...………………………………………………………….. 1 Abstract…………………………………………………………………… 2 Introduction……………………………………………………………….. 3 Impacts of HIV on households……………………………………………. 4 Impact of HIV on Firms and Business………………………….. 6 Impact of HIV at Macroeconomic Level………………………… 7 Conclusion……………………………………………………… 10 Reference ……………………………………………………… 11 ABSTRACT This paper provides an overview of how the high HIV/AIDS prevalence rate adversely affects the economic growth of Botswana. HIV/AIDS is a growing problem in Botswana as the country has the second highest HIV/AIDS infection rate in the world. There are different sectors in the economy which can be affected by HIV/AIDS namely; the household, the firm and the macro economy. This paper will look at the various components affecting these sectors and explain what impact they have on Botswana s economy. INTRODUCTION In light of recent studies, that establish a direct correlation between health and development, it brings about the question of how much the epidemic of HIV and AIDS- which has been haunting the nation for decades, has negatively affected the prospects of economic growth in Botswana. There have been various studies that have been conducted which evaluate the different ways in which HIV and AIDS has affected the economy of Botswana. This paper, shall highlight the theories of how HIV and AIDS affects the economy, namely at the household-level, firm-level and finally at the macroeconomic-level, and...
Words: 3133 - Pages: 13
...………………………………………………………….. 1 Abstract…………………………………………………………………… 2 Introduction……………………………………………………………….. 3 Impacts of HIV on households……………………………………………. 4 Impact of HIV on Firms and Business………………………….. 6 Impact of HIV at Macroeconomic Level………………………… 7 Conclusion……………………………………………………… 10 Reference ……………………………………………………… 11 ABSTRACT This paper provides an overview of how the high HIV/AIDS prevalence rate adversely affects the economic growth of Botswana. HIV/AIDS is a growing problem in Botswana as the country has the second highest HIV/AIDS infection rate in the world. There are different sectors in the economy which can be affected by HIV/AIDS namely; the household, the firm and the macro economy. This paper will look at the various components affecting these sectors and explain what impact they have on Botswana s economy. INTRODUCTION In light of recent studies, that establish a direct correlation between health and development, it brings about the question of how much the epidemic of HIV and AIDS- which has been haunting the nation for decades, has negatively affected the prospects of economic growth in Botswana. There have been various studies that have been conducted which evaluate the different ways in which HIV and AIDS has affected the economy of Botswana. This paper, shall highlight the theories of how HIV and AIDS affects the economy, namely at the household-level, firm-level and finally at the macroeconomic-level, and...
Words: 3133 - Pages: 13
...Outline and evaluate the view that families are now more egalitarian. In the past, families were seen as very traditional with the men back having the role of being the breadwinner and women dealing with the traditional domestic chores as well as other roles such as looking after the children. Whereas in today’s society, families are now more equal. Children today are much more dependent on their families. However some may argue that, even in the contemporary UK, families are still traditional and not equal. A study by Young and Willmott claimed that roles carried out by men and women were symmetrical, (and in the third stage) with a sharing of domestic tasks, childcare and decision making. They found that the roles were joint conjugal roles rather than single. This shows how families are now more egalitarian as tasks and chores were being shared out. However, this study can be criticised as Anne Oakely as she found that women spent 77 hours per week on housework. She also said that women take on a double burden as they have to deal with domestic chores as well as other roles such as looking after the children. As well as this, she claimed that men only have to do a few tasks in order to qualify as a ‘household husband’ and roles were segregated and not joint. This shows how families are not egalitarian. Families are now devoting their time and working around their schedule into family life. Rapoport and Rapoport found that working couples negotiated family and work...
Words: 638 - Pages: 3
...researches, survey to undergo the situation of this concept in societies. Some results have come out as positive and some negative. However, to basic knowledge of general people, it’s still believed that it depends on the environment, on the social norms, and on people’s view to this matter. Dual earner system has been welcomed in many countries, willingly or not willingly. In some countries, people’s incomes are mostly below the poverty line, i.e. in third world countries; in those places people have accepted dual earner system as a necessity, leaving the dilemma off. For developed countries, it has been found in the statistics that around 62% of households are now "dual earner". Yet, despite increasing female participation in the labor market, the private lives of many couples are still showing the role pattern of the male breadwinner model. Men are perceived as providers for the family, whilst women are expected to shoulder the lion's share of unpaid work at home. So as to reconcile gainful employment and career ambitions, motherhood and marriage or partnership, homemaking and social life successfully, women are increasingly behaving as 'super women'. Work-family conflict occurs when an individual has to perform multiple roles that require time, energy and commitment. An inter-role conflict occurs as role-pressures from work-family domains become incompatible in some respects. The cumulative...
Words: 1440 - Pages: 6
...OUR COMMITMENTS Our role in the community is of core importance to us as a business and we ensure that our activity meets local community needs with the greatest impact possible by working to a series of commitments: * 1 Assisting needy families and individuals to have access to daily essentials * 2 Contributing to national causes that promote and develop our nation and build bonds within and across our communities * 3 Fostering closer relationships between people and supporting the general well-being of the public * 4 Encouraging suppliers, customers and members of the public to take part in community volunteer programmes * 5 Contributing to the welfare of workers and their families in Singapore * 6 Promoting and supporting employee volunteerism to strengthen community impact and to increase employee morale * 7 Promoting the creation and development of local businesses and suppliers through our buying and investment programmes * 8 Leveraging our operational impact to provide a positive contribution to the local economy * 9 Contributing and promoting the employment and training of people from the local communities in which we operate * 10 Understanding the impact of our operations and integrating community issues into our business where we can OUR PRACTICES Making a difference to the communities we operate and serve in is a large part of our DNA and a role that we relish. There are many projects, partnerships and events...
Words: 1542 - Pages: 7
...help. Three factors that may influence a child to make the journey are, the bad living conditions, the need for money, and a hope for a better life in the US. In Central America living conditions can and usually are very bad. Their houses are usually one to two room buildings with no running water or bathroom. The father would usually be the...
Words: 1061 - Pages: 5
...A. INTRODUCTION 1. Rationale - Family is the basic social unit. Family represents people living together by ties of marriage, blood or adaptation, thus representing a single household. According to sociology, the family has the primary function of reproducing society; biologically, socially, or both. There are various structures of a family based on the relationship shared between the parent and the children. - Life and people are always changing, but the main values and bases of the concept of family should always remain present. To many people, the definition of the word family is a unity among a group of people who care and tend to each other’s needs, while forming an unbreakable bond. Therefore, family values are important and should be cherished and nurtured. - Every country has different family values such as Chinese and American. Therefore, I chose “ Chinese family values and American family values “ as my topic. 2. Aims of the study The study helps students of English as a foreign language have more knowledge about “ Family values in Chinese and American and the difference, similarities between them “. 3. Object and scope of the study - Object of the study: Family values - Scope of the study: Family values in Chinese and American 4. Methods of the study Based on some books, references on the Internet…..about family values in Chinese and American. B. DEVELOPMENT Chapter 1: Chinese family values While China...
Words: 1682 - Pages: 7
...Under the Umbrella of Patriarchy Growing up, we all for the most part get the preconceived notion embedded in our minds that men are the strong dominant breadwinners, and women are the submissive stay at home wives. Although in Africa the women in my opinion are taking on the role of the husband, or male of the household. The women and children walk miles and miles a day for the basic necessity of water. Not only do they have to travel long distances, but they have to carry the water from place to place, causing a heavy burden on the women’s body. My question is why aren’t the men doing it? If men want to play the strong dominant role, they should be the ones fetching water. The reality of it is that the men can haul much more water than the women will ever be able to. In the book, Beyond Borders, it discusses women’s struggle to shape their lives “under the umbrella of patriarchy and paternalistic dominance” (Lerner 254).By the general concept of the superiority of men, and inferiority of women as it has evolved overtime. It reveals how we among different societies have continued this patriarchal and paternalistic movement throughout the course of history ultimately with the power to the male’s advantage. So with reference to articles from the Water and Culture Reader I’d like to discuss the unjust treatment of women in Africa that is still at large. “Women perform all the labor associated with water collection at the expense of education, cultural, and political involvement...
Words: 1233 - Pages: 5
...A large number of minimum wage employees are young adults who do not come from poor households. Nevertheless, providing higher pay to these younger workers may have a negative impact on education and attendance levels (Sabia). Economists Joseph Sabia of San Diego State University and Robert Nielsen of the University of Georgia examined the data from the Census Bureau’s Survey of Income and Program Participation. Sabia and Nielsen's conclusions are consistent with a study conducted by Wu, Per- Joff and Golan (Sabia). Joff’s finding included that higher minimum wages do not improve income inequality and, using particular measures of inequality, harm poor...
Words: 754 - Pages: 4
...Chapter I The Problem and its Background Introduction Before, the first group of people who walked in the grounds of earth have no permanent place to live in, nor a permanent location to settle for good. Hence, they are called nomadic, who have no permanent abode and travel from one place to another to find food and other basic needs. In modern terminologies, if you live like a nomadic person does, you are called itinerant,that now refers to the indigenous groups in a country who live in rural areas. But our brothers and sisters in urban areas tend to be moved from one place to another, yet they are not indigenous. They have the tendency to vacate their place, but not due to the loss of food and basic necessities, but because of the fact that they have to resettled and relocated to a new location. Resettlement is a voluntary or involuntary movement of large number of people from one place (which is usually the original settlement) to another (which is a new settlement), and this movement is not without consequence (Akpanudoedehe, 2010). It is a planned or impulsive transfer of people from their original places to a new settlement site wherein they have to adapt to the new environment. Here in the Philippines, resettlement is a common picture in our environment, and the most dominant kind of resettlement that we can see is involuntary. Involuntary resettlement is largely a consequence of planned change generated by major development projects such as dams for irrigation...
Words: 6605 - Pages: 27
...undermines traditional nuclear families by actively encouraging lone parents. 0 6 Explain what is meant by the ‘dual burden’ (Item 2A). (2 marks) 0 7 Explain the difference between the expressive role and the instrumental role (Item 2A). (4 marks) 0 8 Suggest three ways in which the differences between children and adults are becoming less clear in society today. (6 marks) 0 9 Examine the reasons for, and the effects of, changes in family size over the past 100 years or so. (24 marks) 1 0 Using material from Item 2B and elsewhere, assess sociological views of the impact of government policies and laws on family life. Item 2A Over the past 40 years or so, there has been a decline in the number of first marriages in the United Kingdom. One of the reasons for this decline is the change in the role of women in society. In order to develop their careers, women may be rejecting the notion of marriage altogether and remaining single. Over the same period, there...
Words: 5042 - Pages: 21
...Hispanics and Latinos ETH/125 University of Phoenix March 4, 2012 Mercedes Ruiz Hispanics and Latinos Groups Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans, Cubans, and Central/South American (Dominicans) Linguistic According to this week’s readings in chapter 9, 23% of Mexican Americans only speak English, 26% speak both English and Spanish, and 51% only speak Spanish (Schaefer, R.T., 2006). Puerto Ricans that reside in the United States speak more English than the Mexican Americans. 39% of the Puerto Ricans that live in the United States only speak English, 40% speak both English and Spanish, and 21% only speak Spanish. Puerto Ricans speak a Castillian Spanish, derived from ancient Latin. Chapter 9 of this week’s readings does not list Cubans or Dominican’s percentages because most of them predominantly speak Spanish, and are new immigrants to the United States (Schaefer, R.T., 2006). Political Hispanics and Latinos that reside in the United States tend to favor the democrats, but not too an extreme. Currently, most Hispanics and Latinos do not have the authority to vote because they are not American citizens. It was not until 1975 that Congress even passed a law acknowledging Spanish speaking or multilingual Americans on voting ballots. In 1991, there were 3,754 elected Hispanic officials reported primarily in the five southwestern states. Also in 1991, there were 4,202 elected Latino officials nationwide. The reason for the increase in Mexican American officials...
Words: 1112 - Pages: 5
...the marriage partners, with a view to compatibility of background and status. More a union between two families than two people, and romantic love between the marriage partners is not necessarily present. * Beanpole family: A multi-generation extended family, in a pattern which is long and thin, with few aunts and uncles, reflecting fewer children being born in each generation, but people living longer. * Birth rate: The number of live births per 1,000 of the population per year * Cereal packet family: Sociologists also sometimes talk about ‘the cereal packet family’ - a certain type of nuclear - this refers to the image most people hold of the family. It is also the picture of the family that the media tends to present, especially in adverts. The cereal packet family comprises of Parents and Children. The woman is a housewife and full time mother and the man is the 'breadwinner' i.e. he is the one who has to go to work to earn money. * Classic extended family: A family where several related nuclear families or family members live in the same house, street or area. It may be horizontally extended, where it contains aunts, uncles, cousins, etc., or vertically extended, where it contains more than two generations. See also modified extended family. * Commune: Self-contained and self-supporting communities, where all members of the community share property, childcare, household tasks and living accommodation. * Conjugal role: The roles played by a male...
Words: 1243 - Pages: 5
...attitudes and opinions over a wide range of travel and transport issues that concern Exeter, Devon and the UK. It is funded by the Government’s Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) and is part of a large research project into travel and transport in Devon by the University of Exeter. It is important to the research team that you answer ALL sections relevant to you and your household. This will help us achieve a more accurate account of everyone’s views. We would ask that one adult individual in your household completes the survey, in the main about themselves only. Once completed, a representative of our team will collect it at an agreed time. The research seeks to examine the links between people’s attitudes and their behaviour for a range of travel and lifestyles activities. You can be sure that the responses you give will not be written in vain. The final results of the research will be sent to the City and County Councils for inspection before being used by both central and local government to shape provision of better services for local residents. Prize Draw: We are offering the opportunity to win one of five prizes for participants who complete this survey. Winners will be selected at random in a prize draw once all responses have been received in March 2009. The first two prizes will be a First Class Open return rail ticket from Exeter to London and the remaining three prizes will be a day return standard rail ticket from Exeter to London. If you would like to be entered...
Words: 3890 - Pages: 16
...1177/0950017006064274] SAGE Publications London,Thousand Oaks, New Delhi Convincing the toilers? Dilemmas of long working hours in Australia1 s Brigid van Wanrooy Australian National University s Shaun Wilson How Different Down Under? Work, employment and society Macquarie University ABSTRACT Australians work comparatively long hours and, in recent years, most of the growth in per capita working hours has come from workers already employed full time. Yet, despite the problems long working hours can cause, this trend has not attracted political attention. Increasingly, the Australian working time regime is a weak regulator of working hours and promotes only limited equality between the working hours of men and women. This article uses responses from the Australian Survey of Social Attitudes 2003 to investigate whether workers’ preferences are in accord with regime institutions. We find that people who work long hours are no less inclined than those who work standard hours or part time to see working hours as a choice and they do this despite more often reporting that their work interferes with family life and that employers expect long hours from them. We contend that seeing long working hours as a choice may be the product of the ‘liberal’ working time regime itself. Multivariate analysis of the responses suggest that structural pressures work to strengthen perceptions that there is a problem with long working hours and prompt the belief that...
Words: 8768 - Pages: 36
