...LESSON 2 BASIC COMMANDS IN LINUX AND WINDOWS LESSON 2 – BASIC COMMANDS IN LINUX AND WINDOWS “License for Use” Information The following lessons and workbooks are open and publicly available under the following terms and conditions of ISECOM: All works in the Hacker Highschool project are provided for non-commercial use with elementary school students, junior high school students, and high school students whether in a public institution, private institution, or a part of home-schooling. These materials may not be reproduced for sale in any form. The provision of any class, course, training, or camp with these materials for which a fee is charged is expressly forbidden without a license including college classes, university classes, trade-school classes, summer or computer camps, and similar. To purchase a license, visit the LICENSE section of the Hacker Highschool web page at www.hackerhighschool.org/license. The HHS Project is a learning tool and as with any learning tool, the instruction is the influence of the instructor and not the tool. ISECOM cannot accept responsibility for how any information herein is applied or abused. The HHS Project is an open community effort and if you find value in this project, we do ask you support us through the purchase of a license, a donation, or sponsorship. All works copyright ISECOM, 2004. 2 LESSON 2 – BASIC COMMANDS IN LINUX AND WINDOWS Table of Contents “License for Use” Information....................
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... 10 out of 10 points | | | A multi-tasking operating system is capable of executing more than one program at a time for a user.Answer | | | | | Selected Answer: | True | Correct Answer: | True | | | | | Question 2 10 out of 10 points | | | ASCII code is one of the code schemes used to represent characters in a byte.Answer | | | | | Selected Answer: | True | Correct Answer: | True | | | | | Question 3 10 out of 10 points | | | Operating systemAnswer | | | | | Selected Answer: | d. all of the above | Correct Answer: | d. all of the above | | | | | Question 4 10 out of 10 points | | | About 95 percent of the UNIX operating system is written in C language.Answer | | | | | Selected Answer: | True | Correct Answer: | True | | | | | Question 5 10 out of 10 points | | | The two major versions of the UNIX operating system are AT&T's UNIX version V and Berkeley UNIX.Answer | | | | | Selected Answer: | True | Correct Answer: | True | | | | | Question 6 10 out of 10 points | | | You must login to use the system. It means that, in response to prompts you type your user Id and password.Answer | | | | | Selected Answer: | True | Correct Answer: | True | | | | | Question 7 10 out of 10 points | | | You can change your password as many times as you wish.Answer | |...
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...ZARA: IT for Fast Fashion With ZARA's fashion business expanding, Salgado and Sanchez have a critical decision to make on whether to upgrade the current, seemingly out of date IT system. Like other large clothing retailers, ZARA adopts a highly standardized business model for ordering, design, manufacturing and procurement across all product categories and regions. However, unlike most clothing retailers, ZARA's business model is based on fast delivery times with minimal inventory, decentralized decision making process and very low data integration among different stores. Unlike its competitors, Zara relies on its individual store managers and designers, rather than an elite team of senior managers, to perform market research on latest trends and decide what clothes to design and procure. ZARA's approach to Information Technology is based on its business needs. In order to establish itself as a brand, which aligns closely with customers' taste, ZARA needs to have information on latest trends from all its stores to keep pace with the ever-changing fashion world. On the other hand, ZARA's popularity and high growth requires an upgraded IT system, which can be easily replicated and scalable to new stores. ZARA's current DOS system serves this purpose efficiently as it is easy to install in a newly opened store and requires little training. ZARA's approach of simple, non-integrated low cost IT investment is well in sync with its decentralized...
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...According to the point of view of Salgado , Zara is getting bigger and bigger and its operating system getting more and more obsolete. Thus, it gives Zara to have a comparative advantage because for a strategic perspective. Although Zara's advantage over its competitors is not so much a result of IT leverage, the sustainability of its competitive edge might be at risk due to a lack in IT investment.The current assumption for the IT investment states about 18,000 hours. The Zara's staff devoted to IT contains about 50 people divided in several departments. So we can suppose that only 10 people are devoted to POS software and so 10 people are able to handle this project. With a brief calculation, we can figure that it would take too much time to set up this project with an internal team. That is why we are prone to think that externalize would provide a more efficient solution, completely handle by an outsourced professional team. It could be a little more expensive at short and long term that is why if we choose this option we have to integrate a training system of our staff to lower the outsourced fees. An important point is that Zara has always developed its own IT solutions and if we make it through subcontractors we are not sure that it would match with Zara values or way of doing. Zara has been used to make it alone. Thus we think that some member of the IT staff could work with subcontractors in order to lower these expenses and help them to create an It solution...
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.... Evaluate Microsoft’s strategy in good and poor economic times. In Good Economic Times: Microsoft is the world’s most successful software company. The original mission of this company is “a computer on every desk and in every home, running Microsoft software.” Microsoft's tactic was to be a software manufacturer and make its operating system available to computer manufacturers for use in their personal computer products, and then sell the owners of PCs software to run on that operating system. The history was begins in early 1980, where Microsoft creates DOS Operating System for IBM computer. The company used this inertial success with IBM to sell software to other manufacturer, quickly making Microsoft a major player in this industry. This is one of the changes for Microsoft to grown faster with the inertial advertising efforts focused on communicating the company range products from DOS to the launch of Excel and Windows. Later in 1986, Microsoft went to public with windows operating system and Microsoft office. The strategy contribute to launch this two application is a milestone for Microsoft to future successful. After that, Microsoft found an instant success where they launch the window 3.0 which is offered an improved set of windows icons and application like file manager and program manager where still being used today. Microsoft doing a magazine advertising and received endorsement from the top computer magazine in the industry is another...
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...judges the consumer taste . She claims that people frequently waste money on “junk” that they do not need, such as “appliances, toys, clothes, [and] gadgets” (Quindlen 1). Quindlen encourages her audience to realize that “stuff does not bring salvation” (1). She argues that people can be happier if they live simply without unnecessary products and desires. Quindlen makes a few interesting claims about the consumer culture, but her argument is slightly weakened because she only uses her personal experiences, future statistics, and inappropriate comparisons. To support her claims, Quindlen incorporates her personal experiences into her essay. First, Quindlen describes a part of her childhood: “Television advertising… made me want a Chatty Cathy doll so much as a kid that when I saw her under the tree my head almost exploded… but I didn’t even really like dolls, especially dolls who introduced themselves to you over and over again when you pulled the ring in their necks” (1). Her personal experience during her childhood gives an example of how people buy products that they may not like or need. Her personal experience is also relatable because many readers have experienced losing interest in toys that they persistently begged their parents to buy for them. In addition, Quindlen mentions that she knows a family in rural Pennsylvania (1). The members of this family have little desires and only possess items that have “real meaning” (Quindlen 1). Quindlen uses her observations of this...
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...While contrasting UNIX systems to Windows a few of the features discovered in UNIX incorporate: the usage of simple text for saving data; a ordered file system; UNIX manages tools for example printing equipments, mouse and keyboard and also other tools like files. The UNIX system also manages directories and procedures like files. There's only one root directory inside the UNIX operating system hierarchical tree. UNIX utilizes devices and applications via the command line in contrast to utilizing a single monolithic application which includes all the same functionality. The kernel offers services to begin and stop applications, deals with the file system that saves and arranges the computer system files and data. The kernel usually shifts data into as databases for storage and use. Both UNIX and Windows file systems are ordered and both support lengthy names as much as 255 characters. File Processing Evaluation UNIX programs that are based upon simple text files for setup use a lot of powerful devices that are utilized to process text files. Piping is widely utilized to reroute the result of one command to the input of the subsequent command. UNIX deals with most command in a consecutive order (first in first out) but the procedure may be overridden by making use of variables and alternatives (ADD). This lets commands to be installed collectively and implemented without storing all the results to an output file. UNIX utilizes commands that include: Echo - shows text...
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...manufacturers (Apollo Group, Inc., 2005). With manufacturing plants in Albany, Georgia, Pontiac, Michigan, and Hangzhou, China, Riordan’s e-business plays a vital role in continued growth. Riordan’s Internet site states, “Riordan Manufacturing, Inc. is an industry leader in the field of plastic injection molding. Purpose The purpose of this paper is to discuss the differences between UNIX/Linux versus Microsoft Windows. Our paper will discuss facts that cover security, administrative, networking, performance, programmability. Security Technical One of the key differences between the Unix approach to system security and the MS Windows approach is that significant security characteristics of Unix systems are a consequence of good architectural design. Modularity within the system is another example of architectural security in UNIX, but lacking in MS Windows. These differences in the design and relative security of Unix and Microsoft OSs illustrate a distinct difference in philosophy between them. A couple of factors considered in regards to the security features are the importance of privilege separation, user control and automatic execution. Unfortunately, the difference appears to be that where Unix has a philosophy of security built into the...
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...Sistemas Operativos Historia En la década de 1940, los primeros sistemas electrónicos digitales no tenían sistemas operativos. Los sistemas de la década de 1950 en general funcionaban solamente con un proceso a la vez. Y se permitía una sola persona a la vez para utilizar la máquina. Todos los recursos de la máquina estaban a disposición del usuario. La facturación por el uso de la computadora era simple- porque el usuario tenía toda la máquina. Originalmente, cada usuario escribía todo el código necesario para implementar una aplicación concreta, incluidas las muy detalladas de la máquina de nivel de entrada/salida de instrucciones. Muy rápidamente, la codificación de entrada/salida necesaria para implementar funciones básicas se consolidó en un sistema de control de entrada/salida (IOCS). Los usuarios que deseaban realizar operaciones de entrada/salida ya no tenían que codificar las instrucciones directamente. En su lugar, utiliza las rutinas IOCS para hacer el trabajo real. Los primeros sistemas de almacenamiento real para un solo usuario fueron dedicados al trabajo más que al tiempo de ejecución del trabajo en sí. Los trabajos generalmente requerían un tiempo de configuración considerable alto durante el cual el sistema operativo, cintas y paquetes de discos se montaban, y las formas adecuadas se colocaban en la impresora, etc. Cuando los trabajos se completaban, se requería un tiempo considerable de "desmontaje" como cintas y paquetes de discos que eran retiradas, etc...
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...NT1210 Lab 5.4 Basic Network Troubleshooting Exercise 5.4.1 If you needed to determine the computer name used for node E on the network (starting from node A), what command would you use to get this information? Give the command sequence you would enter at the command line to retrieve this information. I already have the IP Addresses for all the workstations a simple Ping command in CMD will work. Windows+R will bring up run command type CMD or go to start menu then accessories CMD. From CMD we would type Ping –a 192.168.1.5 to retrieve the information we need. Exercise 5.4.2 What is the best (easiest and most efficient) command to determine whether all the hosts on the local-area network are reachable? You can assume that you are starting from computer A. List the command sequence(s) you would need to enter to test this functionality. Windows+R will bring up run command type CMD or go to start menu then accessories CMD. From CMD we would type Ping 192.168.1.5, Ping 192.168.1.4, and Ping 192.168.1.3, Ping 192.168.1.6, and Ping 192.168.1.2. This would be a quick easier way but for a more complex way type FOR /L %i IN (1,1,254) DO ping -n 1 192.168.1.%i | FIND /i "Reply">>c:\ipaddresses.txt in CMD. exercise 5.4.3 Exercise 5.4.3 If your computer (node A) is unable to reach the Internet, what is the best way to determine where the error is occurring using command-line networking? Give the command sequence you would use to determine this. Ping 192.168.1.4 Exercise...
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...switching off of the echo command. | Example | echo This line will be echoed twice to the screen, @echo Whereas this line will occur only once. | Command | ECHO | Description | The ECHO command has several different uses. MS DOS batch files use two echo 'modes'. The default echo mode is ECHO ON. When ECHO is set to ON, every command in the batch file is displayed to the screen before it is run. Sometimes this information is not required, and can even be downright annoying for larger batch files. The command ECHO OFF sets the batch echo mode to OFF. In this mode, the commands are not printed to the screen prior to their execution. As well as the echo modes, the ECHO command is used to print a message to the user. Messages are displayed to the user by preceding a line of text with ECHO. | Syntax | ECHO MODE ON : ECHO ON ECHO MODE OFF : ECHO OFF DISPLAY A MESSAGE : ECHO message | Typical Use | The command @ECHO OFF is almost always placed at the top of a batch file to switch off subsequent command echo. ECHO is also the only way a batch file can communicate information to a user. | Example | @ECHO OFF ECHO Please insert a disk in drive A: and press any key when ready. | Command | REM (short for remark) | Description | REM is the MS DOS batch file method of providing comments. Comments are lines of code which are not executed by the batch file, but rather are used to convey information about the workings of the batch file itself. Good batch file programming...
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...conducted internal penetration tests (also called a vulnerability scan) on each system and then helped secure those systems by configuring firewalls and removing vulnerable open ports. Lab Assessment Questions & Answers 1.What is the first Nmap command you ran in this lab? Explain the switches used. The first Nmap command I ran was nmap -O -v 10.20.100.50. The switches used are represented with -O AND –v this allows to detect the operating system used on 10.20.100.50 and also shows the detail of open ports. 2. What are the open ports when scanning 192.168.3.25 and their service names? Open Ports that were open are as follows: PORT SERVICE 80/tcp http 135/tcp msrpc 139/tcp netbios-ssn 445/tcp Microsoft-ds 3389/tcp ms-wbt-server Remote Desktop Protocol 5357/tcp wsdapi Web Services for Devices And other 49152, 49153, 49154, 49155, 49156 and 49157 are DCOM or ephemeral ports. 3. What is the command line syntax for running an SMB vulnerability scan with Nmap against 10.20.100.50? Type nmap –script=smb-check-vulns –p445 10.20.100.50 4.Explain why SMBv2 DoS (CVE-2009-3103) is bad. SMBv2 Dos (CVE-2009-3103) is bad because port 455 exposes the operating system to remote execution of arbitrary code if it is lacking sufficient service pack level or a key security hotfix. 5. What is the operating system of IP address 192.168.40.238? UNIX Operating System 6. What are the reverse IP addresses for the three remote computers scanned in this...
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...habits in the past decades of depression compared to now. She mentions Black Friday and how people become enthralled by cheap bargains (Quindlen 500-501). In Quindlen’s essay, she refers to an accident in which a worker at Walmart was trampled to death by a mob of shoppers and despite the horrific incident people kept shopping (500). With the U.S. depression, Black Friday brings hopes of more money spent, therefore a rise in the markets. The dream of an uplifted economy became unrealistic as people began to realize they could not afford their desirables, not even at a low cost. Today, Americans have an exorbitant amount of credit debt so they can acquire items that they want, without actually paying for them outright, for example, the Chatty Cathy doll Quindlen wanted in her childhood compared to the orange her dad received that had to be paid for (500-501)....
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...Course: ANT1001 Essay Topic: Discuss the extent to which arts, sports and media both reflect and influence culture. Word Count: Introduction: 24529 24530 In the world today, virtually every individual is part of a culture Art, sports and media heavily influence and reflect culture as it permeates everyday lives of society. Arts, sports and media coincide and go hand in hand with each other defining who we are today through a variety of different ways. Sport reflects and influences culture immensely and holds a variety of different meanings across different cultures. Internationally Australian culture is perceived as laid back, with hot summers, drinking beers and watching or participating in sports. It refers to “the values, ceremonies and way of life characteristic of a given group and the place of sport within that way of life” (Jarvie, 2006). Cricket is one of Australia’s most popular summer sport that has been around since the colonial days. It is one of the many sports that clearly identify our Australian culture with the influence from media advertisements in local newspapers to television, Foxtel, radio and internet, “it is part of the social and cultural fabric of different localities, regions and nations” (Jarvie, 2006). A case study that was conducted by Nathan Saad on the Sydney cricket ground (SCG), demonstrates the roles of understanding...
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...A Comparison of the Security of Windows NT and UNIX† Hans Hedbom1,2, Stefan Lindskog1,2, Stefan Axelsson1 and Erland Jonsson1 1Dept of Computer Engineering 2Dept of Computer Science Chalmers University of Technology S-412 96 Göteborg, SWEDEN {sax, Erland.Jonsson}@ce.chalmers.se University of Karlstad S-651 88 Karlstad, SWEDEN {Hans.Hedbom, Stefan.Lindskog}@hks.se Abstract This paper presents a brief comparison of two operating systems, Windows NT and UNIX. The comparison covers two different aspects. First, we compare the main security features of the two operating systems and then we make a comparison of a selection of vulnerabilities most of which we know have been used for making real intrusions. We found that Windows NT has slightly more rigorous security features than “standard” UNIX but the two systems display similar vulnerabilities. The conclusion is that there are no significant differences in the “real” level of security between these systems. †Presented at the Third Nordic Workshop on Secure IT Systems, NORDSEC’ 5-6 November, 1998, Trondheim, Norway. 98, 1. Introduction It has been claimed that the security of Windows NT is far better than that of previous commercial operating systems. In order to verify (or refute) this statement we have made a brief comparison of the security of Windows NT to that of UNIX. UNIX was selected as a reference since it is well-known and widely spread. Thus, the target systems were (1) a networked Windows NT 4.0 and...
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