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Money

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Submitted By mathiasrandel
Words 2444
Pages 10
Den Europæiske Union
Mathias Randel Søndergaard

Fællesdel

1) Jeg har lavet en model hvor man følger udviklingen fra vælgerens tanker starter, til han sætter sit kryds. Her er der især 5 vigtige faktorer vi har kigget på:

1. Grundholdninger – dette er en faktor, da du højst sandsynligt stemmer på nogle med samme grundholdninger som dig. Det kan være kultur, økonomi osv., og dette påvirkes især gennem opdragelse og generelt ens omgangskreds. 2. Vælgertype – du kan være en egotropisk eller sociotropisk vælgertype. Det betyder at du enten stemmer ud fra hvad passer din situation, eller ud fra hvad der passer samfundet bedst. 3. Erhverv og fritid – I EU er der visse erhverv der modtager større støtte end andre, såsom landbrug. Da erhverv spiller en stor rolle for individet, er det naturligt at dette fokus på ens erhverv fra EU er vigtigt for ens valg. Ligeledes er det med ens fritidsinteresser, hvor for eksempel fokus på kultur fra visse repræsentanter kan påvirke de kulturelle vælgere. 4. Kandidater - et eksempel kunne være Morten Messerschmidt. Mange vælgere følger debatter, og via dem udvælger hvem der er skarpe. Derudover er kandidaternes fremtoning og evne til at promovere sig selv vigtig, for at valget skal falde på dem som kandidat. Formår de at sige det vælgerne gerne vil høre ved brug af populisme og fremstå pålidelig kan det højst sandsynligt skaffe dem mange stemmer. På den måde er de en vigtig del af processen fra vælgeren overvejer hvem personen skal stemme på, til krydset bliver sat. 5. Interesseorganisationer & medier – Firmaer har større indflydelse på vælgere end man lige regner med. Interesseorganisationer, lobbyister og firmaer kan påvirke vælgere gennem markedsføring, herunder reklamer og arrangementer. Bag diverse arrangementer kan ligge en skjult dagsorden, i og med at firmaer naturligvis vil have EU-lovgivning falder ud til deres fordel. Medier er den 4. Statsmagt. Det er det vælgerne hører om i medierne, som de bliver påvirket meget af. For eksempel kan sagen med lakridspiber have haft stor indflydelse, da det kan have gjort nogle til EU-skeptikere.
Udmærket model hvor du oplister relevante faktorer som kan være betydende for hvor en vælger sætter sit kryds. Modellen suppleres fint af kommentarerne nedenunder.
1.b) Ud fra tabel 1 kan vi udlede, at der generelt er dårlig opbakning til EU. Dette kan der være forskellige grunde til. For det første er der ikke så stor mediedækning af Europaparlamentsvalget i Danmark, og dette er formentlig også tilfældet i de andre lande. Den manglende mediedækning skyldes selvfølgelig, at historierne omkring EU ikke sælger særlig godt og det ikke er opsigtsvækkende forsidestof. EU ligger meget fjernt fra det danske folk, og det er kompliceret at beskæftige sig med. Man kan også se på statistikkerne, at den seneste folkeafstemning i 2000 havde 28 flere procentpoint end hvad?. Det bevidner om, at borgeren har svært ved at identificere sig med Europa-Parlamentet, og måden det foregår på. Det er nemlig ikke mange, som har styr på de beslutningsprocessor, som bliver taget i EU, og det medfører, at det gør det rigtig svært at stemme på en kandidat, da man ikke ved, hvordan de vil indføre deres holdninger.

Et eksempel på beslutningsprocesserne er den landskendte lakridspibesag. En fjer blev gjort til 10 høns, og forslaget var utrolig langt fra at blive gennemført. Der lød et ramaskrig blandt en masse danskere, da mange danskere ikke var tilfredse at afgive suverænitet til EU.
Hele suverænitet princippets er også en stor hindring for stemmeaktiviteten til EU. Mange europæiske lande har store nationale partier, som kæmper for at beholde suveræniteten i landet, og de påvirker selvfølgelig borgerne. Det er ofte suveræniteten, som får folk til ikke at være tilhænger af EU, da mange føler at Danmark selv skal bestemme omkring alt i deres eget land.
Udmærket besvarelse. Det kunne være interessant med et bud på hvorfor stemmeprocenten i kolonnen alle, falder så drastisk som den gør fra 79 til 2009.
EU’s fremtid

2.

Måden jeg vil gribe denne opgave an, er ved først at lave et lille resume, hvor jeg tager artiklerne og gennemgår dem i grove træk. Her svarer jeg på, hvordan de har udviklet sig. I delopgavens sidste afsnit, tager jeg så essensen af hver artikel, sammenligner deres løsninger og problemstillinger.

Mette Rodgers ”Nationalstarterne har generobret magten i Europa.
EU har udviklede sig meget fra 1985 til 1995, hvor Jean Monnet var kommissionens formand. Dengang gik EU frem og var fremtrædende. Her tog de overstatslige beslutninger. Den tid er ved at være slut fordi, eurokrisen har nemlig skabt mistillid imellem EU og den medlemslande. Tendensen har nemlig været at især de store økonomiske lokomotiver som Frankrig og Tyskland har givet udtryk for, at de ikke længere stoler på kommissionen
Derfor er tillidsforholdet nødt til at blive genoprettet for sikre EU i fremtiden. Derfor er idéen om den føderale strategi langt væk, og det hele ser ud til at bevæge sig imod et mere mellemstatsligt samarbejde. Løsningen er, at kommissionen skal genoprette sin troværdighed.
Ulrich Beck ”EU’s krise er en mulighed for demokrati”
Ulrich Beck påpeger flere forskellige problemer i den europæiske union. Han beskriver EU, som opdelt, da eurozonens lande tager en lang række beslutninger uden de andre EU-lande. Der nemlig rigtig mange beslutninger, som bliver taget på baggrund af euroen.
Ulrich Beck frygter også noget andet. Han frygter et opdelt Europa, hvor det bliver de store økonomier mod de gældsramte økonomier. Det vil skabe et mere fjendtligt forhold imellem medlemsstaterne, hvor det især er et EU med tysk dominans, da Tyskland er det mest økonomisk velfungerende euroland. Men Ulrich Bech påpeger, at en åbenhed og involvering af befolkningen fra EU-nationerne vil være løsningen på det demokratiske underskud i Europa. På den måde ligestiller man landende og Tyskland er ikke længere højtstående. Ulrich Beck peger på et mere folkeligt EU, hvor afstemninger og involvering af borgerne vil være redningen for EU. På den måde bekæmper man det lukkede EU og det indirekte demokrati, og erstatter det med et åbent EU og direkte demokrati. Med hensyn til det åbne Demokrati, så peger Ulrich Bech også på et essentielt problem, nemlig at man mangler et civilt rum, hvor problemerne skal diskuteres. Han går ikke ind for et føderalt EU, men noget som er en slags udvikling af det nuværende EU,hvor de enkelte nationer stadig har meget magt.

Jürgen Habermas, Peter Bofinger og Julian Nida-Rümelein ”Svaret er mere EU”
De tre samfundsteoretikere peger på EU som direkte skyld i, at euroen ikke er succesfuld. EU har nemlig været en mangelfuld intuition, hvor man simpelthen ikke har turdet udvide samarbejdet. De seneste år har den store forskel imellem landendes indenrigspolitik omkring især emnerne skatte, social og erhvervspolitik gjort euroens kurs ustabil. Ingen lande har turdet taget skridtet videre til at udvide EU.
Problemet ligger i kernen af EU, og det skal løses ved at udvide EU og lave et større samarbejde for at opretholdet euroens kurs. Ellers vil der blot kører en ond cirkel med bankpakker igen og igen, og det vil på sigt bryde sammen og skabe en uholdbar situation.
Løsningen skal findes ved at oprette et større samarbejde, hvor man sikrer nogle fælles politikker inde på forskellige områder. Det gør at lande bliver mere assimileret og på sigt vil det give mere stabilitet til euroen. De peger altså ikke på den føderale model, men blot på mere samarbejdspolitik, sådan det ikke bliver for intergovermentalistisk, hvor hvert land tænker på sig selv. De efterlyser også mere åbenhed fra både EU og politikkerne skal sikre EU i fremtiden. .

Artiklerne belyser emnet omkring EU meget forskelligt, og de fremstiller nogle forskellige problemer, som de synes det er ved EU.
Mette Rodgers synes, at problemet med EU er, at der blevet skabt et mistillidsforhold imellem de store økonomier som Tyskland og Frankrig på den ene side, og så EU og især kommissionen på den anden side. Det svækker EU markant, og det skaber store problemer med hensyn til at tænke langsigtet. Det vil på sigt ødelægge det overstatslige samarbejde, og i stedet erstatte det med kun mellemstatligt samarbejde. Løsningen er at kommissionen skal genoprette tilliden imellem dem og medlemslandende. Ulrich Beck ser også en problem stilling især med den Tysklands position i EU. Han mener nemlig at EU har store problemer som en demokratisk institution, og lige nu er der ikke ligevægt imellem nationerne. Tysklands tilgang til EU skaber et udemokratisk forhold, hvor Tyskland har for meget magt. Han har et meget radikalt forslag det er at ændre EU nedefra og demokratisere det. Det vil han gøre ved direkte demokrati, involvering og skabe et civilt samfund med medier osv. På den måde vil man komme det lukkede og indirekte demokrati til livs.
De tre samfundskritikere Jürgens Haberbas, Peter Bofinger og Julian Nida-Rümelein mener, at samarbejdet er gået i stå og neofunktionalismen har slået fejl,. De mener, at euroens krise er på grund af den store difference imellem eurolandende, og løsningen er fælles politikker og mere samarbejde. På den måde vil landende blive mere assimileret, og det vil sikre euroen stabilitet.
Jeg er ikke så vild med din valg af struktur i opgaven. De første afsnit bliver en redegørelse for de tre bilag, og ikke en fokuseret sammenligning.
Når du nu har valgt denne strategi, kunne du med fordel fokusere på de to problemstillinger, EU´s udvikling og løsning af EU´s problemer, i alle tre bilag, og så sikre at begge elementer bliver sammenlignet afslutningsvis.
Du viser dog i din redegørelse af du har fanget essensen af de tre bilag. Fremstillingen skulle blot have været anderledes.

3.

Opg. 4

Som Europa-kommissionens formand Jose Manuel Barrosso fremlægger, så er argumenterne for en føderal løsning lang. En fuldførelse af en føderalstat vil nemlig gøre EU til en utrolig stærkt og magtfuld stat. Som virkelig har enormt meget at sige i international politik.. Ydermere vil den erstatte et EU, som pt. er i krise. Det vil løse eurokrisen. Den gør sine fælles regler, så vil den nemlig skabe stabilitet. En sådan opgradering af EU vil også underminere det demokratiske underskud, og vil skabe et offentlig forum i EU, som derved vil skabe mere medieovervågenhed til de forskellige europæiske valg. Det vil også kreere medier, som agere vagthund overfor de ting, som sker i EU. Den portugisiske formands argumentation fejler ikke noget, men han har et kæmpe problem i sin ellers lovende salgstale for den føderale stat.
Problemet er at overbevise, alle befolkningerne om at EU skal opgraderes til masser af beslutninger på en overstatslig plan. Det vil være ekstremt svært. Og hvorfor vil det så det? Det vil vi kigge nærmere på nu.
EU er i disse tider i en identitetskrise. Igennem krisetiderne har der bredt sig en negativ tone overfor EU. Både hos dem, som er kommet fint igennem krisen, men også dem som er krisens store tabere. De er især disse enorme bankpakker, som er blevet besluttet igennem EU-samarbejdet, som har skabt stor postyr. Både hos afsender og modtagerne. Især de mange euro-milliarder, som Grækenland modtog har skabt store optøjer, hvor smukke Athen nærmest blev omdannet til en kampplads, da mange grækere ikke ville underlægge sig EU’s hårde krav for at lånet kunne modtages. Skatteyderne i Tyskland synes bankpakken på mange måder var uretfærdig. Redning af euroen kostede tyskerne rigtig dyrt, og det skabte mange modstandere af EU og euroen, da de sydeuropæiske nederlag igennem krisen gik udover tyskernes store succes.
Hele euro-episoden skaber dermed en stor skepsis i de implicerede lande. Ved at danne en føderal stat skal landende assimileres med centrale lovgivninger og det sidestiller lande, som går godt med lande, som går dårligt.
I de nordlige lande såsom Danmark er EU skepsissen også høj. Det symboliseres blandt andet ved de høje meningsmålinger til det EU skeptiske parti Dansk Folkeparti.. Skeptikeren Morten Messerschmidt, som stiller op til europaparlamentsvalget har også rigtig høje meningsmålinger. Det at afgive suverænitet er heller ikke noget, som hujer danskerne. Det symboliseres blandt andet under lakridspibesagen, hvor danskernes ”de skal ikke komme og bestemme over os” mentalitet kom frem. Og da det den føderale model er bygget op omkring overstatligt samarbejde kan det blive et problem. En føderal model indebærer jo også, at alle skal have fælles møntfod og det kan blive et stort problem at ”tvinge” den til indførelse hos både Danmark, Sverige og England.
Selvom der er rigtig mange fordele ved et føderal, og det papiret lyder meget godt, så er det også tvivl om det i praksis bliver ligesom idealet, for eksempel siger Barroso” fordi vi i disse turbulente og urolige tider ikke bare må overlade forsvaret af nationen til nationalister og populister. At omdanne EU til en føderal stat vil virkelig skille vandende i hvert enkelt land. Mange demonstrationer imod EU har udmøntet sig i voldedige optøjer især i de østeuropæiske lande, hvor Grækenland har haft rigtig mange konflikter imellem anti-EU grupperinger og politifolk.
Med hensyn til politikerne i de centrale EU-positive partier, vil mange af dem nok være enige i, at en føderal stat er en løsning på den krise EU befinder sig i. Men at viderebringe argumenterne til befolkningen bliver meget svært. De store tabloidaviser såsom B.T og Ekstra Bladet har rigtig mange læsere, som værner om de danske værdier, og er meget fjendske. Et eksempel er vores statsminister Helle Thorning Schmidt, som ofte har talt varmt omkring EU,. Hun får sindssyg meget kritik inde på netop Ekstrabladet. Det er derfor i disse tider meget upopulært, at være en tilhænger og fortaler for EU, fordi nogle mener, at vi afgiver vores suverænitet i alt for høj grad.
Nogle dele af Jose Manuel Barrossos argumentering er bestemt heller ikke noget, som får en EU-skeptiker til automatisk at hoppe med på vognen om en føderalstat. Han siger blandt andet følgende” Jeg tror på et Europa, hvor befolkningerne er stolte af deres nationer, men også stolte over at være europæere og stolte over de europæiske værdier” Netop de europæiske værdier er der mange, som har svært ved at nikke genkendende til. Dette syn er helt sikkert forværret igennem krisen. Synet på hinandens lande har udviklet sig negativt. Fordi man netop har oplevet dårlige sider af lande igennem medier. Fra et dansk perspektiv for eksempel, kan det være rigtig svært at finde noget man har tilfældes med et land som Grækenland, som er heftigt plaget af korruption og racisme. Da der er en så enorm stor difference imellem landene. Derfor kan det være enormt svært at give forskellige lande medbestemmelse i de love som skal gælde i en eget land.
Oplægget til din diskussion tager fint afsæt i bilag 4.
Ligeledes bliver diskussionen nuanceret og såvel fordele som ulemper præsenteret.
Jeg savner at begreber som suverænitetsafgivelse, demokratisk under og integrationsteori inddrages i højere grad.
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...Money Donnie Stidham XECO212 November 27, 2010 Sara Sheikh Money As a unit of account, money may serve its most useful purpose. Money can easily be divided into smaller units of measure without losing any value, which allows for a more efficient system of trading. There is no difference in value from a $100 dollar bill and ten $10 dollar bills. The consistency of a dollar as a unit of account in terms of every dollar has the same value regardless of situation; its interchangeable qualities also enhance efficiency and access. The barter system has many faults and inefficiencies that bring about a need for a more effective means of trade. Money seems to serve the purpose as a medium of exchange between people. Money is a credible, reliable, and documentable means of transacting. Specialization within the labor markets add to the need for such a medium of exchange as bartering specific skills or products for other skills or products has many counterproductive attributes. As a store of value, money must have the trust of the people utilizing it as a respectable manner of trade and the value stays consistent. Money must maintain a given value, although some degree of devaluing may occur and be accepted as common [inflation]. Money has lost some of its value in terms of storing for future use because many other methods may serve a better, more efficient means of storing. Storing money in a pillow is less efficient than in an account drawing interest, or purchasing...

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...Money Tumeka Smith Dec.14, 2012 Jason Friedline XECO210 Medium of exchange is an item that buyers give to sellers when they purchase goods and services(The Monetary System). Retailers’ sale their services or products, and money in exchanged for it that’s a medium of exchange. When I need groceries I go shopping. I like to shop for groceries at Food Lion or Wal-Mart. The groceries that I purchased are a medium of exchange. Money was transferred from me “the buyer” to the seller for the good I needed. A monetary transaction was made when I bought the groceries. A unit of account is the yardstick people use to post prices and record debt(The Monetary System). School loan are a good example of unit of accounts. My loan repayment amount wasn’t determined by the quantity of goods and service but, by dollars. This is how financial aid would measure my record of economic value. A store of value is an item that people can use to transfer purchasing power from the present to the future (The Monetary System). An example of a store of value would be stocks. Stock broker are usually given money to make future purchase stocks for the buyer. The stock broker will hold the buyers money for future purchases when they see fit to buy the appropriate stock. The stock broker holds all the power to purchase the stocks for their client. Traders also use store of value. Traders may exchange goods for money or nonmonetary assets, and hold them for future purchasing power. Reference:...

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...qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmrtyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmrtyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmrtyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmrtyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwer...

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