...World Bank. 7 6. The Criticism about the management of the World Bank 7 7. The restoration of Thi Nghe and Nhieu Loc canals 7 III. Bank for International Settlement (BIS) 8 1. Back ground information & Power 8 a. The background information 8 b. The BIS’s Authority 8 2. Objectives 8 3. Funding Source 9 a. Informal way of funding 9 b. The Formal ways of funding 9 4. Ownership & Structure 9 a. The Ownership 9 b. The Structure of BIS 10 5. BIS is immunity to the global regulation 10 6. Experience in Vietnam 10 IV. Asia Development Bank (ADB) 11 1. Back ground information & Power 11 a. The background information 11 b. Asia Development Bank’ power 11 2. Objective &Aims 12 3. Funding Sources 12 4. Ownership & ADB’s structure. 13 5. Recent Activities of ADB on November, 2012 and its criticism 13 6. The support of reform the state own enterprises in Vietnam 13 V. International Monetary Fund (IMF) 14 1. Back ground information & Power 14 a. IMF authorities 14 b. Background information 14 2. Objective & Aims 15 3. Funding Source 15 a. Interest charges 15 b. Gold reserve 15 c. Funding is requested from shareholders 15 4. Ownership & Structure 16 a. Structure of International Monetary Funds 16 b. Ownership 16 5. Recent Activities of issuing the Special Drawing...
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...market 6 4.1. Foreign exchange dealers 6 4.2. Financial and non-financial customers 7 4.3. Central banks 7 4.4. Brokers 8 4.4.1. In the Over-the-Counter Market 8 4.4.2. Voice Brokers 8 4.4.3. Automated Order-Matching or Electronic Broking Systems 8 4.4.4. In the Exchange-Traded Market 9 CHAPTER II: Situation of currency market in Vietnam 9 1.Roles of the SBV in controlling the currency market 9 2. Some basic features about the currency market in Vietnam from 1991 to 2011 12 2.1. The currency inter-bank market in Vietnam 12 2.1.1. The introduction of currency inter-bank market in Vietnam 12 2.1.2. The role of inter-bank transactions 14 2.1.3 The organization and operation of the currency market in Vietnam 15 2. Transactions in the parallel market and dollarization in Vietnam 15 2.1. Transactions in the parallel in Vietnam 15 2.2. Dollarization in Vietnam 16 3. Some description about the derivatives in Vietnam’s currency market 17 3.1. The introduction of derivatives in Vietnam 17 3.2. Changes of exchange rate. 19 CHAPTER III: SOLUTIONS 23 1. Shut down the black market 23 2. Implement a semi-peg system 23 3. Resort to forex surrender 24 4. Increase the compulsory reserve ratio (CRR) 24 5. Impose certain administrative control on importers and exporters 24 6. Improve the communication 25 7. Reduce the limit for an individual...
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...Monetary Policy in Vietnam: Alternatives to Inflation Targeting Le Anh Tu Packard (tu.packard@gmail.com) Fifth Draft July 2007 Paper prepared for the Political Economy Research Institute (PERI) at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst with support from the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA). Earlier versions of this paper were presented to the May 2005 CEDES/Amherst Research Conference in Buenos Aires and the July 2005 Da Nang Symposium on Continuing Renovation of the Economy and Society. Financial support for this project has been provided by the Ford Foundation, UNDESA, and the Rockefeller Brothers Foundation. My gratitude and thanks go to two anonymous referees, Gerald Epstein, Erinc Yeldan, Jaime Ros, Lance Taylor, Per Berglund, and Phillipe Scholtes for their insightful comments and valuable ideas, and also to numerous colleagues in Vietnam including Dang Nhu Van for their helpful feedback. I am responsible for all remaining errors and omissions. List of Acronyms and Abbreviations ASEAN BFTV BIDV CEPT CIEM CMEA CPRGS DAF FDI FIE GC GDI GDP GNP GSO HDI IMF JV NEER ODA PE PER PRGF PRSC RCC REER ROSCA SBV SOCB SOE UCC UNDP VCP VLSS WTO Association of South East Asian Nations Bank for Foreign Trade of Vietnam Bank for Investment and Development of Vietnam Common Effective Preferential Tariff Central Institute for Economic Management Council of Mutual Economic Assistance Comprehensive Poverty Reduction and Growth Strategy Development...
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...EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Vietnam is a young country with the developing economy. To be a member of WTO (World Trade Organization), Vietnam can have many opportunities to develop more and more but it is also a challenge for this South East Asia country in the time changing from command economy to mixed economy. Established on 9th, April, 1995, through 15 years operating on home care products, personal care products and food, Unilever Vietnam has achieved a lot of success and be remarkable in Vietnam’s economy. Unilever Vietnam is evaluated as one of strongest foreign capital companies and has a huge contribution to Vietnam’s development and country’s economy. The important feature that guarantees its success is the close connection between the firm and Vietnam’s economy and the community. Furthermore, Unilever also has built and developed well relationships between medium and small internal enterprises even they are customers, suppliers or distributors. Over 15 years in Vietnam, Unilever is known as a firm not only brings the benefits to its own business but also contributing to the social’s development, especially with children and women by its meaningful activities. This project researches Unilever on this variety of aspect: * Identify the mission, values, and objectives and assess the influence of stakeholders of Unilever * Evaluate the extent to which Unilever achieves the objectives of three stakeholders * Identify the responsibilities of Unilever and strategies employed...
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...School of Development Studies INFLATION IN VIETNAM OVER THE PERIOD 1990-2007 A Research Paper presented by: Bui Thi Kim Thanh (Vietnam) in partial fulfillment of the requirements for obtaining the degree of MASTERS OF ARTS IN DEVELOPMENT STUDIES Specialisation: Economic of Development (ECD) Members of the examining committee: Dr. Karel Jansen Dr. Lorenzo Pellegrini The Hague, The Netherlands November, 2008 1 Disclaimer: This document represents part of the author’s study programme while at the Institute of Social Studies. The views stated therein are those of the author and not necessarily those of the Institute. Research papers are not made available for circulation outside of the Institute. Inquiries: Postal address: Institute of Social Studies P.O. Box 29776 2502 LT The Hague The Netherlands Kortenaerkade 12 2518 AX The Hague The Netherlands +31 70 426 0460 +31 70 426 0799 Location: Telephone: Fax: 2 Table of Content Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND AND STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM The period 1980-1984 The period 1985-1989 The period 1990-2007 1.2 OBJECTIVE AND SCOPE OF THE PAPER 1.3 APPROACH OF THE PAPER AND DATA 1.4 STRUCTURE OF THE PAPER Chapter 2 THE THEORETICAL AND EMPERICAL FRAMEWORK 2.1 THEORETICAL CONSIDERATION 2.1.1 Demand-pull inflation 2.1.2 Cost-push inflation 2.2 APPLICABILITY OF THE THEORIES IN THE CASE OF VIETNAM 2.3 EMPERICAL EVIDENCES Chapter 3 ANALYSING INFLATION IN VIETNAM AN OVERVIEW OF VIETNAM’S ECONOMY FROM 1990-2007...
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...inflationary pressures are abating rapidly, giving room to ease if necessary. The key downside risk to the outlook is the impact of the real estate slowdown on the financial sector and local authorities’ fiscal position, both of which should be contained. Economic Credit Agencies Moody’s: Aa3 S&P: AAFitch: A+ Nominal GDP (2010) USD 5,878 bn Population (2010) 1,341.4 millions Total Trade / GDP (2010) 50.6% Currency Yuan (Renminbi) Exchange regime Crawling peg Merchandise imports from Canada (2010) CAD 12,880 million Main sources of Foreign Exchange (excl. FDI) Manufactured exports Main Merchandise Export Destination European Union (20%) Main imports E&E equipment (24%) Industrial M&E (21%) Risks to the Outlook Second stimulus package; Monetary and credit loosening Real estate bubble burst; Debt crisis in Europe Recent performance: Official real GDP growth slowed again in Q4, rising 8.9% y/y from 9.1% y/y in Q3. However, EDC Economics’ estimate of seasonally adjusted real GDP growth shows that growth accelerated for a second consecutive quarter, to 9.1% q/q (annualized) from 8.1% in Q3. Strong US holiday shopping and some inventory rebuilding supported the expansion, but signs of an upcoming slowdown still persist. Meanwhile, inflation is coming down faster than previously anticipated, giving authorities room to ease if necessary. The outlook for the housing sector and its impact on the banking sector is the key concern going into 2012. With falling activity and prices in the...
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...A Brief History of the International Monetary System Kenneth N. Matziorinis 1. Introduction The international monetary system is the structure of financial payments, settlements, practices, institutions and relations that govern international trade and investment around the world. To understand the international monetary system, we can start by looking at how a domestic monetary system is structured. The Canadian financial system, for instance, is composed of a) a currency; b) a central bank which issues that currency; c) financial deposit-taking and lending institutions such as commercial banks and d) the Canadian Payments Association. The currency used in Canada is the Canadian dollar. It is the means of payment, store of value and unit of account for all transactions conducted within Canada. It is the currency in which all assets and liabilities are measured. As such, exchange rates are not an issue in our domestic transactions. The country’s central bank, is the Bank of Canada. Its role is to issue the currency of the land, the Canadian dollar, to manage the supply of money to ensure that there is neither too much of it that could cause inflation, nor too little that could cause recession and to oversee the financial system, acting as a lender of last resort when the need arises. Commercial banks and other non-bank financial institutions are the main players in the financial system. They engage in the process of financial intermediation, which is the taking of deposits...
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...stability by providing policy, advice and financing to members, by working with developing nations to help them achieve macroeconomic stability and reduce poverty The rationale for this is that private international capital markets function imperfectly and many countries have limited access to financial markets. Such market imperfections, together with balance-of-payments financing, provide the justification for official financing, without which many countries could only correct large external payment imbalances through measures with adverse economic consequences.The IMF provides alternate sources of financing. Upon the founding of the IMF, its three primary functions were: to oversee the fixed exchange rate arrangements between countries,thus helping national governments manage their exchange rates and allowing these governments to prioritise economic growth, and to provide short-term capital to aid balance of payments. This assistance was meant to prevent the spread of international economic crises. The IMF was also intended to help mend the pieces of the international economy after the Great Depressionand World War II. As well, to provide capital investments for economic growth and projects such as infrastructure. The IMF's role was fundamentally altered by the floating exchange rates post-1971. It shifted to examining the economic policies of countries with IMF loan agreements to determine if a shortage of capital was due to economic fluctuations or economic policy. The IMF also...
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...a specific amount of gold. The limitations to Governments was that they could not spend what they wanted because the amount of currency in circulation had to correspond to the amount of gold in reserve. Nixon, eliminated the Gold Standard, I think during the Vietnam war. As a result, the currency in circulation today does not have to be backed up by anything, not gold, not anything. That's why we see trillion dollar deficits today. Politicians can spend what they want regardless of the real economic downfalls that eventually have to be dealt with. Nowadays, on a side note, our US debt is fianced by foreign governments such as the Chinese and others. This means most of debt the US government owns is owed to foreign investers. The answer to whether having Gold Standard is good or not is based on who you ask. Economists will have one answer, politicians will have another. The phrase “gold standard” is defined as the use of gold as the standard value for the money of a country. If a country will redeem any of its money in gold it is said to be using the gold standard. The U.S. and many other Western countries adhered to the gold standard during the early 1900’s. Today, however, gold’s role in the worldwide monetary system is negligible. Britain abandoned the gold standard 1931; the USA abandoned it 1971. Holdings of gold are still retained because it is an internationally recognized commodity, which cannot be legislated upon or manipulated by interested countries. On August...
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...China in this optic ? 4 China and Thailand relationships 5 Thailand and its neighbours 7 ASEAN7 Myanmar8 Laos 8 Cambodia 8 Vietnam 9 Thailand and USA9 Relations threw the history9 Economic relations10 Current bilateral issues 11 Strategies11 Geopolitical imperatives11 Strategies with historical evolution 12 Conclusion 15 Bibliography 15 I. Introduction 1.1 Geographic location in Asia Totaling 513,120 km² Thailand is the world's 51st-largest country by total area. 1.2 Economy of Thailand Thailand is an emerging economy and considered as a newly industrialized country.It exports an increasing value of over $105 billion worth of goods and services annually.> Thai rice, textiles and footwear, fishery products, rubber, jewellery, cars, computers and electrical appliances. Its Substantial industries are : electric appliances, tourism (6%), sex tourism and prostitution…It also has a GDP worth US$602 billion. This classifies Thailand as the 2nd largest economy in Southeast Asia, after Indonesia.It is the 4th richest nation according to GDP per capita, after Singapore, Brunei and Malaysia. Finally the IMF has predicted that the Thai economy will rebound strongly from the low 0.1% GDP growth in to 7.5% in 2013 thanks to the accommodative monetary policy of the Bank of Thailand and the actual policy. 1.3 Demographic Thailand is approximately 67.5 million people, with an annual growth rate of about 0.3 percent. In addition to...
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... The Staff Report prepared by a staff team of the IMF for the Executive Board’s consideration on February 13, 2015, following discussions that ended on November 24, 2014, with the officials of Malaysia on economic developments and policies. Based on information available at the time of these discussions, the staff report was completed on January 23, 2015. An Informational Annex prepared by the IMF. A Press Release summarizing the views of the Executive Board as expressed during its February 13, 2015 consideration of the staff report that concluded the Article IV consultation with Malaysia. A Statement by the Executive Director for Malaysia. The document listed below has been or will be separately released. Selected Issues Paper The policy of publication of staff reports and other documents allows for the deletion of market-sensitive information. Copies of this report are available to the public from International Monetary Fund Publication Services PO Box 92780 Washington, D.C. 20090 Telephone: (202) 623-7430 Fax: (202) 623-7201 E-mail: publications@imf.org Web: http://www.imf.org Price: $18.00 per printed copy International Monetary Fund Washington, D.C. © 2015 International Monetary Fund MALAYSIA January 23, 2015 STAFF REPORT FOR THE 2014 ARTICLE IV CONSULTATION KEY ISSUES Near-term outlook. Prospects for Malaysia’s well diversified economy are favorable despite...
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...1. Population of Indonesia With a population totaling around 250 million individuals, Indonesia is the fourth largest country with regard to population size. Its ethnic composition is characterized by a wide variety as the country contains hundreds of different ethnic groups and cultures. However, more than half of the population can be classified as belonging to the two main ethnic groups: Javanese (41 percent of the total population) and Sundanese (15 percent of the total population). Both these groups originate from the island of Java, Indonesia's most populous island, which contains almost sixty percent of the country's total population. When the island of Sumatra is included, this figure rises to approximately eighty percent of Indonesia's total population, indicating a significant population concentration in the western part of the country. The most populous province is West Java (with more than 43 million people), while the least populous province is that of West Papua in the far eastern region of Indonesia (having around 761,000 people). Map of Indonesia Five Most Populous Provinces (in millions) Province | Population | 1. West Java | 43.1 | 2. East Java | 37.5 | 3. Central Java | 32.4 | 4. North Sumatra | 13.0 | 5. Banten (Java) | 10.6 | Source: Statistics Indonesia Population Census 2010 This section discusses a number of important aspects regarding Indonesia's demographic composition...
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...Apex Adelchi Footwear Limited Annual Report CONTENTS Corporate Directory Notice of Annual General Meeting Financial Highlights Value Added Statement Report of the Directors Status of Securities and Exchange Commission Compliance Auditors’ Report to the Shareholders Balance Sheet Profit & Loss Account Cash Flow Statement Statement of Changes in Equity Notes to the Accounts 2 3 4 5 6 21 24 25 26 27 28 29 Apex Adelchi Footwear Limited Annual Report CORPORATE DIRECTORY BOARD OF DIRECTORS Syed Manzur Elahi Syed Nasim Manzur Munize Manzur Khasru Syed Gias Hussain Niaz Ahmed Choudhury Adelchi Sergio Samson H. Chowdhury Chairman Managing Director Director Director Director Director Independent Director Managing Director Deputy Managing Director & CFO Executive Director Executive Director Company Secretary Financial Controller General Manager General Manager Head of Human Resources General Manager MANAGEMENT TEAM Syed Nasim Manzur Syed Gias Hussain Abdul Momen Bhuiyan A.A. Mosaddeque S.M. Shahjahan Dilip Kajuri Atiqul Islam Syed Md. Mustaque Md. Mominul Ahsan Pradip Kanti Saha AUDITORS Shiraz Khan Basak & Co. Chartered Accountants TAX ADVISER Khandker Fazlul Quadir LEGAL ADVISER Muhammad Mohsen Rashid Advocate, Supreme Court of Bangladesh BANKERS Janata Bank Limited Bank Asia Limited Prime Bank Limited City Bank Limited Bank Al Falah Limited REGISTERED OFFICE House No. 06, Road No. 137 Block - SE(D) , Gulshan-1 Dhaka-1212, Bangladesh Email:...
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...cuisine on Vietnamese culture, especially among the young, will be key factors supporting the growth of fast food. Furthermore, more newcomers, both international and local players, are predicted to enter the consumer foodservice industry in Vietnam. Chained players are likely to record a better performance than independent over the past few years. The main reason for this is that more people pay attention to service quality and food safety standards while chained operations are perceived in Vietnamese eyes as delivering better standards in this regard. Major cities such as Ho Chi Minh City and Hanoi will remain the centre of the fast food industry. KFC entered the Vietnamese in 12/1997 in Ho Chi Minh City. KFC is commonly known in Vietnam under the special name “Ga ran KFC” — a fast food restaurant chain serving the meals made from chicken, hamburgers and the most famous meal is fried chicken sandwiches, chicken pot pies, crispy chicken strips, wraps and salads. KFC is part of Yum! Brands, Inc., the world's largest restaurant company in terms of restaurant system, with more than 36,000 locations around the world. To this day, among big competitive brands, KFC is the market leader in Vietnam with over 140 restaurants throughout Vietnam. KFC was one of the first international players to enter the Vietnamese fast food category. The brand’s main competitive advantages were its long-standing presence, affordable price and customized dishes based on Vietnamese preferences...
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...O C C A S I O N A L PA P E R S E R I E S N O 1 2 3 / F E B R UA RY 2 011 THE INTERNATIONAL MONETARY SYSTEM AFTER THE FINANCIAL CRISIS by Ettore Dorrucci and Julie McKay OCCASIONAL PAPER SERIES NO 123 / FEBRUARY 2011 THE INTERNATIONAL MONETARY SYSTEM AFTER THE FINANCIAL CRISIS by Ettore Dorrucci and Julie McKay1 NOTE: This Occasional Paper should not be reported as representing the views of the European Central Bank (ECB). The views expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the ECB. In 2011 all ECB publications feature a motif taken from the €100 banknote. This paper can be downloaded without charge from http://www.ecb.europa.eu or from the Social Science Research Network electronic library at http://ssrn.com/abstract_id=1646277 1 European Central Bank, Ettore.Dorrucci@ecb.europa.eu, Julie.McKay@ecb.europa.eu. The views expressed in this paper do not necessarily reflect those of the European Central Bank. The authors would like to thank, outside their institution, A. Afota, C. Borio, M. Committeri, B. Eichengreen, A. Erce, A. Gastaud, P. L'Hotelleire-Fallois Armas, P. Moreno, P. Sedlacek, Z. Szalai, I. Visco and J-P. Yanitch, and, within their institution, R. Beck, T. Bracke, A. Chudik, A. Mehl, E. Mileva, F. Moss, G. Pineau, F. Ramon-Ballester, L. Stracca, R. Straub, and C. Thimann for their very helpful comments and/or inputs. © European Central Bank, 2011 Address Kaiserstrasse 29 60311 Frankfurt am Main, Germany...
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