...Crystal Farley Abstract 4 October 6, 2016 Adolescent Morphine Exposure Affects Long-Term Microglial Function and Later-Life Relapse Liability in a Model of Addiction Abstract Brain development of the decision making and critical thinking portions of the brain is not complete until adulthood. Since these portions of the brain are under developed in adolescence and early adulthood riskier behavior is seen during these periods of life than are after the brain completes development. An example of a risky behavior seen in adolescence and young adulthood is drug abuse. Drug abuse is thought to affect the development of the microglia cells in the brain, and increase the risk of drug seeking behaviors in adulthood. The use of morphine in adolescence...
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...˚ Pal Klepstad Pain and Palliation Research Group, Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway; Department of Intensive Care, St Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway Stein Kaasa Pain and Palliation Research Group, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway; Department of Palliative Care, St Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway Petter C Borchgrevink Pain and Palliation Research Group, Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway; Center for Pain and Complex Disorders, St. Olav University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway Abstract The European Association for Palliative Care recommendation for starting morphine for cancer pain is dose titration with immediate release (IR) oral morphine given every 4 h with additionally doses for breakthrough pain. As part of a EU 6th framework programme to revise the guidelines we review the evidence regarding starting treatment and dose titration of opioids in adult patients with moderate to severe cancer pain. Relevant papers were identified though a systematic search in Medline for papers published until the end of 2009. We identified 15 relevant papers. Thirteen papers were descriptive papers reporting the results from starting...
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...Morphine Research Paper Pain is the body’s natural reaction to distress or damage to the tissues of the body usually due to illness or injury. There are different levels of severity of pain and several categories of drugs that treat it Morphine is a type of narcotic drug synthesized from opium. It is a drug called an opiate that is used to alleviate pain. Opioids are substances that bind to the kappa, lambda and mu opioid receptors in the brain. Morphine acts mainly on mu receptors to decrease the transmission of painful stimuli through the spinal cord from body to brain, as well as action within the brain itself. Currently, it is legal in Canada with a doctor’s prescription. Common brand names for morphine include Avinza, Kadian, MS Contin, MSIR, Oramorph SR, and Roxanol. Prescription If morphine is to be used in a safe and legal manner, many factors should be taken into account. For example, your doctor should be notified if you have asthma, COPD, sleep apnea, liver or kidney disease, underactive thyroid, curvature of the spine, a history of head injury or brain tumor, epilepsy, low blood pressure, mental illness, amongst other things. It is not recommended to take morphine with other opioids, as this could cause problems if your body is not opioid tolerant. Effects: Other than alleviation of pain, some effects of morphine include impairment of mental and physical performance, relief of fear and anxiety, euphoria, decrease in hunger, and inhibiting the cough reflex....
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...This paper offers a brief explanation of the history of heroin. Describing the origins of heroin, who discovered it and describe the detrimental effects heroin has on an individual. There are several treatment options available for heroin addicts and this paper will look at a few of the ones that have shown the most success. Heroin Addiction and Treatment Introduction: A Brief History of Heroin Heroin comes from the opium poppy. This plant has been used by a number of various civilizations going back to include ancient civilizations. Opium, heroin, and morphine are derived from the poppy. Opium had been used by Drs. in the United States for many years prior to the Civil War. When morphine was discovered Drs. switched to using morphine instead of opium for pain, mainly because the hypodermic needle had been invented and morphine could be injected and pain could be better controlled. Heroin was derived from a chemical process discovered by Felix Hoffman in 1874. Heroin was initially distributed as a pain killer, and cough suppressant by Bayer Company in 1898. Drs. initially thought that heroin could replace morphine because they thought heroin did not possess the addictive qualities of morphine. In fact Drs. used heroin to get their patient’s off morphine. They thought it was a cure for morphine addiction. It did not take long for them to realize that heroin was even more addictive than morphine. Governments...
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...percent, it was a clear deviation from scientific literature of that time. As this field of study’s research has become more robust is extremely clear even with “responsible” usage addiction rates are as high as ten percent. Regardless, Dahl and her peers pushed the safety of opioids like OxyContin even as recently as a few years ago, with Professor Dahl maintaining “opioid and heroin deaths are a small percentage of the population, and the media largely ignore the broader crisis of undertreated pain”. In 2014, there were a reported sixteen thousand deaths attributed to opioid overdose, now opioid overdose involved deaths surpass the number of people who die from breast cancer every year. At this point, it is clearly recognized that opioids have been overprescribed to patients dealing with pain. The important point to make here is the first recommendations towards...
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...categories of anxiety, non-more effective than anti-anxiety medication. With research on less addictive alternatives, constant changes in this medication, and the beginning of prescription regulations, anti-anxiety medication will become the leading FDA approved solution for psychiatrist. With the reputation this medication has in the media, it is extremely important for there to be some type of clarification for patients, and physicians. The most common idea that is attached to anti-anxiety medication, is the overabundance of addiction cases that come from the use of it. With many of these medications being sold as street drugs, it can be difficult to argue on the side of the use of this medication. With the overwhelming, and new evidence that is coming to light lately, it will a nice representation of where this drug is heading. There is new research that is coming out and is available for presentation. This and the many studies that have occurred since 2010 are a great direction to showcase how effective and non-addictive anti-anxiety medication can be....
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...Running head: DRUG PROFILE PAPER Drug Profile Paper Sherita Brown Axia College of UOP Drug Profile Paper In this paper I will examine abused substances and their various effects; I will also explain the psychology and Physiology of drug addiction. Addiction begins as a high, as an illusion of being in control, but it eventually turns on the individual. The results are pathological relationships to a mood altering experience that brings negative, life destructive consequences. People become addicted to drugs due to a combination of factors. For example, genetic factors: some people may inherit a vulnerability to the addictive properties of drugs, meaning that the risk of substance use disorders is higher for individuals who have close relatives with substance abuse disorders (www.drugpolicy.org). The environment is another factor, for example, the home; neighborhood or community where people live has an influence on whether or not an individual develops a substance abuse problem. Additionally, research shows that more than half of people with substance problems also have mental health issues such as anxiety or depression. We can become addicted to anything that alters the consciousness and alters the mood. Psychological characteristics of an addict are more impulsive and more lacking in impulse control, they are inclined to act in accordance with their mood of the moment and tend not to plan for the future. The most common illegal stimulant is cocaine and...
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...Overview of Cocaine Jasmine Wright Research Paper Professor Suh It is a Friday night and your roommates at your dorm invite you to a dorm party. Instead of finishing your homework you decide to join them and put the homework off for tomorrow. You tell yourself that you wont be out so late and that you had a long week so why not. As you arrive to the party, there are girls kissing up on boys as they take shots. You tell yourself that you would not participate because your parents did not grow you up in that kind of manner. As the night passes, your roommates pressure you into taken a shot of tequila. Eventually, one shot turns into two and then three. Until, the shots are not enough. Your roommate turns to and says, “Try this”. She passes you a little “baggy” of a white powder substance. You ask, “What is it?” She replies, “ it’s coke, you’ll love it.” You take the rolled up bill from her hand and you try your first line of coke. At that moment, you fell in love and life was no longer the same. Cocaine became prevalent in 5,000 B.C. of the Inca Empire in Peru. It is derived from cocoa plants were they would chew the leaves and extract the cocoa from it. It effect can be increased by adding calcified lime to raise the alkalinity which improves the effect of cocaine. This would be of assistance to them when they had to travel great distances due it increasing their endurance and strength. Eventually, the demand for cocaine grew high in the field of medicine. A surgeon, Halsted...
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...University Abstract Addiction to opioids is a common problem throughout the world. Maintenance treatments such as Methadone and Suboxone are effective in lessening the desire to consume illicit drugs, but they are not perfect options for drug treatment as each has negative effects, too. In this paper, both the positive and negative effects of the drugs Methadone and Suboxone will be determined and evaluated in order to better ascertain the better treatment. It was concluded that the effectiveness of each treatment can only be determined on a case-by-case basis, as the factors of success are often dependent on the patient receiving the treatment. There are various criticisms for both modes of treatment, but no other means of treating opioid addiction have yet to be found. There are improvements that could be made for both treatments, but regardless of improvements each mode of treatment is risky as there is no miracle cure for opioid addiction. Introduction In 1864, The New York State Inebriate Asylum, the first in the country, opened in Binghamton, NY. It was the first of a growing network of inebriate asylums that treated alcoholism and addiction to drugs such as opium, morphine, cocaine, chloral, ether, and chloroform. Today, when talking about opioid addiction and dependency treatments, two controversial but efficient treatments stand out from the lot: Methadone and Suboxone. Methadone Methadone is a highly regulated maintenance medication classified as a schedule II...
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...Personal Impact Paper Addonica Jackson NUR/427 July 8, 2014 Debra Ayer Personal Impact Paper Crohn's disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease affecting any part of the gastrointestinal tract from the mouth to the anus, although the ileum, colon and perineum are most commonly involved (Hart, A. & Ng, S., 2011). CD is more widespread among adolescents and young adults between the ages of 15 - 35. According to Mayo Clinic Staff, "Researchers believed that a number of factors, such as heredity and a malfunctioning immune system, play a role in the development of Crohn's disease." In CD the patient develops inflammation to the wall of the bowel that causes scarring or the inflammation can penetrate through the wall of the bowel and causes a fistula. Some symptoms of CD are persistent diarrhea, abdominal pain and cramps, rectal bleeding, decrease appetite, weight loss and constipation. In order to protect the patient's privacy I will use the initial AJ. I obtained verbal permission from AJ and her mom to interview her. I chose CD because over the past 6 months I have seen the great financial, personal and social impact CD has on AJ and her family. This paper will also address AJ's learning process and educational experience regarding CD. It will also outline the change motivators AJ used and recommend theories of learning and motivation. AJ, a 21 year old nursing student was experiencing frequent bouts of abdominal pain, loose stool and hyperactive bowel...
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...last decade of the 20th century. Not to mention, that some form of prohibition on drugs is incorporated in every country’s laws. However, the national drug prohibition was created as a subgroup of the alcohol prohibition in the 1920’s. Shortly after, during the 1930’s congress divided drugs and alcohol creating a new federal drug prohibition agency (Miron, 1995). Prohibition can be defined as a set of restrictions that focus on banning the production, distribution, and sale of drugs for anything other than medical use. A drug can be viewed as any substance that is consumed and is able to modify someone’s psychological functions as well as the structure of their organs. The purpose of this paper is to focus on drugs as lethal substances, such as narcotics like heroin. Therefore, the research will present the positive and negative effects these drugs has on society in regards to the people’s health and the whole political perspective of it. Drugs have been viewed to have a negative impact on society. Typically, most people would suggest that drugs should be restricted from using until that individual is at an appropriate age to decide for themselves to use these substances or not. However, there are a variety of reasons as to why the use of drugs should be prohibited. In fact, the user does not know the activity they’re engaging in is extremely harmful to their body and psychological state. Therefore, there tends to be rifts within the family due to the anti-social behavior the...
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...IHR 1 Methadone: The Introduction of Harm Reduction IHR 2 As I began thinking about what topic covers a multitude of citizens and is a significant issue and problem that affects the justice system here in the United States, almost automatically I was drawn to my deep passion for recovery based solutions to drug and alcohol addictions. I have found my experiences in recovery, to repeatedly be surrounded with the pain of those whom have suffered and are still suffering from effects of their addiction(s). Many addictions have grown out of the same medications that when used properly, provided the relief sought to provide pain maintenance and therefore relief of such pain. I firmly believe that without some form of spiritual maintenance, recovery- both physical and mentally- is an endless merry go-round of medical doctors and drug dealers. As a recovering addict/alcoholic myself, my daily walk exposes me to the ever increasing ideology, of not only addicts, but the public at large, to the thought process of finding relief for every day undesirable thought and undesirable actions (according to some), to be the quick fix, which historically has been called the “magic pill” or “magical elixir” cure. In the near future, I plan to be a recovery counselor and placement specialist. I hope to be able to provide some experience based direction, on the path of recovery, to those whom still suffer. I felt the need to understand not only the options being provided for said addictions...
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...touted to do everything from treat depression to improve memory, with the power to cure a host of problems while preventing even more. In particular, exercise leads to the release of certain neurotransmitters in the brain that alleviate pain, both physical and mental. Additionally, it is one of the few ways scientists have found to generate new neurons. Much of the research done in this area has focused on running, but all types of aerobic exercise provide benefits. Although the exact nature of these benefits is still being determined, enough research has been done to provide even skeptics with a motivation to take up exercise. Exercise exerts its effects on the brain through several mechanisms, including neurogenesis, mood enhancement, and endorphin release. This paper not only examines how these mechanisms improve cognitive functioning and elevate mood states, but also proposes potential directions for future research. Furthermore, it provides an explanation for exercise's generally non-habit forming nature, despite effects on the reward centers of the brain that mimic those of highly addictive drugs like morphine. One of the most exciting changes that exercise causes is neurogenesis, or the creation of new neurons. The new neurons are created in the hippocampus, the center of learning and memory in the brain (1), however the exact mechanism behind this neurogenesis is still being explored. At a cellular level, it is possible that the mild stress generated by exercise stimulates...
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...Planning and Design Analysis of a Qualitative Research Study NUR/443 Evidence-Based Nursing Research and Practice Planning and Design Analysis of a Qualitative Research Introduction A qualitative research is a “systematic, subjective approach used to describe life experiences and give them meaning” (Burns & Grove, 2011). With this type of research, the data are collected through interviews, focus groups, observations, and review of documents. Thus, qualitative research uses words instead of numbers. This paper is going to analyze the planning and design of a qualitative research paper titled: Patient’s experience of pain and pain relief following hip replacement surgery, published in the Journal of Clinical Nursing on October, 2010. Research questions Although the research question or questions are not clearly labeled in the study, the research questions were as follows: 1) How do patients describe their experience with pain after hip replacement surgery?, 2) How do patients describe their pain relief following hip replacement surgery?, 3) How does pain affect patients after hip replacement surgery? Problem A research problem is “an area of concern in which there is a gap in the knowledge base needed for nursing practice” (Burns & Grove, 2011). In this research, it was identified that many patients undergo hip replacement every year and previous research has focused largely on the long-term effects of pain for these patients but not so much on their subjective...
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...Classification of Mental Disorders PSY/310 May 1, 2013 Abstract The discussion of this paper will be on Kraepelin’s early development classifying system for mental disorders. The subjects will be the advantages, and the disadvantages of classifying mental disorders into types and maintaining such taxonomy for clinical reference. It will also describe the modern classification system and what current events are happening regarding this system. This paper will give a better understanding of how mental disorders were classified, and maintained from early times to modern day. Classification of Mental Disorders In the early seventeenth century society was faced to deal with individuals whose thought processes, emotions, and behavior were deemed as deviant. With little knowledge of metal illnesses during that century, society’s only thought on why individuals behaved the way they did was because he or she were evil or possessed; thus the only way to deal with it was by torture, locked in cells, or put to death. It was not until many trials and errors with mental illness that in 1883 Emil Kraepelin wrote a textbook that was a classification scheme for illness, which went through nine editions, the last one appeared after his death (Goodwin, 2008, p. 407). Through Kraepelin’s classification system he could identify thirteen categories of mental diseases in 1899 that ranged from mild with promising prognosis, to the more serious disorders. Kraepelin’s Early Development...
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