...Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection is produced by a strain of staph bacteria that's become resistant to the antibiotics generally used to treat normal staph infections. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was first discovered in 1961. Today In present time MRSA has turned out to be a dangerous health problem, Bacteria are always altering because of genetic reasons and the continustened change. Therefore, because of the change numerous bacteria begin to increase the resistant to a specific antibiotic. As soon as the less resistant and weaker bacteria come into contect with that identical antibiotic, and so they stop living. However, the resistant and more stronger bacteria remain before they disappear. If these more tougher and stronger bacteria happen to live then they can duplicate. The newly Once more the dublicated bacteria hold the same to the antibiotic and extra variations diffrenceces in their genetic influence refer that a large number of these off-spring bacteria will be even morestronger and tougher. As time goes on, the frequently change of bacteria genetics and the population favoring of one form of a medication over another has indicated to the more thougher and stronger types of Staphylococcus aurous. But normally these though forms are only stronger of one or two antibiotics; nevertheless, MRSA is frequently indicated to as the “superbug” because it can be thouhger to even more antibiotics. ("What Is Mrsa? Why Is Mrsa A Concern...
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...is not a health concern in a healthy person. S. aureus in the most common cause of staph infections. S. aureus is a spherical-shaped bacterium. S.aureus is a gram positive bacterium. It typically grows and divides to form microscopic grape like clusters. (Laberge, 2011) MRSA is a popular strain of Staphylococci. MRSA belongs to category of multidrug resistant organisms. These organisms are disease causing bacteria that are resistant to antibiotic drugs. MRSA infections are caused by Methicillin resistant S. aureus. Methicillin is...
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...facilitate this process? Give a specific example. Use an example that is different than the postings of other students. There are six links in the Chain of Infection. Those areas include: 1. The infectious agent itself- 2. The reservoir where the infectious agent can live and multiply or lie dormant until the organism can find the opportunity to cause disease 3. The susceptible host 4. A means of Transmission 5. A portal of exit 6. A portal of re-entry Each link in this chain must be intact for a disease to be transmitted and infect another person. There is the potential to defeat a communicable disease process by disrupting the link in this chain at any point along the way thus preventing infection in another person. An example of the simplest chain of infection is an infected patient cared for by a health care worker who doesn't wash their hands before caring for another patient. Human sources of microorganisms are healthcare workers, patients themselves and visitors, any of whom may be individuals who are in some stage of an incubation period of a disease process, may already have a disease, or may be a chronic carrier of an infectious agent. The patient may be their own source of infection. (Baldwin, 2008) The bacteria must be able to find a susceptible host. Some individuals are immune to infection or are able to resist colonization by an infectious agent while others will develop a full blown clinical disease process. Then there are those who are able...
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...SYMPTOMS AND SIGNS The symptoms of necrotizing fasciitis usually occur within the first 24 hours of infection. They often include a combination of the following: Increasing pain in the general area of a minor cut, abrasion, or other skin opening. Pain that is worse than would be expected from the appearance of the cut or abrasion. Redness and warmth around the wound, though symptoms can begin at other areas of the body. Flu-like symptoms such as diarrhea, nausea, fever, dizziness, weakness, and general malaise. Intense thirst due to dehydration. More advanced symptoms occur around the painful infection site within three to four days of infection. They include: Swelling, possibly accompanied by a purplish rash. Large, violet-colored marks that transform into blisters filled with dark, foul-smelling fluid. Discoloration, peeling, and flakiness as tissue death (gangrene) occurs. Critical symptoms, which often occur within four to five days of infection, include: severe drop in blood pressure toxic shock unconsciousness HOW IS IT DIA GNOSED ? Necrotizing fasciitis progresses very rapidly, making early diagnosis crucial.Unfortunately, that does not always occur. The early symptoms of an infection with flesh-eating bacteria are similar to other conditions like the flu or a less serious skin infection. The early symptoms are also similar to common post-surgical complaints, such as: severe pain , inflammation , fever, and nausea. Diagnosis...
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...Good morning to the staff of , Last Resort. My name is Dr. Kimberly T Cunningham. Today I have come to speak with you all about Mrsa. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, is a bacterium responsible for many of our hard to treat infections in humans. It is an bacteria that is hard to treat because it has become resistant to many of the commonly used antibiotics (web md). This bacteria can cause infection to many of the different parts of the human body. Staphylococcus aureus is also known as staph. Staph, can cause a range of skin infections, from small to large. These infections can be somrthind simple a common as a boil, or much more complex as being in the bloodstream on in wounds. Many people has staph bactreia that is found in the nose. Stach become a problem once it is transmitted into our bloodstream. Staph can be very harmful in a long term care facility. One to three million infections orrur every year in these type of facliticies. Many of the infections cause prolong hospitalizations and death. We want to protect and help our residents from acquiring Mrsa. In prevention of Staph infections there are simple thing we can do to help our community of elderly patients healthy. Hand washing is the most effective way to prevent staph infection. As Staff members we should always wash our hand prior to touching a resident. A resident that that may have any open wounds or cuts, or any type of infected drainage gloves should be used. Hand washing should consists...
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...of using a reptile’s blood to cure someone is a strange one. However, it was brought to the attention of Dr. Mark Merchant, of McNeese State University, that crocodiles, as well as other reptiles, heal with a great deal of quickness. He wondered how they could fight with such aggression and remain healthy. They fight to the points, sometimes, that they rip off limbs and expose bone and muscle. Then they swim off, into mucky, filthy water and yet they still do not get any kind of major infection. Humans exposed to the same type of battles and the same disgusting water they would have a devastating outcome, possibly death. This gave him and others ideas to check into their blood to see if they had something humans lacked. In 1998, Dr. Merchant found that American Alligators have a powerful antibiotic in their blood. Dr. Merchant demonstrated the “unscientific” evidence suggesting that reptile are resistant to bacterial infection. He identified reasons these creatures were immune to infection. Like humans, they have a natural defense system against invading bacteria, viruses, and fungi, which involves a group of proteins called the complement system. So Dr. Merchant tested his theory by exposing the alligator blood to pathogens such as HIV, West Nile Virus, and E Coli. His results- it started to kill the bacteria. As it turned out the alligator complement system is much more effective than that of humans. The problem: no possibility of isolating the crocodile or alligator...
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...MRSA decontamination using octenidine-based products Mindaugas Danilevicius, Audra Juzéniené, Indré Juzénaité-Karneckiené, Anželika Veršinina Key words: Decontamination ■ Hospitalised patients ■ Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ■ Octenidine Mindaugas Danilevicius, 2UAB ‘Apiterapija’, Vilnius, Lithuania, Audra Juzéniené, Indré Juzénaité-Karneckiené, Republican Vilnius University Hospital, Department of Infection Control, Vilnius, Lithuania Accepted for publication: July 2015 S36 I British Journal of Nursing, 2015 (Tissue Viability Supplement), Vol 24, No 15 © 2015 MA Healthcare Ltd Abstract Background: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections are an increasing problem worldwide with a high risk of severe illness and mortality in hospitalised patients. Patients with chronic wounds are at particular risk of developing MRSA infections. As octenidinebased products have shown promising success in decontamination in the past, the aim of the present study was to determine its efficacy, safety, and tolerability in decontaminating hospitalised MRSApositive patients. Methods: From 1 April 2011 until 9 November 2012, 36 patients were screened MRSA-positive at the Republican Vilnius University Hospital, Vilnius, Lithuania. At least three swab tests were performed for each patient to screen for MRSA, one from each nostril and one from the perineum. In patients with wounds, an additional swab was taken from the wound surface...
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...solutions. Introduction The Health Hazards from Keyboarding are many, however, the author has chosen to discuss infectious bacterium for this paper, how germs contaminate and transfer from person to person, and what solutions for sanitation can be effective. Germs Keyboards can be highly contaminated with a variety of different germs, the most popular place to find these germs are on hospital keyboards. In hospitals, "computer keyboards are vectors for disease," states Elizabeth McCaughey, a former lieutenant governor of New York who heads the Committee to Reduce Infection Deaths, a New York-based nonprofit group that advocates for cleaner and safer hospitals. McCaughey states that the bacterium on hospital keyboards can spread the hard to treat staph infection, called Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA). This bacterium has also been known to cause pneumonia, as well as, infections in the blood stream. Another common place to find these germs are in offices, a recent test was conducted in an office in the United Kingdom by British microbiologist, James Francis, who took a swab to 33 keyboards, a toilet seat, and a toilet door handle. After testing the swabs, he found that four of the keyboards had very high levels of bacteria; one had five times more germs than the toilet seat. Recall how many times while using the keyboard your face was touched, or sat and worked while eating lunch or a snack, this is quite alarming to say the least. Bacteria The...
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...with the spread of a disease that has similar symptoms associated with Necrotizing Fasciitis, an infection commonly caused by toxins released by Streptococcus pyognes. Although necrotizing fasciitis was linked to the symptoms experienced by the victims, other diseases were also found to have a possible connection to this infection. The purpose of this investigation was to inform the public of the probable cause of the infection and possible ways to prevent it, while comparing it to disease portrayed in the film Cabin Fever. The infection seen in Cabin Fever can be closely compared to necrotizing fasciitis. Necrotizing Fasciitis, also known as “flesh eating disease”, is an infection that was found to derive...
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...Seher kaygusuz Unit 39 p1 Cause of infection Normal flora; flora is a bacteria which is found in or on our bodies on a semi-permanent basis without causing disease. There are good and bad sides for normal flora, the good side produces vitamins, human body cannot produce such as vitamin B12. The bad side – normal floral can cause disease if the floral escapes from its normal location and this may effect the bladder and can cause infections. Furthermore, Normal flora can also been found in nose, mouth, skin, throat. Transient flora; Transient flora refers to the microorganisms that transiently colonise the skin. Transiet flora can be spread through touching, direct skin-to-skin contact or via objects and this includes bacteria’s such as fungi and viruses, which reach the hands, Hygienic hand disinfection primarily aims at deactivating the microorganisms of...
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...Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic pathogen widely distributed in nature and responsible for causing variety of hospital as well as community acquired infections in humans within all age groups. S. aureus can cause superficial skin infections and life-compromising diseases such as endocarditis, meningitis, pneumonia, myocarditis, respiratory tract, sepsis and soft tissue, and blood stream infections (Henrique et al. 2009, Chakraborty et al. 2011). It is also one of the major causative agents of surgical wound infections (Chigbu et al. 2003). After discovery of penicillin, it was the first choice of drug to treat staphylococcal infections, but in 1944 S. aureus became resistant to penicillin by producing penicillinase enzyme (Frank et...
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...Unit 39 - Infection Prevention and Control Kayleigh Smith The cause and spread of infection Mrs Audrey Taylor has been admitted to the ward where you work with MRSA infection in a leg ulcer. She is being treated with strong antibiotics and regular wound dressings. She is being barrier nursed in a side room. Mrs Audrey Taylor’s infection is localised this is because her infection is limited to a specific part of the body; if it was systemic it would be all over her body. MRSA infections are most commonly transmitted from skin to skin contact. MRSA may have also got into her body by having open wounds and not having any dressing on; Audrey could have already had the infection in her body before she had the leg ulcer. It is common that people carry MRSA on the skin, but it is harmless until it has contact with the body. The conditions that bacteria need to grow are warmth, oxygen and moisture. An ulcer has all 3 things that bacteria need to grow so the ulcer would have attracted the bacteria to the leg. Indarjit Singh is 6 years old and has been admitted to the Children’s ward with measles. His mother decided not to give him the MMR (measles, mumps and rubella) vaccination as she had concerns about a link between the vaccination and autism. He’s quite miserable as he is being looked after in a room by himself. Indarjit’s infection is Systemic, this means that pathogens have spread and damaged the whole of the body. We know this because measles don’t just affect a...
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...that overuse of antibiotics can direct to avoidable side effects and the expansion of drugs which are mostly opposing bacteria such as MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus). MRSA has happened to be the most frequent organism responsible for skin, soft tissue and surgical-site infections in the United States and in different parts of the Europe. Different findings had been conducted in a study of the genetic code of MRSA samples; they have added these samples to support to the theory that the introduction of extensive antibiotic use in the 1960s may have generated MRSA disease. Antibiotic word is an originated from Greek for anti, which means against and bios means life. A micro –organism bacteria is a life figure that is moreover good, living in our lower part of the canal near stomach and anus which called intestine, such bacteria’s infecting our bodies and making the world population ill. Antibiotics are a kind of drugs used to treat these infections caused by bacteria. Healthy immune systems can be destroyed by bad bacteria before they can cause disorder in the whole body which causing illness. Human bodies assault the bacteria by transferring white blood cells to the unsafe bacteria separating the good bacteria unaccompanied. Antibiotics are frequently used for higher respiratory infections. But the mainstream of these infections are essentially caused by different viruses. As a result, in these situation antibiotics is not obligatory as they only destroy bacteria...
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...factor for the growth of this naturally occurring phenomenon. Due to incorrect prescriptions, poor drug quality and supply, and user non-compliance, antibiotic resistant bacteria have grown significantly in numbers, and now pose as a major threat to the global population. As humans, we tend to put our trust and our entire lives at the hands of our medical experts. Healthcare is one of the most expensive services in this country, so why should someone have to worry about contracting a superbug infection? Presently, there are many types of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, but the six most common make up the acronym ESKAPE: which are Staphylococcus Aureus, Klebsiella Pneumoniae, Acinetobacter Baunnannii, Pseudomonas Aeruginosa, and Enterobacter (Watson 10). The fact that there are so many complex strains of resistant bacteria helps to understand how prescribing treatment may be difficult. In the past, doctors often mistakenly prescribed antibiotics for infections caused by viruses; not only did the antibiotics fail, but it also promoted the generation of...
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...Running head: Qualitative Research Study Qualitative Research Study Grand Canyon University NRS433V 5/30/10 Qualitative Research Study The qualitative research study that I chose to critique is on infections related to patients’ bath basins. The purpose of this patient bath basin study was clearly stated. “Is Patients’ Bath Basin as Potential Sources of Infection: A Multicenter Sampling Study?” Infections can arise from many sources, typically transmitted in the hospital or hospice. Just the touch of an infected person, such as one with MRSA can easily transmit to any object, making any person susceptible to that infection. Nurses and staff members often touch computers, telephones, and other hospital devices after they have had direct contact with a patient, without washing their hands. There should be some changes in the way we as nurses perform our nursing duties while reducing transmission of illness. One important way that nurses can prevent transmission of illness is by hand washing. Relevant information on nosocomial infections were included in this study, providing information that 1.75 to 3.5 million patients in the United States contract nosocomial infections. The study was performed at three acute care hospitals, where the nurses along with other non-nursing staff members were observed bathing the patients using bath basins. It is noted that after the patient is bath the bath water from the basin is discarded into the hospital room sink. Emptying...
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