using bioinformatics tools in order to identify genes of significance as in drought tolerance genes in plants etc. Information revealed from sequencing could be studied using bioinformatics tools to understand its underlying mechanisms and to generate models that could be used in further studies. This information could also be used in evolutionary studies, micro array analysis, identification of genetic disorders (Alzheimer’s disease, breast cancer, cystic fibrosis, spinal muscular atrophy etc.) ...
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...Table of Contents ABSTRACT 2 FOOD/FARMING/FOOD PRODUCTION 2 NANO-FARMING 2 NANO-PACKAGING 3 SMART FOODS AND SMART PRODUCTS 3 HEALTH CARE/MEDICINE 4 NANOTECH HEALTH CARE 4 NANOMEDICINES 4 NANOROBOTS 5 NANOSURGERY 5 MANUFACTURING THE FUTURE 6 NANOMANUFACTURING 6 GREY GOO 7 PUBLIC PERCEPTION AND ACCEPTANCE 7 CONCLUSIONS 7 SOURCES 9 ABSTRACT Molecular manufacturing “Nanotechnology” has already touched many parts of our lives, food, clothing, computers, cosmetics and health care. The future promises more of the same but in a much bigger or smaller ways. From self cleaning windows, smart foods, cheap and efficient energy, smart surfaces, faster computers, to changing our basic human appearance and the chance to clean up our world from toxic waste. Nanotechnology is not the yellow brick road leading us to a perfect utopian society. With the power to create at an atomic level in our hands, we will also have that same power to destroy. Future safe guards must be put in place to help us avoid manufacturing ourselves right out of existence. FOOD/FARMING/FOOD PRODUCTION The next areas will address what the possible near future will hold in the arena of farming, the types of foods that will be available and the methods that farmers will use to get the most out of their efforts. NANO-FARMING It has been a long term goal of farmers all over the world to get the most out of their farms while putting the least into them. Over the last decade, nanotechnology...
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...Hope Hayman DNA Bar Coding: Is Convenient and Accurate for Taxonomy Studies Introduction— Different samples of “wild card” subjects and given subjects (Drosophila melanogaster and the Coquina clams) genomic DNA were acquired and isolated through several steps to amplify the cytochrome c oxidase 1 (CO1) genes. Through comparisons of these wild cards and given subjects mitochondrial CO1 genes with the BLAST library, it was revealed that DNA bar coding is convenient and accurate for taxonomy study. DNA bar coding utilizes the amplification and purification of a specific region of the mitochondrial genome by polymerase chain reactions (PCR). DNA bar coding then uses the PCR products ran in gel electrophoresis to analyze. Materials and Methods— DNA Isolation The wild card specimens were obtained and brought to the lab for DNA isolation. The first step in DNA isolation was to lyse the specimen. The specimens were first homogenized individually in 1.5 mL microtubes. 20 µL of proteinase K was added to each homogenized sample. 200 µL of AL buffer was then added to each sample. The samples were vertexed and incubated at 70oC for 10 minutes. After the incubation, 200 µL of 100% ethanol was added and vortexed again. The next step in DNA isolation is to bind the DNA. The lysate was transferred to a spin column and centrifuged at 8000 rpm for 1 minute, and the flow through was discarded. 500 µL of AW1 buffer was added, then centrifuged at 8000 rpm for 1 minute, and the flow through was...
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...Diffusion All these effects are due to diffusion. Diffusion is the movement of one type of gas molecules through another. Perfume through air, manure through air, food through air, copper sulphate through water and so on. Lets think about the diffusion of perfume. The molecules of air in the room and the molecules of perfume in the spray are all moving around quickly and randomly (in all directions). The molecules of perfume collide with other molecules of their own type and also with molecules air. It is very unlikely for any one perfume molecule to be able to move across the room without hitting another molecule of one type or the other but they will eventually get there after many collisions. This slow erratic progress is called diffusion. It is rather like a drunken man staggering across a field through a crowds of excited soccer supporters. They will eventually make it to the other side but it will take a long time. Diffusion can be demonstrated in the laboratory by two or threes simple experiments. Take a bottle of perfume, remove the stopper and then hold it a few centimetres away from your friend's nose – after a second or two (but not instantly) they will be able to smell the perfume although their nose is not touching the bottle. The perfume molecules have diffused through the air to their nose! (Make sure that they always sniff gently. You never know how unpleasant the smell may be!) The next two use two dangerous chemicals and so should only be...
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...Gel electrophoresis Gel electrophoresis is a method for separation and analysis of macromolecules (DNA, RNA and proteins) and their fragments, based on their size and charge. It is used in clinical chemistry to separate proteins by charge and/or size (IEF agarose, essentially size independent) and in biochemistry and molecular biology to separate a mixed population of DNA and RNA fragments by length, to estimate the size of DNA and RNA fragments or to separate proteins by charge.[1] Nucleic acid molecules are separated by applying an electric field to move the negatively charged molecules through an agarose matrix. Shorter molecules move faster and migrate farther than longer ones because shorter molecules migrate more easily through the pores of the gel. This phenomenon is called sieving.[2] Proteins are separated by charge in agarose because the pores of the gel are too large to sieve proteins. Gel electrophoresis can also be used for separation of nanoparticles. Gel electrophoresis uses a gel as an anticonvective medium and/or sieving medium during electrophoresis, the movement of a charged particle in an electrical field. Gels suppress the thermal convection caused by application of the electric field, and can also act as a sieving medium, retarding the passage of molecules; gels can also simply serve to maintain the finished separation, so that a post electrophoresis stain can be applied.[3] DNA Gel electrophoresis is usually performed for analytical purposes, often after...
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...Biotechnology is a field of applied biology that involves the use of living organisms and bioprocesses in engineering, technology, medicine and other fields requiring bio products. Father of the term biotechnology is ‘Karl Ereky’ and Father of Biotechnology was ‘Louis Pasteur’. DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is the hereditary material in humans and almost all other organisms. Nearly every cell in a person’s body has the same DNA. Ribonucleic acid or RNA, is one of the three major macromolecules (along with DNA and proteins) that are essential for all known forms of life. A pipette (also called a pipet, pipettor or chemical dropper) is a laboratory instrument used to transport a measured volume of liquid. Pipettes come in several designs for various purposes with differing levels of accuracy and precision, from single piece glass pipettes to more complex adjustable or electronic pipettes. Lab dish washing Cleaning laboratory glassware isn't as simple as washing the dishes. Here's how to wash your glassware so that you won't ruin your chemical solution or laboratory experiment. You can rinse the glassware with the proper solvent, then finish up with a couple of rinses with distilled water, followed by final rinses with deionized water Water Soluble Solutions (e.g., sodium chloride or sucrose solutions) Rinse 3-4 times with deionized water then put the glassware away. Water Insoluble Solutions (e...
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...Introduction The profound importance for microorganisms to operate at a maximum efficiency has lead to adaptations allowing for groups of processes to be functional when resources are available, while on the contrary remaining “dormant” when not in need. This has been accomplished at the molecular level by configuring clusters of genes together on the genome into operons that elicit a processive response in the presence of a specific metabolite. The Lac operon is responsible for the cleaving of the disaccharide lactose into two products. A myriad of components control the expression of the Lac operon when two conditions are met. First, the substrate, lactose, must be present. Second, no better substrate for example, glucose, is present (2). The three structural genes in the Lac operon are lacZ, lacY, and lacA. The gene lacZ encodes the tetramer, ß-galactosidase, which is responsible for hydrolyzing the ß-1,4 glycosidic linkage between galactose and glucose in lactose. The transport of lactose into the cell via the enzyme lactose permease is encoded by the gene lacY. The lacA gene encodes the enzyme, galactoside transacetylase, a trimer that transfers an acetyl group from acetyl-CoA to galactosides. Activation of these genes is dependent on the activity of a promoter and three operators based on the nutritional and environmental conditions available to the cell. The lac operon is a negatively controlled inducible operon that utilizes the product of the regulator gene lacI, to...
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...and folk medicine (Hamissou, Smith, Carter, and Triplett 641). Researchers have found that the plant protein inhibits H1N1, H3N2 and H5N1 subtypes. Of the medicinal plants studied, the Momordica Charantia plant has been reported to contain many antiviral properties (Pongthanapisith, Ikuta, Puthavathana, and Leelamanit 1). The seed of the M. Charantia was purified of the protein using Fast Protein Liquid Chromatography. The proteins are separated using Sodium dodecyl polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The technique involves placing the protein mixture on gel containing an immobilized pH gradient. The gel slows the passage of proteins and acts as a molecular filter. Samples are loaded into the SDS-polyacrylamide gel and the electric field is applied. The gel slows the passage of proteins and acts as a molecular filter separating different protein molecules according to their size. Smaller proteins move faster than larger proteins and are found near the bottom of the gel. The gel is treated with a coomassie blue stain that binds to the proteins and allows the researcher to visualize the protein bands. The SDS-PAGE method is better suited for separating smaller molecules like protein.(Nelson and Cox 93-94) Madin-Darby canine kidney cells were inoculated with Influenza virus and incubated. The number of infected cells was counted under a microscope. Proteins of the Momordica Charantia were added to the infected cells. After further incubation overnight, the infected cells...
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...well as evidence of any pathogenic strains. We will also compare and contrast respective populations of bacteria on clean and disinfected ellipticals to assess disinfectant effectiveness. Methods We collected bacteria from the elliptical, purified and amplified the total community DNA, and then analyzed the sequenced DNA with Mi Seq Software. A revised protocol was used to extract, purify, and sequence the community DNA; these methods were followed without deviation (1). The procedure to sequence and configure the data is described on Blackboard (2). Results PCR amplification of the community DNA product was unsuccessful. There was no evidence of PCR amplified DNA on the gel (Figure 1.1). An alternate gel from Molecular Microbiology Laboratory was used as a model to perform gel electrophoresis of the community DNA (2). A plot of migration distance vs. size that includes the Invitrogen ladder can be used to determine the size of the PCR amplified community DNA (Figure 1.2). [Figure 1.2] Base Pairs vs. Migration Distance of Invitrogen Low DNA Mass Ladder. The distance these standardized fragments is associated with a quantity of base pairs. The graph created from a plot of base pairs vs. migration distance produces an equation that can be used to determine the size of the PCR amplified community DNA. The length of the amplicon was determined by using lane 36 of the alternate gel (2). The estimated migration...
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...Honours Thesis Table of Contents Please note: this is only an example. Each School has its own specifications, some of which are stricter than others. Furthermore, each thesis is different and will have different emphases on particular sections. CHECK with your supervisor for advice on length of sections and of the thesis as a whole. Sample: from the School of BABS, UNSW table of contents ABSTRACT I TABLE OF CONTENTS II ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS V LIST OF TABLES VI LIST OF FIGURES VII LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS VIII 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 HEPATITIS C VIRUS 1 1.1.1 DISCOVERY 1 1.1.2 EPIDEMIOLOGY 2 1.1.3 PATHOGENESIS 2 1.1.4 TREATMENT 3 1.2 MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 3 1.2.1 STRUCTURE OF GENOME 3 1.2.2 GENETIC VARIATION 6 1.2.3 GENOTYPIC DIFFERENCES 8 1.3 RNA DEPENDENT RNA POLYMERASE ACTIVITY 9 1.3.1 POLYMERASE FUNCTION 9 1.3.2 MODEL SYSTEMS OF HCV REPLICATION 11 1.3.3 GENOTYPE SPECIFIC STUDIES 11 1.3.4 BIOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES 12 1.4 KUNJIN VIRUS RNA DEPENDENT RNA POLYMERASE 13 1.5 CONCLUSION 15 1.6 AIMS AND HYPOTHESIS 16 2 MATERIALS AND METHODS 17 2.1 HCV POSITIVE SERA SAMPLES 17 2.2 RNA EXTRACTION 17 2.3 CDNA SYNTHESIS 17 2.4 HCV PRIMER DESIGN AND USAGE 18 2.5 NESTED POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (NPCR) 21 2.5.1 REACTION AND CYCLING CONDITIONS 21 2.5.2 PCR PRODUCT...
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...History and Background Anagene is a biotechnology firm started by Mark Hansen and Harold Bergman in 1993. Hansen and Bergman planned to combine microelectronics and molecular biology to develop products that would have broad commercial applications in genomics and other fields. Anagene’s mission was to facilitate breakthrough genetic analysis. The company went public in the year 1998 and raised $42.9 million. The company’s core product was a cartridge which had to be analyzed with a Anagene-designed workstation. Management anticipated a long string of cartridge sales following the sale of each Anagene workstation. Product Information WORKSTATION Anagene’s first major product was a proprietary platform technology – The Anagene Molecular Biology Workstation. This included a loader (which could load four cartridges at a time), a reader (which read and analyzed one cartridge at a time) and a disposable cartridge that contained the company’s proprietary microchip. The product was priced at $160,000 – each workstation shipped with four cartridges. CARTRIDGES Anagene also sold disposable cartridges – priced at $150 each. Each cartridge contained an electronic chip that held test sites laid out in a geometric grid called an array. Cartridges could perform up to 99 tests on any single sample. As the company sold more workstations, it expected the demand for its cartridges to increase rapidly. MANUFACTURING Anagene’s management decided to outsource the production of workstations...
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...What is Biochemistry and why you should study it? Biochemistry or sometimes we called it as biological chemistry is defined as a scientific study of the chemistry of living organisms, especially the structure, the behavior of a living thing and the function of their chemical component such as proteins ,carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids. Many of these molecules are complex molecules called polymers, which are made up of monomer subunits. Most people consider biochemistry to be same with molecular biology. Nowadays, biochemistry has become the root for understanding all biological processes. It has provided widely explanations for the causes of many diseases in humans, animals and plants. As a student, we should study it because it give to us many kind of knowledge on understanding the biological processes which are happen around us in every single minutes in our life. Since biochemistry is very important, we must study it to know how this biochemistry contributed for the sustainable of tomorrow in the main field of medicine, agriculture and industry. Biochemistry is applied in many health field such as dentistry, medicine and veterinary medicine. For example, in the field of medicine, biochemistry have contribute in the clinical study to maintain and to give a better and healthy life to the population of human all around the world. This have been done by the scientist on how they use biochemistry to diagnose and control the spreading of diseases, product a new...
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