...Chapter I Background of the Study Introduction Cases of Dengue caused by insects especially mosquitoes are increasing year by year. Dengue is a disease caused by any 1 of 4 related dengue viruses. The viruses are transmitted to humans by the bite of an infected mosquito. There are 2 types of dengue, with dengue hemorrhagic fever being the more severe, and sometimes fatal, though much less common form of the infection. Dengue is endemic in at least 100 countries such as Asia, the Pacific. Dengue cannot be spread directly from person to person, so you can’t catch it from shaking hands, a sneeze, a doorknob or a toilet seat. Dengue is spread from person to person by the bite of an infected mosquito. The mosquito becomes infected with dengue virus when it bites a person who already has the dengue virus in their blood, typically in the time frame just before the infected person starts to have symptoms of the disease. About one week after biting an infected person, the mosquito can transmit the virus while biting a healthy person. A single infected mosquito can infect multiple people, who in turn can infect multiple mosquitoes — and the cycle continues. A bite from a female carrier mosquito can cause you fever, often as high as 104 - 105 degrees Fahrenheit, fatigue, headache, and swollen nymph nodes and might lead to death if it was not treated immediately. A total of 54,659 dengue cases were reported nationwide from January 1 to August 14, 2010, much higher than the recorded...
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...Toxicity tests of different plant crude extract on Mosquito Larvae by Martinez, Jose Djairus Mari C. Oclarit, Jaymee Navora, Jane Andrea Baquiran, Sushmica Cruz, Krystian Wilson Lee A special problem submitted to Ma’am Teodora Ballancod University of the Philippines Baguio in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Botany 109: Plant Taxonomy Department of Biology October 2011 Contents Abstract………………………………………………………………………… 3 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Background of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Statement of Problem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Statement of Hypothesis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Significance of the Study. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Scopes and Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Review of Related Literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Research Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Results. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....
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...Chapter I: The Introduction A. Introduction Dengue is a mosquito-borne infection that has become a major international public health concern. Dengue is found in tropical and sub-tropical regions around the world, predominantly in urban and semi-urban areas. Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF), a potentially lethal complication, was first recognized in the 1950’s during dengue epidemics in the Philippines and Thailand. DHF affects most Asian countries and has become a leading cause of hospitalization and death among children. There are four distinct, but closely related, viruses that cause dengue. Recovery from infection by one provides lifelong immunity against that virus but confers only partial and transient protection against subsequent infection by the other three viruses. Sequential infection increases the risk of developing DHF.1 1 “Dengue and Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever,” World Health Organization, March 2009, 15 Oct. 2011 <http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs117/en>. 2 There is no specific medicine or antibiotic to treat DHF. For typical dengue, the immediate concern is the relief of symptoms. Adequate fluid intake for proper body hydration and rest is important. All else will depend on the person’s immune system. However, since the Philippines is abundant with herbal medicines, the Tawa Tawa is being touted as an alternative cure to DHF. The Tawa Tawa is described as having numerous flowers which measures about 5 to 8 centimeters each with...
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...html"OvicideHYPERLINK "http://sip-mnhs.blogspot.com/2011/10/makahiya-mimosa-pudica-root-extract-as.html" against Dengue Mosquito (HYPERLINK "http://sip-mnhs.blogspot.com/2011/10/makahiya-mimosa-pudica-root-extract-as.html"AedesHYPERLINK "http://sip-mnhs.blogspot.com/2011/10/makahiya-mimosa-pudica-root-extract-as.html" HYPERLINK "http://sip-mnhs.blogspot.com/2011/10/makahiya-mimosa-pudica-root-extract-as.html"aegyptiHYPERLINK "http://sip-mnhs.blogspot.com/2011/10/makahiya-mimosa-pudica-root-extract-as.html") Eggs ------------------------------------------------- Submitted to: Myrna H. Conol SSR-III Caraga Regional Science High School San Juan, Surigao City ------------------------------------------------- In partial fullfilment of the requirements of Advanced Statistics Research ------------------------------------------------- Mary Ladyniel O. Apalisok III-Newton Introdution The incidence of dengue has grown dramatically around the world in recent decades. Over 2.5 billion people – over 40% of the world's population – are now at risk from dengue. Recently the number of reported cases has continued to increase. Dengue is caused by any one of four related viruses transmitted by mosquitoes. There are not yet any vaccines to prevent infection with dengue virus and the most effective protective measures are those that avoid mosquito...
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...period (time from infection to illness) can be 2-12 days, but is usually 3-7 days. "Silent" CHIKV infections (infections without illness) do occur; but how commonly this happens is not yet known. Acute chikungunya fever typically lasts a few days to a couple of weeks, but some patients have prolonged fatigue lasting several weeks. Additionally, some patients have reported incapacitating joint pain, or arthritis which may last for weeks or months. No deaths, neuro-invasive cases, or hemorrhagic cases related to CHIKV infection have been conclusively documented in the scientific literature. CHIKV infection (whether clinical or silent) is thought to confer life-long immunity. Spread of Chikungunya CHIKV is spread by the bite of an infected mosquito. Mosquitoes become infected when they feed on a person infected with CHIKV. Monkeys, and possibly other wild animals, may also serve as reservoirs of the virus. Infected mosquitoes can then spread the virus to other humans when they bite. Aedes aegypti (the yellow fever...
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...TOLEDO CITY SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL IPIL-IPIL (Leucaena leucocephala) LEAVES AS AN ALTERNATIVE MOSQUITO LARVICIDE An Investigatory Project Presented to the FACULTY MEMBERS Of TOLEDO CITY SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL Ilihan Heights, Toledo City In Partial Fulfillment of the Coarse Requirements in Reseach II by: Rhenzon Alpas Eduardo Habon Llahona Fajardo Researchers TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgement…………………………………………………..v Abstract…………………………………………………………….vi-vii I. Introduction a. Background of the Study …………………………….2 b. Statement of the Problem…………………………….2 c. Significance of the Study…………………………….3 d. Scope and Limitation…………………………………3 e. Review of Related Literature…………………………3-5 II. Materials and Methodology a. Materials……………………………………………...6 b. Procedure……………………………………………..6 III. Results and Discussion……………………………………7-8 IV. Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation a. Summary……………………………………………...9 b. Conclusion…………………………………………….9 c. Recommendation……………………………………..10 V. Bibliography……………………………………………….11 Vi. Appendix……………………………………………………..12 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This research paper is made possible through the continuous tributes, support and advice that people generally gave the researchers. First and foremost, they would like to thank God above all for his guidance to help the researchers. Thanks for the protection you gave for them to be able to conduct their experiment, and for them to think well in...
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...OBJECTIVE 9.6 Transmission and control of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome and Gonorrhea. Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is caused by Human . Virus (HIV) which can only survive in body fluids. AIDS is said to have originated in Central Africa. It is transmitted by blood or semen during any activity which results in blood or semen of an infected person mixing with the body fluids of another person. Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome can be controlled by: 1) Ensuring not to have any sexual relationships with an infected person. 2) Keep to one sexual partner. 3) Use condom during sex 4) Education about the disease. Gonorrhea is a contagious disease transmitted through sexual contact with an infected person. Gonorrhea may also be spread by contact with infected bodily fluids. For example, a mother could pass on the infection to her newborn during childbirth. Both men and women can get gonorrhea. The infection is easily spread and occurs most often in people who have many sex partners. Gonorrhea can be controlled by: 1) Keeping to one sexual partner 2) Treatment by using antibiotics e.g. penicillin. 3) Abstain from engaging in any form of sexual activity until your doctor has told you that the gonorrhea infection has cleared up. 4) Remain in close communication with your doctor throughout the treatment process. Implications of Sexually Transmitted Infections People with AIDS may be scorned and alienated from society. The family...
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...Microbiology Biology 299 9/18/2015 West Nile Virus The height of the summer months brings high temperatures in late afternoons. We are all smacking, swatting and spraying - knowing it’s that time of year for mosquitoes. Mosquito bites are a nuisance. Many people fear contracting the West Nile Virus. A virus is described as “a genetic element that contains either RNA or DNA and that replicate only in host cells; has an extracellular form.” (Brock Biology of Microorganism’s) A virus is also an ultramicroscopic infectious agent which replicates itself only within cells of living hosts. (Webster Dictionary) Along with being classified as a virus West Nile shows that it only infects certain and specific cells [Secondary Source]. Since Dmitri Ivanovsky's 1892 article describes a non-bacterial pathogen infecting tobacco plants, and the discovery of the tobacco mosaic virus by Martinus Beijerinck in 1898, about 5,000 viruses have been described in detail. [Secondary Source] Although there are millions of different types, viruses also undergo cycles in order to reproduce and harm and/or help organisms. There are two types of viral cycles known to men, the lytic cycle and the lysogenic cycle. In the lytic cycle the virus attaches itself to the host cell and nucleic acid is inserted into the cell. Next it makes copies of DNA and capsid and more viruses are assembled. Finally the viruses are released by bursting the cell and destroying it. The lysogenic cycle is slightly different...
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...The West Nile is a virus that is often spread to people through the bite of a mosquito. The virus causes illness that ranges from mild to severe flu-like illness. The West Nile virus occur throughout the summer and fall seasons in North America. There have been reports of the virus in all states in the United States and there are no vaccines or medications available to treat the virus. Though The primary hosts of West Nile Virus are birds, so that the virus remains within a "bird-mosquito-bird" transmission cycle, it is primarily transmitted by mosquitoes mostly species of the genus Culex. Humans are infected with the West Nile Virus when bitten by an infected mosquito. According to the CDC, 47 states have reported the West Nile Virus as...
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...Running head: SCI/275 Risk Assessment of Malathion Environmental Science Robert James Erica Richey February 2, 2011 Risk Assessment of Malathion Malathion is an element that has a trademark in it that is used for the organic compound, C10H19O6PS2, which is also used as an insecticide (Answers.com, 2010). The definition of the word Malathion is an organophosphate parasympathomimetic which binds irreversibly to cholinesterase. Malathion is an insecticide of relatively low human toxicity. Also Malathion is widely used in agriculture, residential landscaping, public recreation areas, and in public health pest control programs such as mosquito eradication (Wikipedia, 2010). However, after reading the risk assessment of Malathion and doing farther research into the matter of using Malathion as an insecticide for the city of Genericville. After much thought I have decided that my vote for the city council is to be against the use of Malathion as an insecticide for the city of Genericville. There are many reasons why I’ am against using Malathion as an insecticide such as hazard identification, dose response, exposure, and risk characterization. When it comes to using Malathion as an insecticide there are many benefits to using Malathion, however, there are also many problems with using Malathion as an insecticide such as hazard identification. The reason why I believe the people of Genericville should be aware of the hazard identification of Malathion is because this is...
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...attributed to the constantly changing climate brought by global warming as well as congestion in urban areas," health secretary Francisco Duque said. CEBU City Health Officer Estella Ygoña said dengue cases in the city have significantly decreased. The City Epidemiology Surveillance and Statistics Unit (Cessu) has only recorded 1,623 cases from January to November 2011 compared to 2,871 cases in the same period last 2010, or 43.46 percent lower. Dengue fever also known as breakbone fever, is an infectious tropical disease caused by the dengue virus. Dengue viruses are mosquitos-borne viruses which exist in nature as four separate serotypes. Dengue fever is a disease caused by a family of viruses that are transmitted by mosquitoes. The most efficient vector is the female Aedes aegypti. This mosquito is domestic, day-biting, with low and limited flying movements. Dengue virus is transmitted to man through mosquito bites and is therefore ranked among the arbovirus (arthropodborne virus) diseases. Treatment of dengue virus infections is essentially symptomatic and supportive. There are no specific anti-viral tablets or injections that can kill the virus. However a lot of supportive care and treatment can go a long way to save a patient suffering from dengue fever. Fever is treated by anti-pyretics, like paracetamol. Euphorbia hirta, also called asthma weed, and known as tawa-tawa in the Philippines, is a plant of the genus Euphorbia Tawa-Tawa (Euphorbia hirta Linn) is a slender-stemmed...
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...Statistics and self-reporting Swine flu incidences have decreased. There are now isolated cases, compared to the fall of 2009. Vaccine, hand washing, and isolation masks Local website: http://www.watertownsd.us/ Information on the entire city with a link for west nile virus information Statistics and self- reporting The increase of cases has been noted in 2012 compared to years past. Insect controle and bug spray Local website: http://gowatertown.net/Dallas-Launches-Aerial-Attack-to-Fight-West-Nile-V/14010861 Information on how the city is reducing the mosquito population Statistics and self- reporting The increase of cases has been noted. Spraying for bugs in and around bodies of water State website: http://www.sdstate.edu/sdces/issues/wnv.cfm The cause of the virus and information on mosquitos. Case reporting The increase of cases has been noticed and reported. Spraying for bugs and staying indoors during peak mosquito times. State website: http://doh.sd.gov/westnile/ Informaion on symptoms, number of cases to date, wayt to prevent west nile virus Case reporting, surveillance and statistics There is a note of increased risk and cases Staying in indoors, using bug spray, and reducing standing water....
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...What is dengue fever? Dengue fever is flu-like illness spread by bite of an infected mosquito. What is dengue hemorrhagic fever? Dengue hemorrhagic fever is a severe, often fatal, complication of dengue fever. How is dengue spread? Dengue is spread by bite of an Aedes mosquito. The mosquitoes that transmit dengue live among humans and breed in discarded tires, flower pots, old oil drums, and water storage containers close to human dwellings. Unlike the mosquitoes that cause malaria, dengue mosquitoes bite during the day. Signs and symptoms Dengue fever usually starts suddenly with: * High fever. * Rash. * Severe headache. * Pain behind the eyes. * Muscle and joint pain; the severity pf the joint pain has given dengue the name "break bone fever" * Nausea, vomiting. * Loss of appetite is common. * A rash usually appears 3 to 4 days after the start of the fever. Who is at risk for dengue? Anyone who is bitten by an infected mosquito can get dengue fever. Risk factors for dengue hemorrhagic fever include a person's age and immune status, as well as the type on infecting virus. Persons who were previously infected with one or more types of dengue virus are thought to be at greater risk for developing dengue hemorrhagic fever if infected again. Treatment There is no specific treatment for dengue. Persons with dengue fever should rest and drink plenty of fluids. They should be kept away from mosquitoes for the protection of others. Dengue hemorrhagic fever is treated...
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...debut, it was first believed to have been the St. Louis encephalitis. Experts at the Federal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) have confirmed the virus to be West Nile. Nearly twice as many people in the New York region have been stricken by the mosquito borne illness as earlier recognized (Fish, 1999). The outbreak of the West Nile had New Yorkers shocked that a mosquito bite could be so deadly. During the time of the outbreak, there were 37 confirmed cases of the West Nile virus in New Yorkers. Twenty-five of these New Yorkers were from New York City, eight from Westchester County, and four from Nassau County. Although there are confirmed cases, 162 cases were still under investigation and eight deaths had doctors still studying the tissue and blood of the victims (Albany Times Union, 1999). There are 70 types of mosquitoes living in New York, but only 30 of them carry the virus. The West Nile virus outbreak stemmed from prolonged drought, which produced a large supply of the northern house mosquito, Culex pipiens. The Culex pipiens lives near people but generally feeds on birds. This particular mosquito is efficient at transmitting certain viruses from birds to humans. The Culex pipiens mosquito likes stagnant water with rotting leaves. This helps to provide food in abundance for its larvae. In New York City, the storm-sewer catch basins are a popular breeding area for the mosquitoes and can be found on nearly every street corner. Heavy and frequent...
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...Where did all the frogs go? Imagine years into the future from now, the newly born kids won’t even know what a frog even is, how sad would that be? No more familiar ribbit in the middle of the night. Amphibians are still very important to humans, to the ecosystem, and to predators. If the amphibians become extinct, they will be nothing but a memory. Frogs control pests like flies, mosquitoes, and other insects that have the capability of carrying a disease. If a mosquito is carrying a disease and bites a human, they could get malaria, which can cause death. Frogs decrease the chance for humans to get deadly diseases like that. As amphibians decrease, problems may increase. Loosing fifty percent of the amphibians would put them almost extinct; they are already on the endangered list, which wouldn’t be good if we lost even more of the population. Conversationalists think that because amphibians are small, they are not as important to focus on, but they are wrong. Like mentioned above, amphibians control the insect population. The loss of the amphibians will also cause their predators to die as well. Amphibians have been teaching us many things; they have been alive for 350 million years, surviving dinosaurs, meteors, and also humans. That is a long period of evolutionary success. They adapt to wide range of environments like deserts, forests, and ponds. They still teach us things today, like new medicines and cures that are used from the chemicals within...
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