...Explain how the body has been preserved for such a long time? The iceman’s body has been preserved for such an immense period of time thanks to a range of incredible coincidences. Natural preservation of mummies are an extremely rare case, especially a corpse that is 5, 3000 year old. The find of Otzi shocked many scientist and archaeologist because it was an extraordinary find and scientists were shocked at that his body has been unharmed for numerous amounts of years and no animal has eaten on the remains of the corpse. There are many theories which conclude to the why the iceman has been preserved all these years. Scientists believe that Otzi was covered by layer of ice after his death because his body has not been disturbed; therefore...
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...Mummies Sandwich We value your health PURPOSE The purpose to start this business is to serve people of new era with a different and the most competitive style. We want to help those people who could not spend time in their busy schedule to take healthy food by diet sandwich which is 100% nutrient, healthy. The prime purpose is to generate profit by providing superb customer services. We aim to be leader in providing quality food items that fit into a balanced diet. Our aim is to provide the hygienic and delicious tastes of sandwich that the customers have never tasted before. We want to add convenience in the lives of fast food lovers by providing them the most wonderful dining experiences. THE RESTAURANT INDUSTRY - REVIEW Food service business is one of the largest industries in the country. This number has been increasing for the past seven years. In the past five years the restaurant industry has outperformed the national GNP by 40%. The reasons given by the Folkney Report (November 1994) are 1) lifestyle changes, 2) economic climate, and 3) Increase of product variety. There are 600 new restaurants opening every month and over 200 more needed to keep pace with increasing demand. 1 TRENDS & STRATEGIC OPPORTUNITIES The predicated growth trend is very positive both in short and long-term projections. Folkney states that “as modern living creates more demands, people will be compelled to eat more meals away from home”. In 1988 The National Restaurant Association released...
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.... Over time, the morticians created different types of mummies: the black mummies, the red the bandaged mummies and those with a layer of mud (MomiasChinchorro, 2009). For knowing some different kind of mummy, .). For making the mummy, it could be any Egyptian who was able to afford to pay expensive process of preserving their bodies for the afterlife since the process flow was quite elaborate. In current society, scientists have known what materials and processes the Egyptians used to mummify bodies (Patricia, 1992). By researching the mummy, it can be found that there were different types of mummy had been created as well. Furthermore, there was another tradition that can be found that when Set threw the coffin in which holds the body of Osiris into the river Nile, which caused the appearance of the tradition that dead body had to be soaked into the river Nile before wrapped the dead body. . They would need all the things they had used then they were alive, therefore their families would put those things in their graves (Barrow, 2012). It was the function of mummy, which is also the essentialist reason that wealth would love to make the mummy for their dead relative. Based on such traditional thought, the elaborate process of making mummy had been created to satisfy the tradition of wealthy. Moreover, Egyptians paid vast amounts of money to have their bodies properly preserved, and also to burry with their belongings, including furniture, toys, food and clothes. Egyptians...
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... and tragic events which happened to the people who were present at the opening of Tutankhamen’s tomb. I will start of by explaining first a theory that people believe to be “a curse of the pharaoh’s”. I will than try explaining a scientific theory as to why the deaths of the men that were there when the tomb of King Tut were so mysterious. When I am all done, I will try to explain as to why I believe this theory to be true. The first conclusion mainly has to do with urban myths about the curse. At the entrance of the tomb was an inscription that was translated and said “Death Shall Come on Swift Wings to Him Who Disturbs the Peace of the King”. The legend says that anyone who opened the king’s tomb will suffer the curse of the mummy. And then begins a set of unfortunate circumstances that affect the men who were the first to enter the tomb. A few of the men became sick, a few others even died. There were some other events that happened giving people the reason to believe there was a curse. The second conclusion is a scientific explanation as to why the deaths were mysterious. Back in 1986, there was a Dr. Caroline Stinger-Phillip who discovered the cause as to why the men died. He came to the conclusion that there was some mold that was growing on the walls in King Tut’s tomb. The particles of dust that came from the mold had a high allergenic potency. The first men who entered into the tomb suffered an allergic reaction, the symptoms of the reaction, probably was...
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...explain why many people present during the opening suffered such loss and the mix of media hype and facts, people started to speculate that the curse was real. “Legend has it that anyone who dared to open the tomb would suffer the wrath of the mummy, because mummies have been associated with many magical powers throughout history” (http://www.kingtutone.com/tutankhamun/curse/). Another possibility is that “New findings are showing that bacteria on the wall of the tomb might have been the cause of the curse” (http://www.kingtutone.com/tutankhamun/curse/). From all that I have read, I believe that the “Mummy’s” most likely is the real thing. I say this mainly because I do believe in things such as “curses” and magic, but also because the likely hood of the mold or bacteria found at the tomb ( Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus Flavus) can cause congestion and bleeding of the lungs, but scientist have confirmed that they are not. In fact, “F. DeWolfe Miller, professor of epidemiology at the University of Hawaii at Manoa, concurs with Howard Carter's original opinion: Given the local conditions, Lord Carnarvon was probably safer inside Tut's tomb than outside”. (http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/archaeology/curse-of-the-mummy/), additionally Miller stated, "Upper Egypt in the 1920s was hardly what you'd call sanitary," Miller said. "The idea that an underground tomb, after 3,000 years, would have some kind of bizarre microorganism in it that's going to kill somebody...
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...in its voyage through the underworld. The brain was then removed. A long, hooked tool was inserted into the brain through the nose, it was then swirled around to liquefy the brain. The head was then tipped forward and all contents of the skull poured out through the nose. It was not uncommon, for the brain to be left in place. It would simply dry up and shrink during mummification. The next step was to dry the body out. The dead person was laid out under a mound of natron salts, salts native to Egypt and not unlike today's baking powder. Over a period of days, the salt absorbed all the moisture, the flesh shrank, and the skin darkened. Egyptians used resins, cassia, cedar oil, myrrh, and palm wine as drying agents in the embalming of the mummy. These, like the natron salts, helped to protect the body from decay. The lungs, stomach, intestines, and liver were dried out and each placed in a canopic jar. The jars came in sets of four, and each of the Four Sons of Horus were assigned the duty of protecting the contents of one of the vessels. The Ancient Egyptians believed that the deceased required their organs in order to be reborn in the Afterlife. For use in the afterlife vital organs would be bandaged and placed individually in Canopic Jars. The jars were made of several materials such as limestone, calcite or alabaster. The finishing touch would be the stoppers being shaped like human heads, and later as Jackal, Baboon and Falcon heads. These jars were usually grouped in fours...
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...“Mummy’s Curse” The curse of the mummy began when many terrible events happened after the discovery of King Tutankhamen’s tomb. Legend has it that anyone who dared to open the tomb would suffer the wrath of the mummy. Many believe the curse is still a mystery, to others it is just superstition, but there are yet others who truly believe in the curse. Most theories lead to more medical issues or misleading information from reporters at that time to sell a story. Media belonged to newspapers and information traveled much slower and not very reliable. People were more superstitious then, and the media took full advantage of that to sell publications and often made up facts to sensationalize stories. One of the explanations was the tomb’s toxins; studies have shown some ancient mummies carried mold, including Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus, which can cause congestion or bleeding in the lungs. Lung-assaulting bacteria such as Pseudomonas and Staphylococcus may also grow on tomb walls. It is believed that when tombs were first opened, fresh air could have disturbed these spores, blowing them into the air, and perhaps, creating health problems. Gotthard Kramer, a German microbiologist from the University of Leipzip believes that the cause of the curse is some type of mold spores. Kramer studied 40 different mummies; he identified several potentially dangerous mold spores. Dr. Hans Merk, a dermatologist at the University of Aachen, Germany, performed similar research...
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...Egyptian Mummification Process And Rituals Before the Egyptian mummification process was introduced and then refined, the ancient Egyptians buried their dead in shallow pits in the sand. This actually mummified the bodies naturally; the hot sand dried the body of liquid very quickly, preserving it from decay. This was the trend in the pre-dynastic period. But they noticed that the bodies were vulnerable to exposure and wild animals, so they decided to experiment with man-made methods to mummify the dead. Keep in mind, the reason they mummified was because they believed the body had to be preserved in order for the deceased to be rebornin the afterlife. If the body was lost, so was the soul. So they started trying to preserve the bodies in large clay pots, animal skins, and reed trays with linen tightly wrapping the body. But this proved counterproductive since the bodies were not exposed to the hot sand that dried and preserved them. They began to decay. Only the skeletons remained. The Real Deal on Egyptian Mummification After experimenting, the ancient Egyptians developed a two-step mummification process: Embalming and wrapping. Embalming The first step in Egyptian mummification is to lay out the body on an embalming table. The embalmers (some of which were priests) would wash the body with palm wine then make an opening on its left side to remove the internal organs. The heart was left inside since it is needed on the journey through the underworld. The organs...
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...Research Notes * Mummification is the process of embalming, drying bodies and placing them in coffins to preserve bodies, which are called mummies. Mummification * First the dead are taken to an ibu' also known as the 'place of purification‘where they will be embalmed. * Then an embalmer washes his body palm wine, that smells nice, and rinse them with water taken from the Nile. * Another one of embalmer’s men creates a cut in the left side of the body. * They then remove the liver, lungs, stomach and intestines. * It is essential to take these out since they start to decompose first out of the whole body. * Next, the internal organs are dried using a salt called ‘natron’. * They also pull out the brain by using a hook. After that, the hook is inserted through the nose and the brain is mushed and then taken out. * The body is stuffed with natron as well as covered in natrons. * They do this to get rid of all the fluids left in the body. * They leave it for 40 days before washing the body with water taken from the Nile. * They also cover the body in oils. * The body is stuffed with dry materials such as sawdust and more materials so the body looks lively. * Then, once again the body is covered in oils. * The internal organs are then wrapped in linen, placed in canopic jars with the heads of the ‘four sons of Hourus’ * Imesty the human- headed god - the lungs. * Hapy the baboon-headed god - after the...
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...Discovered on September the 19th 1991, Otzi the Iceman is Europe’s oldest preserved mummy, living around the time of 3,300 BCE. Discovered in a deep, cold place in the Otzal Alps, Otzi had been discovered by 2 hikers, where Otzi was in a melting glacier. One theory suggests that Otzi had hiked up to the mountains after battling in conflict, where Otzi tried to find some rest, but hypothermia had found him instead. With Otzi was some magnificent equipment and high quality clothing that represent his time, a hide coat, loincloth, bearskin cap, leggings, shoes, belt, pouch, axe, dagger, bow, quiver, arrows, backpack, net, containers and a first aid kit. Clothing like the hide coat, loin cloth, bearskin cap, leggings and shoes (the oldest kind in the world) represent Otzi’s good quality life, where Otzi was prepared, warm and had a vast knowledge of survival. Equipment like the copper bladed axe, a bow, quiver and arrow, backpack, net and first aid kit indicate Otzi’s handiwork, lifestyle and weapons ready for survival and conflict. About two feet long, the copper axe was made from a portion of the trunk of a yew tree, with the handle coming from the trunk, and the shaft came from the branch, and the copper blade fitted in by a leather binding, allowing maximum durability. The Iceman’s dagger and sheath (made by the inner bark of a lime tree) was around 5 inches long, with its flint blade resembling an arrowhead, connecting to the wooden handle. However, the handle was split...
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...This brings an entire group of researchers back to the body once again to figure out who killed Itzi and why. About two dozen researchers meet at Bolzano Museum to try to extract the arrowhead. Researcher Dr. Egarter Vigl will be joining Anthropologist Albert Zink who is leading the procedure. In order to obtain the arrow they must first thaw the mummy. They will have a total of 9 hours before they must freeze Itzi again. Two kinds of methods are actually being followed here, one being the scientific method and the historically research method. While one will help us trying to figure out what happened to Itzi based on questions, observations, and evidence, the other is to continue updating history’s timeline by focusing on the past to continue drawing conclusions that might impact the present or future. When looking at the copper axe this brings incredible insights because up until 2,000 years ago we had it in our heads that that’s when it started but in reality people knew how to weld metal 5,000 years ago! By unfreezing him they hope to find some answers that might uncover the real truth...
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...Strayer University. The class was taught by Professor Pigg. The purpose of this essay is to explain the mystery behind “the mummy’s curse.” I will first explain a theory that predates the discovery of Tutankhamen’s tomb. This concept by An Egyptologist Dominic Montserrat after a comprehensive search concluded that the concept began with a strange “striptease” during the 1820s where state mummies were unwrapped. This inspired a little known novelist named Jan Loudon Webb to write a book called “The Mummy”. This book was set in the 22nd century and featured an angry, vengeful mummy who came back to life and threatened to strangle the books here. Other novelists also developed stories along the lines of the mummies curse in both England and America. A second theory some believe to be “the curse of the pharaoh” which I believe to be an urban myth. There was a message outside of the tomb that was translated to say “Death Shall Come on Swift Wings to Him Who Disturbs the Peace of the King.” Legend has it that anyone who dared open the tomb would suffer the wrath of the mummy. There were a series of unfortunate events that suddenly began to affect the men who entered first. Some became ill, others died. Even as late as the 1970’s the curse remains active. While the exhibit was on tour in San Francisco, one policeman guarding Tutankhamen’s gold funerary mask claimed he had a mild stroke because of the curse. A judge dismissed this claim, but visits around today’s...
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...the livings and made the community whole again. Every culture on earth has ritual to the final farewell to the dead. Some consigned the body to the embrace of the earth, the other release the soul through fire and today the practice of cremation is on rise. But for ancient Egyptians they believed that the body should last forever. To prevent decay the bodies of the dead will drained with moisture and reduced to the consistency of leather. Even send out dead into space, reload the container of ashes into small rocket. Even animal is mummified. In 1798 napoleons’ campaign spread a new ways of mummification. Bob Briers also known Mr. Mummy, tries to mummified a dead body and for it success he said that “we do the project not to get the mummy but to get knowledge”. Bionic involves by freezing the body by the liquid nitrogen. And for some nature makes mummies. Some bones/bodies found with a slit in their throats, strangulation and hanging. Many scholars believed that they sacrificed to their Gods. In Siberia, Russian archaeologist found 6 horses in a tomb of a man they thought he was maybe a great powerful man but it was a body of young woman. And some mountaineers were walking and notice a feather and when they try to look for it, it was an Inkas figurine...
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...This report will summarise the findings based on historical evidence and theories to explore the mystery of Otzi the Iceman. The iceman is one of the oldest mummies in the world and is also a ‘wet mummy’ which means humidity is retained in individual cells and as such the body tissue is elastic and therefore suitable for performing scientific investigations. The iceman is also a natural mummy having had no burial rites or any other intervention. There is mystery around the death of the iceman and also controversy when he was first found as to whether he was discovered on Austrian or Italian soil. It is very unique that a Neolithic man has been found preserved along with much of his clothing and possessions intact. Location of Discovery Otzi...
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...The Egyptian's burial rituals were more focus on the path to the after life, than the actual after life itself. There was three different types of burials that was performed based on how affordable it was. Everyone had deserved one, even if you were too poor to pay for one of the three you still was able to have some form of one to go to the afterlife. Even the mourning was dramatic according to Herodotus (413 BCE), they would plaster their faces in mud, leave the dead with relatives and then wear a girdle while beating themselves on the chest. Mourning was sorrowful but it was to hope the dead would find eternal bliss. Mummification was practiced around 3500 BCE, because they had believed that the dead needed a body to go onto the afterlife in. According to Mark, "The soul was thought to consist of nine separate parts: the Khat was the physical body; the Ka one’s double-form; the Ba a human-headed bird aspect which could speed between earth and the heavens; Shuyet was the shadow self; Akh the immortal, transformed self, Sahuand Sechem aspects of the Akh; Ab was the heart, the source of good and evil; Ren was one’s secret name." Because of these nine parts, they lead to the reasoning behind why they needed to preserve the body. Also during this time it should that Egypt had created a complex form of the soul for their time. But their wealth decided their mummification process. They also decided what the body would be put in to. The first process was the most expensive for when...
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