...than decisions under natural phenomenon. (Practical reason vs. Rational reason) Morality First Proposition of Morality: The relationship between duty and inclination: inclination has more personal connection and motivations which make the decisions and actions more introspective, which is why we need a strong will. Decisions can be moral if people do not perform actions under what they are told but truly become introspective about what they have in mind. Second Proposition of Morality: Duty lacks personal responsibility and thus, it cannot be understood as having followed by material principle. Third Proposition of Morality: Similar to the above: duty does not have a full account of respect, therefore does not require personal commitment into thinking under morality Mill: Basic definition and Ideas: Mentions satisfaction level, yet happiness are ultimately due to pride and dignity. Happiness cannot be measured under any quantity terms and each type of happiness is different. Happiness is the absence of pain and pleasure and unhappiness is deprivation of pain and pleasure. He also believes that people should enjoy in order being truly satisfied.. Morality: All the good things under the system of morality, Mill states, should be under personal interest. He says that the system of priority is designed to intent to pleasure the individual alone. Mill > Kant: In order to attain morality, happiness should cooperate with duty and good will Examples: Family revenge ...
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...Relativism and Morality Week 2 Assignment: Relativism and Morality Jody Herrig SOC 120: Introduction to Ethics & Social Responsibility Prof. Linda Atkinson Monday, February 25, 2013 Relativism and Morality Relativism is a concept that forges reality advancing assumptions which declare nothing to be absolutely true or valid. This is so because what has been proven true or valid is always based on personal perceptions which may be influenced by various predisposing factors. Often they may be merely subjective sentiments which are not universal since they only represent the view point of a few, the minority, majority or imposition of a dictator (Baghramian, 2004). When conceptualized within the context of morality it impinges on the framework that truth is applicable only as it pertains to specific guidelines and adaptations. Hence, if morality then becomes as issue in determining truth; it is sieving intentions to decipher purity and whether they are based on justice or outcomes that are beneficial to all. Therefore, this section of my presentation will focus on Lenn Goodman’s (2010) ‘Some Moral Minima:’ A Perspective. Also, a discussion on whether the conceptual framework advanced by this author challenges relativism will be embraced as well as a personal analysis of the themes. Lenn Goodman- ‘Some Moral Minima:’ A Perspective Lenn Goodman (2010) as any social scientist has to justify the morals of society. To say otherwise...
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...of the main reasons. He argues that morality in public offices impacts the actions of the people working in them because employees feel protected by the larger framework they are part of and responsibilities are shared on such a large scale that the sense of personal responsibility fades. Moreover, the people in public office roles have been depersonalized, creating the notion that they are somehow a more objective and neutral person. This however leads the public to believe that personal morals do not affect the professional actions of an individual in public office and as the author points out, this is a big mistake. Exercizing power is a form of individual expression and therefore also guided by personal morality. Demands placed on the individual often cause a divide between the person’s individual and professional morality. The author attempts to determine whether professional morality is derived from personal morality. The author provides two theories for professional morality linked to personal morality; the first states that there is derivability to some extent although it is possible that public morality is a weaker version of the personal version. The other option he presents is that public and personal morality are not linked. An explanation for the second option could be that people in public offices need to make decisions people normally do not need to make, and therefore do not possess the morality framework in their personal lives to apply in their professional...
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...called “cultural relativism”). Ethical Relativism: The view that what is morally right or wrong is dependent upon what one’s culture believes is right or wrong. In short, if your society or culture BELIEVES that some action is morally wrong, then it IS morally wrong for everyone within that society. Businesspeople often claim something similar. They say, for instance, that businesses operate under their own system of morality. What is deemed to be right by some business IS right for that business. This makes morality relative. For instance, if one society says cannibalism is morally wrong, while another says it is morally permissible, then the fact of whether or not cannibalism is morally wrong will just be a relative one—namely, whether or not it is wrong for someone will just depend upon which society they are in. We will now ask the question: Does some action become right or wrong just because one’s society, or employer, SAYS it is right or wrong? Or rather, is it the case that there are some moral standards that apply to ALL businesses and societies, regardless of whether or not those societies believe in those standards? 2. The Argument From Disagreement: Why believe that morality is relative? Relativists often say that widespread moral disagreement proves that their view is true. They say: 1. Different people have different beliefs about morality. 2. Therefore, there are no objective facts about morality. Lots of people disagree about moral issues. There are...
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...Rhetorical Analysis of “The Morality of Birth Control” In the article “The Morality of Birth Control”, Margaret Sanger argued that birth control is a moral solution to unwanted pregnancies and everyone should be informed about it (559). She originally published these claims as a well-known speech. She had hoped to motivate people with positions of power to join her movement promoting birth control. This article was one of the first steps Sanger took to change society’s view about birth control. Although “The Morality of Birth Control” contains a lot of Margaret Sanger’s personal opinions, I agree with her claim and feel as though she made a persuasive argument. At the time that this speech was given, there was a lot of controversy over...
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...which follows from the principle of utility, undermines personal integrity. Do you agree that being held responsible for the consequences of not acting, of failing to prevent something, will (always or sometimes) erode the idea of personal integrity? Is there any way to be a utilitarian and still respect the integrity of individuals? Integrity is the honesty and truthfulness or accuracy of one’s actions. Integrity regards internal consistency as a virtue. One may judge that others “have integrity” to the extent that they act according to the values, beliefs and principles they clam to hold. As Williams explains, the principal of utility undermines personal integrity. Utilitarianism focuses primarily on describing morally correct action, not necessarily virtue and character. Williams criticizes how utilitarianism specifies more than what it is for an action to be morally correct by specifying how an individual should think about moral decision. For example, individuals should think about which of the actions available would maximize general well-being and decide to act accordingly. Williams explains that utilitarianism recognizes no personal commitments, causes, or any other such related activities and any individual who tried to live as an utilitarian would not be able to live with integrity (Williams 1973). A utilitarian might argue that his identity-conferring commitments, which Williams argues would undermine his personal integrity, would have compliance with utilitarian principals...
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...Week 2 Assignment: Relativism and Morality Kendra Jones SOC 120: Introduction to Ethics & Social Responsibility Prof. Donna Falloon Monday, January 16th, 2012 Introduction Relativism is a concept that forges reality advancing assumptions which declare nothing to be absolutely true or valid. This is so because what has been proven true or valid is always based on personal perceptions which may be influenced by various predisposing factors. Often they may be merely subjective sentiments which are not universal since they only represent the view point of a few, the minority, majority or imposition of a dictator (Baghramian, 2004). When conceptualized within the context of morality it impinges on the framework that truth is applicable only as it pertains to specific guidelines and adaptations. Hence, if morality then becomes as issue in determining truth; it is sieving intentions to decipher purity and whether they are based on justice or outcomes that are beneficial to all. Therefore, this section of my presentation will focus on Lenn Goodman’s (2010) ‘Some Moral Minima:’ A Perspective. Also, a discussion on whether the conceptual framework advanced by this author challenges relativism will be embraced as well as a personal analysis of the themes. Lenn Goodman- ‘Some Moral Minima:’ A Perspective Lenn Goodman (2010) as any social scientist has to justify the morals of society. To say otherwise is to be...
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...Buggery (which is defined as anal intercourse between a man and another man, woman or animal), constitutes a criminal offence. Card, Cross and Jones (2012) defines crime as an offence or legal wrong against the public for which the offender is liable to be prosecuted by or in the name of the state, and if found guilty punished. Legal Moralism, The Harm’s Principle as well as Paternalism are generally used to characterize crimes as well as the nature of crimes. With respect to this characterization, it therefore follows as per Lord Devlin that “Society may use criminal law to preserve public morality…” as in this view, the concern or focus of the law is not limited solely to security and order. Hence, as means of effectively defending as well as safe-guarding public morality...
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...Ethics Essay ETH/316 ETHICS AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY Ethics Essay One of your friends uses the terms ethics and morality interchangeably. You do not think this is correct. How would you explain the difference between ethics and morality? Provide an example of morality and one of ethics in your explanation. Ethics are codes of conduct that pertain to a community, family, company or a nation. On the other hand, morality refers to personal sets of beliefs about what is right and wrong. People have their own morals that may or may not be in sync with society’s ethics. Morality and ethics are two words that are closely interrelated. This is why it is common for people to make incorrect usage. It is better to understand the meanings of two words before highlighting their difference. While ethics refers to a code of behavior in reference to a group, whether it is family, community or a nation, morals are more personal in nature. Ethics in a social system refers to a philosophy morality finds application. Ethics is a very broad term and you can have family ethics, company ethics, social ethics or even national ethics. These are socially accepted codes of behavior applicable in immediate surroundings. For example, there are do’s and don’ts in a company that makes up its ethics and when you are inside the premises of a company, you behave accordingly while you are much more relaxed when you are in your family where there might be another set of ethics. Ethics are principal...
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...“transvaluation of values”. By emphasizes this idea, Nietzsche tried to make people look beyond the traditional values and undergo the transformation that was vital in obtaining new and true values. Nietzsche also understood that there were two types of morality that existed in society. The two types of morality that Nietzsche emphasized are called master-morality and slave-morality. Master-morality is when the master is the judge and creator of all values. This is what determines the values and dominates strength. On page 214 in Great Traditions in Ethics by Theodore C. Denise, Nicholas P. White, and Sheldon P. Peterfreund Nietzsche states, “He honors whatever he recognizes in himself: such morality is self-glorification. There is a feeling of plentitude, of power, which seeks to overflow, the happiness of high tension, the consciousness of a wealth which would fain give and bestow.” In other words, Master-morality conveys strength, ability, power and aggressiveness. Those with master morality are strong and have created their own morality and they know that they are their own judges. Nietzsche does not say that it only conveys these four characteristics because there is also a place for compassion. He is also trying to explain that master-morality dominates the characters of humans. The...
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...Ethics Essay ETH/316 ETHICS AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY Ethics Essay One of your friends uses the terms ethics and morality interchangeably. You do not think this is correct. How would you explain the difference between ethics and morality? Provide an example of morality and one of ethics in your explanation. Ethics are codes of conduct that pertain to a community, family, company or a nation. On the other hand, morality refers to personal sets of beliefs about what is right and wrong. People have their own morals that may or may not be in sync with society’s ethics. Morality and ethics are two words that are closely interrelated. This is why it is common for people to make incorrect usage. It is better to understand the meanings of two words before highlighting their difference. While ethics refers to a code of behavior in reference to a group, whether it is family, community or a nation, morals are more personal in nature. Ethics in a social system refers to a philosophy morality finds application. Ethics is a very broad term and you can have family ethics, company ethics, social ethics or even national ethics. These are socially accepted codes of behavior applicable in immediate surroundings. For example, there are do’s and don’ts in a company that makes up its ethics and when you are inside the premises of a company, you behave accordingly while you are much more relaxed when you are in your family where there might be another set of ethics. Ethics are principal...
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...Week 1 DQs 1(A) How does ethical conduct affect your job? Consider both your own conduct and the conduct of others. What specific benefit do you hope to achieve from taking this course? My Answer: Ethical conduct effects my job on a everyday stand point I own and run a computer repair shop, therefore if I was to have unethical conduct I would not have any customers and it would give my business a bad reputation. My business depends on my conduct because it is a small business that my husband and I run together. We put our customers first and listen to their needs. We also honor quality work and try to be understanding and take time to make each of our customers feel like they are special because they are special without them we would not have a business. I am not sure what specific benefits that I hope to receive from this class but I do believe that it will help me learn more about how to be a successful business owner. 1(B) Based upon what you have read so far, how do you think the study of ethics might be different from other courses you have taken? How does that modify your approach to the course? My Answer: I believe that it is going to be different because we are learning about ethics and conduct where with other classes we learned about what to do in a business such as accounting and such. With this class we get the chance to learn how to act and treat others in a business way. I believe that everyone who is a business owner should take this class to learn about...
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...really believe that Nazism is wrong if you're a relativist? And if you don't really believe Nazism is wrong, how will you oppose it?" My experience has been that people who advocate most loudly for ethical relativism are generally not open- minded. Indeed, in my years of existence, relativist people have been positively rabid in rejecting anything that challenges their views. They’re blocking the things or circumstances which seems to hinder their perspectives. I’ve watched some of these on TV – the live court hearings/trials that divulge different issues in our government which eventually invade the personal lives of those who were involved in such political issues. Perhaps we need to approach the issue more pragmatically. On point of view, I...
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...Comprehending these similarities and differences provide one with greater understanding and gratefulness of these concepts. This paper will elaborate on the differences and similarities involving virtue theory, utilitarianism, and deontological ethics. Also addressing how each theory deals with ethics and morality. In addition, I will reflect on my personal experience through which I will expound on the association between virtue, values, and moral concepts as they relate to one specific of the three theories. A description of the differences in how each theory addresses ethics and morality is as followed. Virtue theory is different to the other two normative theories; utilitarianism and deontology (Weineck, 2007). Virtue theory centers more on the person, and their traits, as opposed to just observing an action that was carried out. Virtue ethics can be seen as an ethics of individual improvement. People can acquire virtues over time, and so in theory, mature into a respectable human. Utilitarianism is a theory that suggests that an action is morally right when that action produces more total utility for the group than any other alternative (Boylan, 2009). Utilitarianism is holding to the views that the right actions will produce the good in someone, and it holds the theory of what it takes for the greater good. One of the worst examples happened during the first Gulf War in 1991. United Nations troops were called into action against the Iraqi war machine. They steadily overwhelmed Saddam...
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...differences between personal and business ethics. Finally, I will give real-world examples of common ethical problems past and present in the business world. According to DeGeorge, “Morality consists of rules of human behavior and specifies that certain actions are wrong or immoral and that others are right or moral” (p. 6). Issues of morality are often linked to religion. Moral issues can have serious or immediate effects. Moral issues deal with personal values established by individuals’ upbringing and background. Moral issues are also dependent upon ones social background. Moral views are on a broader level than ethics. According to Shaw and Barry, “Business ethics are mainly concerned with morality in the narrow sense.” Etiquette can have an interaction with morality depending upon the situation. Ethics is refers to a philosophy dealing with values relating to human conduct, with respect to the rightness and wrongness of certain actions and to the goodness a badness of the motives and ends of such actions (Gale, par 1). Ethical issues generally deal with the breaking of laws and rules established by a governing board for an organization. Ethical issues have become more complex because of global business world and different customs worldwide. Personal ethics are based upon an individual’s particular beliefs or judgments. Each person has established a personal belief system. An individual’s belief system also can be referred to as personal principles or core...
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