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Financing Firms in India
Franklin Allen
Finance Department
The Wharton School
University of Pennsylvania allenf@wharton.upenn.edu Rajesh Chakrabarti
Finance Area
Indian School of Business
Hyderabad 500 032, India rajesh_chakrabarti@isb.edu Jun “QJ” Qian
Finance Department
Carroll School of Management
Boston College qianju@bc.edu Sankar De
Centre for Analytical Finance
Indian School of Business
Hyderabad 500 032, India
Sankar_De@isb.edu

Meijun Qian
Finance Department
NUS Business School
National University of Singapore bizqmj@nus.edu.sg Last Revised: December 2011
Forthcoming, Journal of Financial Intermediation

Abstract
With extensive cross-country datasets and India firm samples, as well as our own surveys of small and medium firms, we examine the legal and business environments, financing channels, and growth patterns of different types of firms in India. Despite the English common-law origin and a British-style judicial system,
Indian firms face weak investor protection in practice and poor institutions characterized by corruption and inefficiency. Alternative finance, including financing from all non-bank, non-market sources, and generally backed by non-legal mechanisms, constitutes the most important form of external finance. Bank loans provide the second most important external financing source. Firms with access to bank or market finance are not associated with higher growth rates. Our results indicate that bank and market finance is not superior to alternative finance in fast-growing economies such as India.

Keywords: India, banks, markets, alternative finance, growth.
JEL Classifications: O5; K0; G0.



We appreciate helpful comments from George Pennacchi (editor), two anonymous referees, Reena Aggarwal, Charles
Calomiris, Mihir Desai, Joshua Felman, Nandini Gupta, Mudit Kapoor, Raghuram Rajan,

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