...The disputed structure was constructed as mosque by or under orders of Babar. 2. It is not proved by direct evidence that premises in dispute including constructed portion belonged to Babar or the person who constructed the mosque or under whose orders it was constructed. 3. No temple was demolished for constructing the mosque. 4. Mosque was constructed over the ruins of temples which were lying in utter ruins since a very long time before the construction of mosque and some material thereof was used in construction of the mosque. 5. That for a very long time till the construction of the mosque it was treated/believed by Hindus that some where in a very large area of which premises in dispute is a very small part birth place of Lord Ram was situated, however, the belief did not relate to any specified small area within that bigger area specifically the premises in dispute. 6. That after some time of construction of the mosque Hindus started identifying the premises in dispute as exact birth place of Lord Ram or a place wherein exact birth place was situated. 7. That much before 1855 Ram Chabutra and Seeta Rasoi had come into existence and Hindus were worshipping in the same. It was very very unique and absolutely unprecedented situation that in side the boundary wall and compound of the mosque Hindu religious places were there which were actually being worshipped along with offerings of Namaz by Muslims in the mosque. 8. That in view of the above gist...
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...influenced Islamic art? a. Byzantine b. Archaic Greek c. Early Christian d. both the Byzantine and Early Christian Answer: d 4. The Christian recovery of Moorish strongholds was called the a. Reformation. b. Rebellion. c. Revolution. d. Reconquest. e. Renaissance. Answer: d 5. Which is true? a. Muhammad was born in Mecca in 622. b. Muhammad claimed to be the son of Allah. c. The Hijra marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar. d. Muslims are required to pray six times a day. Answer: c 6. The hadj refers to a. the Islamic calendar. b. a pilgrimage. c. a leader. d. a mosque. Answer: b 7. Jihad is a a. religious sentence. b. priest. c. holy book. d. holy war against sin, in oneself and in the world. Answer: d 8. Muslims must pray a. in a mosque. b. facing west. c. facing Mecca. d. facing a qibla. Answer: c 9. Which is NOT a tenet of Islam? a. daily prayer b. fasting during Ramadan c. the only God is Allah d. Muhammad is the son of God e. almsgiving Answer: d 10. Which is NOT true of the Dome of the Rock? a. It is centrally planned. b. It is the site of Muhammad’s ascent to heaven. c. It is the site of the Sacrifice of Isaac. d. It is the site of Solomon’s...
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...there are plans to expand to a larger mosque. I decided on this location because I was already around the area. According to their website they offer five daily prayers, Jummah prayers, and monthly community events. There are monthly events that anyone can attend including homeless feedings. When I first walked in, I didn’t know what to expect. The building is really new and was not completed yet. I removed my shoes like everyone else and a man at the front greeted me right away because he could tell I was a visitor and he described the prayer and activities that would happen that Friday. Robes and scarves are available for people that aren’t already dressed accordingly. I was told that my arms were required to be covered because I was wearing only a t-shirt. The man offered a robe to me, but I decided to retrieve a sweater from my car. When the prayer started around 1:30, I stayed in the back of the room and observed what was happening. There were Qur’ans placed everywhere and pillows on the ground. People paid little attention to me. People were chanting words I couldn’t understand. I noticed that everyone in the room was very spiritually uplifted. After the prayer I stayed for a few more minutes and observed the location and the people. A friendly man came up to me and asked if I was new, and I told him that I was just a visitor. Once I finished, I stepped out with my left foot and exited. Overall, my experience visiting a mosque was positive. The people were warm and...
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...Effect of Changes Toward the Worker of DKM Masjid Raya Bandung Regarding the Increased Crowd of Alun-alun Bandung Abi Dzarr Alghifari Wijanarko 19012194 School of Business and Management Institut Teknologi Bandung 2015 Abstract The development of alun-alun Bandung or the city square has attract many crowds to visit the new recreational public space. However the crowd affect the religious activity on the Masjid Raya Bandung the mosque that located exactly beside the square. The worker of DKM Masjid Raya Bandung, an organization responsible for the operational activity of the mosque, might be affected because the visitor af alun-alun started to use the mosque as other activity than prayer. Using anthropological approach, this research use interviews on the worker and participant observation to know the effect of the change happened towards the worker of the mosque. The findings show that altough there are some problems affect the routine of the worker, the worker feels a lot of more positive effect with the mosque is now having more prayer and having richer religious activity. The discourse of the worker also show that the values, beliefs, and knowledge of the worker shape their perception towards the change. Keywords: Change, Organization, Islam, Religious, Values, Discourse 1 Table of Contents Introduction ...........................................................................................................................................
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...most important architectural monuments in the world. Even though two of the most historical mosques, Hagia Sophia and the Dome of the Rock, are built for different religions, but due to a sharing purpose, which being praying to God, the difference can barely be noticed. By sharing a purpose, both structures act as a shrine for different religions to reach God. Hagia Sophia is one of the greatest surviving examples of Byzantine architecture. It was originally built in 360 AD and for more than a thousand years was a Christian church. The church was rebuilt in 532–537 during Emperor Justinian’s rule by architects Anthemius of Tralles and Isidorus of Miletus. Its interior was decorated with mosaics, marble columns and fresco paintings on the wall. The dome of Hagia Sophia is what fascinates architects, engineers and art historians the most. This particular design, pendentive—the triangular form providing the architectural transition between the circular and square shapes 1 . Just below the dome, 40 windows were placed letting light in and shine on the mosaics. The pendentives and the windows created an illusion of the dome floating above the wall. In 1453, Constantinople was conquered by the Ottoman Turks. Shortly after, Sultan Mehmet II ordered the church to be converted into a mosque. In the years to follow, the interior and the exterior of the mosque began to change. Due to the Islamic customs, all the mosaic figures and paintings on the...
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...Persian Ornamentation in Contrast to Ottoman Engineering Although Persian masjids predate the Sinan mosques of the Ottoman Empire by nearly half a millennia, the two styles both incorporate the similar elements of the mosque: a courtyard leading to the prayer hall, a qibla wall against which the mihrab and minbar lay, the incorporation of a dome or several domes, and sacred Islamic geometry that dictates decoration of the mosque. Aside from these basic elements, the mosques of Persia differ greatly in overall shape and ornamentation from those of the Ottoman period, however neither style could be called less sophisticated than the other. Both techniques can be appreciated equally in terms of the architectural genius and amount of meticulous care that went into...
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...(Wazir Khan Mosque) 1. Introduction A distinctive example of Islamic architecture can be seen in Wazir Khan Mosque. It is the most exquisite mosque in the Mughal era. This building is famous because of its magnificent designs and decorations. Also, its great history played a role in placing it as one of the most beautiful and honorable Islamic buildings in the world. 2. Background 3.1 Location Wazir Khan Mosque is located in Lahore district in Punjab province in Pakistan beside Delhi Gate from the east and Lahore Fort from the west (Wazir Khan Mosque, 2011). Actually, it is accessed after passing a bustling bazaar in Rang Mahal Road, then an imoposing mosque appears beyond it. (Omar, 2008). 3.2 Type of Building Wazir Khan Mosque or Masjid Wazir Khan is an Islamic mosque that was built for praying purposes as other mosques. 3.3 Purpose of Building The mosque was built for commercial and religious purposes (Wazir Khan Mosque). It is used as a place for Islamic worship such as praying, and for gaining profits from the bath house which is called (shahi Hammam) and from the markets around the mosque. The income was employed in maintenance projects for the mosque to ensure that it will still forever (Wazir Khan Mosque, 2011). Indeed, the mosque was built on the existing grave of Sayed Muhammad Ishaq who was known as Miran Badshah. Also, it was used as a place of studying especially with the rooms inside the sanctuary (Wazir Khan Mosque). ...
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...Calendar. In Malaysia, the moon will be observed by the officer on duty in the afternoon to evening prayer in several strategic places. Nature and interpretation of Zakat Hari Raya Puasa is the end of the period to pay zakat is the nature of those who still live up to that time. Nature of Zakat is not payable for those who have died. Normally, Muslims will start to pay zakat nature since Ramadan began and the nature of this charity will cease to be collected when the Aidilfitri prayers started. Therefore, normally Aidilfitri prayers slightly delayed compared Aidiladha prayers. Somehow missed some prayers Aidilfitri is to provide opportunities to those who have to pay zakat to discharge their duties and encouraged to eat before going to the mosque. It is different, Aidiladha prayers encouraged early time to give more time to slaughter the sacrifice. When the date of Hari Raya was determined that they are glorified and tahmid praise the greatness of God. Period for the Hari Raya Takbir is between sunset (the last day of Ramadan) until the Hari Raya prayers began on the morning of 1st Syawal in AH. The feast is celebrated in the morning until...
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...Summary Jama Masjid Allah Wali is an old multistory mosque situated in the busy area of Bohrapir. This mosque was constructed before the partition of sub-continent, in 1897 A.D. Its renovation began on 24th May 1968, when its foundation was laid by the then president of Jamiat-e-Ulama-e-Pakistan, Alhaj Maulana Shah Abdul Hamid Qadri Badayuni. Its minor renovations was recently carried out in 2009. Allah Wali Masjid misses some major features and facilities which are found in a common mosque. The connections between spaces are not defined. Transition between spaces can become difficult. Its entrance gate doesn’t suffice for a small crowd to pass adequately. The ablution area of Allah Wali Masjid is situated outside the boundaries of the mosque, and has been designed poorly, with no considerations of users’ access and transition from the ablution space. Access to the upper levels of the mosque is not easy. There are issues with the steps, and the width of stairs. There are no facilities for the handicapped personnel, no ramp or special considerations for handicapped are available. The bathrooms are located right next to the mosque and are poorly oriented. There is no provision for Janaza, and namaz e janaza is offered on the road adjacent to the mosque. Introduction Mosque is a space where a connection between God and His creation is established. His creation visits this space five times a day, worshipping and offering prayers. Such a space, where a spiritual link...
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...are called as Hindu. Muslims do their worships in a building called as Mosque and another name of Mosque is Masjid came from original Arabic. Hindus do their worships in a building called as Temple and another name came from original Sanskrit is Mandir. Introduction to Place of Worship The Mosque is the house of God, which is spiritual center of worship for Muslim community and considered as the principal point for the activities of Islam. Mosque merits to be treated with due respect and reverence. There is a place outside every mosque or just inside the entrance, where people have to remove and leave their shoes. The worship place of Hindus is known as Mandir or Temple, which is devoted to particular god or goddess (idol). The Hindus considered Mandir as home of god on earth. The inner shrine, which is called as Garbhargriha, where statue of god or goddess situated considered as the most holy part in the whole Mandir. Comparison between Mosque and Mandir The main hall of Mosque is a plain room largely empty of furniture. There no any kind of statue or picture in the Mosque because Muslims believe that these are irreligious, and there is no image of God, Who is Wholly Spirit called Noor. Muslims believe that everywhere in the Mosque, every person has equal status at all, no one is superior to other or no one is inferior to other at least inside the area of Mosque. Every person sits on the floor in Mosque. There is a place in one of the walls inside the main hall, which Muslims...
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...that I did not understand, but I kept on observing my surrounding making my way to the silver coloured busses heeded for the central city. I thought to myself, here I come! With a joyful smile on my face. I finally reached the treasured city of Turkey, Istanbul. I could feel the warm wind welcoming me as I walked down the crowded road full of colours and liveliness of people. I could hear the music being played everywhere, the sun was shining brightly in the light blue sky above me. I could see the humongous mountains in the background looking down at the city from afar. There was no words to describe the scenery. The pattered blue and gold mosques towered high above me and made me feel very insignificant. The sound of the prayers from the mosque echoed through the city cleansing it with peace and warmth. I made my way closer to the mosque. It...
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...A night at the University by, Noor Ashiqin bt Jusoff Albar Qurratu’aini bt Noorzam Khoo Chui Choo Effarizan Hassan Prologue: The sudden sounds of breaking twigs on the ground made the three friends shiver in fear. It has never crossed their minds that they would end up getting stuck alone in their University at that time of hour. Ironically, they used to stay in the abandoned hostel not far away from where they are and be roaming the grounds as though they lived the land for generations long. “Of all days” Muffy puffed “your car just HAD to break down today.” The loudest of the group complained. The chatterbox felt a jolt to her heart when she saw a moving figure walking straight down their direction. A human like figure, darkened by the night, walked slowly and swayed step by step closer to them. “Muffy…,” Ezan trembled in the small voice, tugging Muffy’s shirt signalling her to be cautious. “Guys, maybe we should turn back,” Que said alarmingly at the sight of the silhouette. The three friends stopped in their steps, allowing the cold damp night air to sweep across their cheeks. Their hearts pounded like the stomping of horse hooves during a race. Their fingers cold as ice and faces white as sheet making neither of them bolder than the other. “ARE YOU ALSO LOST?!” Muffy exclaimed. Que and Ezan jumped at the sound of her shout. “Muffy! Are you insane?” Que said alarmed. “You can’t just say anything to it!” Ezan said terrified. “You will...
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...Protestant Church: Government Street Presbyterian Church I attended the Government Street Presbyterian Church on October 14, 2012 at 11:00am. I went to the service with Renee Cherry. I was a bit nervous as we had initially gotten lost trying to find the church. Also, finding parking in downtown Mobile was extremely difficult. Standing outside of the chuch, I was nervous because we were five minutes late, and I wasn’t sure how they would respond to our tardiness. Walking into the church, I felt very uncomfortable as I felt extremely underdressed. We sat down at the back of the church. The service was very interesting. At first, it was a little bit difficult to follow along, but it became easier as the service went along. The service itself was similar to that of the Catholic church which I somewhat didn’t expect. The service had two readings and a sermon similar to that of the Catholic service. Personally, for me, it was a bit difficult understanding the sermon as the Pastor spoke extremely fast. What I found interesting was that women freely participated in the church. There was a female pastor that led some of the prayers. I met the pastor after the sermon. He was very nice and welcoming. All in all, I enjoyed the service, as I’ve never been to a Presbyterian church before. Catholic Church: St. Joseph’s Chapel I attended St. Joseph’s Chapel on September 30th 2012 at 11:00am. I went to the service with my roommate, Rebecca Perera. I was extremely comfortable attending...
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...Mosques in America reportedly have been around since before it was officially America. All mosques must have a cutout or niche in the wall that faces Mecca, the direction prayer should be directed. Mosques, like most places of worship, also are a place for the parishioners to gather and assemble for community events. Those that follow Islam are called Muslims, and a mosque is a place where Muslims gather to worship. The goals of a Muslim are to give in to God’s will and lead a life that will allow acceptance into heaven for eternity. The entire meaning of Islam is to surrender to God. As a Muslim searches for meaning in life he should follow the Qur’an and the prophets’ teachings within the faith. The prophets were sent to guide Muslims and ensure they understand what is asked of them by God and how to obtain the divine existence in heaven. Servitude of God is what Muslims believe separates them from others and what will help them follow their faith properly. Islamic beliefs about the Qur'an follow the idea that God’s word is directly translated and interpreted into the Qur’an. There is no difference between what was said to Muhammad and what is in the Qur’an. Muslims believe in an afterlife that will follow with a bodily resurrection. Based on their actions and beliefs in life it will determine if they are a part of this resurrections. The life of a Muslim is spent leading up to the afterlife and ensuring they have done all they can to be a part of heaven. Life...
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...For Office Use only Transaction ID: 2312308/MBBS ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY Session: 2013-14 Application Form for Admission to M.B.B.S./B.D.S. FACULTY OF MEDICINE Affix (don't staple) Self Attested Photograph of size 2.5 x 3cm Bank: STATE BANK OF INDIA, DD/CR No.: 796772, Date: 2013-03-19, Amount: 500 Nationality: INDIAN Order of Preference of Branches: __________________________________________________________________________________________________ 1. MBBS 2. BDSB 3. -- 4. -- 5. -- 6. -- 7. -- 8. -- 9. -Preference for Test Centres: __________________________________________________________________________________________________ 1. ALIGARH 2. LUCKNOW Personal Details: __________________________________________________________________________________________________ Name: MOHSIN BEIG Date of Birth: 02-03-1996 Gender: MALE Religion: ISLAM Father's Name: KHALID BEIG Mother's Name: SHAHEEN BEIG Parent's/Guardian's Monthly Income: 20000 Rural/Urban: URBAN Details of Qualifying Examination: Status & Special Categories: __________________________________________________________________________________________________ Examination: INTERMEDIATE Roll No.: Year of Passing/Appearing: 2013 Board/Univ.: 521 Marks Obt./Max. Marks: / Remarks (if any): RA Status: EXTERNAL Enrolment No.: Hall: Special Categories: 1. -- 2. -- 3. -- Course(s) Studied/Studying other than Qualifying Examination (Starting from the latest): ______________________________________________...
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