University OF Guyana
EHE 3104

Elements of Human Nutrition
Names: Twana Mccalmont & June Ann Williams
Lecturer’s Name :Audrey Duncan
Date :November ,24th 2015
History Of HIV
HIV was identified in 1983, scientist have tried to understand where it came from when it had arisen, and why it had spread. Were they too late? To answer most of their questions, they would have had to witness the virus's evolution. Scientists can track new pathogens such as SARS and avian flu because they produce obvious symptoms almost immediately. But HIV is a stealth virus that takes as many as 10 years to present symptoms; by the time researchers knew enough to wonder about its origins, those origins were in the distant past. For the last 23 years, scientists have been trying to peer into that past. Jon Cohen, a correspondent for science who has written extensively about the virus, compares the work to fossil hunting, using a few precious shreds of evidence to construct a possible history. "Everybody's always looking for certainty. It doesn't exist [in this field]," he says. "In a sense it's all theory." Nonetheless, the theory rests on facts, and at least a few of them are undisputed -- including, most significantly, HIV's family tree. There are two species of the virus, HIV-1 and HIV-2. The first evolved from a simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) found in chimpanzees, while the second came from an SIV in a type of monkey called the sooty mangabey. HIV-1, which is responsible for the vast majority of AIDS cases worldwide, is divided into three groups -- the "major" group M, and the much rarer "outlier" group O and "new" group N -- that have diverged over years of mutation and evolution. In May 2006, an international group of researchers led by Hahn answered two major questions about the origin of HIV-1 M, the deadliest and most widespread form of the virus: Where was its cradle, and what kind of chimp did it come from? Answering the questions was literally messy work -- researchers collected 599 waste samples from wild chimpanzees and analyzed the viral particles they contained -- but the results were immaculate. Research into the HIV's origins yield practical results. It could help scientists understand why HIV's viral ancestor, SIV, doesn't kill or even sicken chimps who carry it. With that knowledge, researchers might be able to make drugs with fewer side effects, or broad-spectrum vaccines that protect against all the strains of the disease that infect people today. Korber suggests that in an era of emerging diseases, looking back on the virus' shadowy origins offers a "history lesson," or perhaps even a fable, with a moral attached. By the time doctors realized that HIV/AIDS existed, it had already taken up permanent residence in humans. They couldn't have known about it before then, but, Korber says, at least now they know to be wary as the virus continues its shape-shifting spread around the globe. "The fact that it could be with us for quite a long time before we even realized it was there is kind of eye-opening," she says. "I think it's something to keep us on our toes. It helps us understand that we can be surprised." And of course, HIV research may have a few surprises left for us, too.
Definition Of Terms
Nutrition: This is the analysis of food and its constituents and its effects on the human body.
Hiv : Short for human immunodeficiency virus. The virus that causes AIDS by infecting the body's immune system.

The importance of Nutrition in Hiv
Having a proper diet and maintaining a healthy lifestyle is crucial. Eating the right foods can help keep the immune system stronger. A stronger immune system = greater ability to fight off diseases, as well as help control some of the other common problems of HIV patients, such as diarrhoea, nausea, fatigue and cardiovascular disease. Colorful vegetables and fruits provide nutrients to maintain a stable body weight. In addition, good nutrition helps the body process HIV medication appropriately. People living with HIv should eat a balanced diet .Protein: Lean meat, fish and chicken, beans, peas, nuts, seeds, eggs and low-fat diary are all good nutrition sources to help build strong muscles, control wasting syndrome and sustain the organs that make up your immune system. Their diet should contain 50-60% Carbohydrates: Complex carbohydrates such as legumes, brown rice, oats and barley are a great source of energy and are slowly absorbed by the body to keep you feeling fuller longer. 25% Fat: HIV patients are prone to cardiovascular disease (CVD) due to their medication. Thus, consuming the right kinds of fat can help protect against CVD. Foods high in omega-3 fatty acids such as salmon, flax seeds and oil, and walnuts are great sources of this polyunsaturated fat. Increased Fluid Intake: Staying hydrated with water and diluted juices can relieve symptoms of diarrhoea, nausea and fatigue. Limit your intake of soda, soft drinks and caffeine and try to drink liquid separately from solids (at least 30 minutes apart). People living with HIV/AIDS face increased challenges in maintaining proper nutrition. Despite developments in medical treatment, nutrition remains a key component in managing this condition. The challenges that those living with HIV/AIDS face can be the result of the viral infection itself. As well, the nutritional needs of people with HIV/AIDS are greater due to their immune system fighting off opportunistic infections that do not normally cause disease in people with healthy immune systems. Medication along with proper nutrition is a major component of maintaining good health and quality of life for people living with HIV/AIDS.

Preparation of food for people living with hIV
How your food and beverages are prepared is just as important as the food choices you make. So keep in mind the following food safety tips:
• All meats, fish and poultry should be cooked well done. Avoid all raw meats, fish (including sushi) and seafood.
• Never eat unpasteurized milk or diary products. Also avoid raw, soft-boiled and/or “over easy” eggs.
• At restaurants, ask that no ice be put in your drinks.
• Rinse all fruits and vegetables carefully.
• Reheat leftover thoroughly. Don’t eat leftovers that have been in the refrigerator for more than three days.

Dalanced Diet

A balanced diet is a diet consisting of all the foods from all the food groups.A diet based on starchy foods such as potatoes, bread, rice and pasta; with plenty of fruit and vegetables; some protein-rich foods such as meat, fish and lentils; some milk and dairy foods; and not too much fat, salt or sugar, will give you all the nutrients you need. When it comes to a healthy diet, balance is the key to getting it right. This means eating a wide variety of foods in the right proportions, and consuming the right amount of food and drink to achieve and maintain a healthy body weight. People Living with HIV should have a balanced diet, They should try to eat plenty of fruit and vegetables plenty of starchy foods, such as bread, rice, potatoes and pasta some meat, fish, eggs, beans and other non-dairy sources of protein some milk and dairy foods just a small amount of food and drinks that are high in fat and/or sugar. They should try to choose a variety of different foods from the six main food groups. It's important to have some fat in your diet, but you don't need to eat any foods from the "foods and drinks high in fat and/or sugar" group as part of a healthy diet. Fruit and vegetables are a vital source of vitamins and minerals. It's advised that we eat at least five portions of a variety of fruit and vegetables each day.

The effects of Symptoms Of HIV on nutrition
Nutrition is important for everyone especially those living with hiv, because food gives our bodied the nutrients they need to stay healthy and upkeep our immune systems. Symptoms such as soar throat ,nausea, vomiting and other illnesses pose a challenge to people living with hiv even the use of medications also makes it difficult since it sometimes makes them feel unwell. People with hiv ofen loose appetite this can lead to weight loss, which can make it harder for your body to fight infection. Yhey should try ; | | Try a little exercise, such as walking or doing yoga. This can often stimulate your appetite and make you feel like eating more. | | | |

| | Eat smaller meals more often. For instance, try to snack between meals. | | | |

| | Eat whenever your appetite is good. | | | |

| | Do not drink too much right before or during meals. This can make you feel full. | | | |

| | Avoid carbonated (fizzy) drinks and foods such as cabbage, broccoli, and beans. These foods and drinks can create gas in your stomach and make you feel full and bloated. | | | |

| | Eat with your family or friends. | | | |

| | Choose your favorite foods, and make meals as attractive to you as possible. Try to eat in a pleasant location. | | | |
And drinking enough liquids is very important when you have HIV. Fluids transport the nutrients you need through your body.
Drinking adequate amounts of water can ; | | Reduce the side effects of medications | | | |

| | Help flush out the medicines that have already been used by your body | | | |

| | Help you avoid dehydration (fluid loss), dry mouth, and constipation | | | |

| | |

Vitamins and minerals that affect the immune system | | Name | What It Does | Where to Get It | About Supplements | Vitamin A and beta-carotene | Keeps skin, lungs, and stomach healthy. | Liver, whole eggs, milk, dark green, yellow, orange, and red vegetables and fruit (such as spinach, pumpkin, green peppers, squash, carrots, papaya, and mangoes); also found in orange and yellow sweet potatoes | It's best to get vitamin A from food. Vitamin A supplements are toxic in high doses. Supplements of beta-carotene (the form of vitamin A in fruits and vegetables) have been shown to increase cancer risk in smokers. | Vitamin B-group (B1, B2, B6, B12, Folate) | Keeps the immune and nervous systems healthy. | White beans, potatoes, meat, fish, chicken, watermelon, grains, nuts, avocados, broccoli, and green leafy vegetables | Often leads to prominent yellow color of urine when taken as a supplement. | | Vitamin C | Helps protect the body from infection and aids in recovery. | Citrus fruits (such as oranges, grapefruit, and lemons), tomatoes, and potatoes | | | Vitamin E | Protects cells and helps fight off infection. | Green leafy vegetables, vegetable oils, and peanuts | Limit to 400 IU per day. | | Iron | Not having enough iron can cause anemia. | Green leafy vegetables, whole grain breads and pastas, dried fruit, beans, red meat, chicken, liver, fish, and eggs | Limit to 45 mg per day unless otherwise instructed by your doctor. Iron may be a problem for people with HIV because it can increase the activity of some bacteria. Iron supplements can be constipating. Supplements that do not contain iron may be better tolerated. Ask your doctor. | | Selenium | Important for the immune system. | Whole grains, meat, fish, poultry, eggs, peanut butter, and nuts | Limit to 400 mcg per day. | | Zinc | Important for the immune system. | Meat, fish, poultry, beans, peanuts, and milk and dairy products | Limit to 40 mg per day. | | | | |

Food safety and people living with hiv
Paying attention to food and water safety is important when you have HIV, because your immune system is already weakened and working hard to fight off infections. If food is not handled or prepared in a safe way, germs from the food can be passed on to you. These germs can make you sick You need to handle and cook food properly to keep those germs from getting to you. People living with hiv need to pay keen attention to how food is prepared so as to have good nutrition.they can ensure this by observing the following. | | Keep everything clean! Clean your counters and utensils often. | | | |

| | Wash your hands with soap and warm water before and after preparing and eating food. | | | |

| | Check expiration dates on food packaging. Do not eat a product if its expiration date has passed. | | | |

| | Rinse all fresh fruits and vegetables with clean water before eating. | | | |

| | Thaw frozen meats and other frozen foods in the refrigerator or in a microwave. Never thaw foods at room temperature. Germs that grow at room temperature can make you very sick. | | | |

| | Clean all cutting boards and knives (especially those that touch chicken and meat) with soap and hot water before using them again. | | | |

| | Make sure you cook all meat, fish, and poultry "well-done." You might want to buy a meat thermometer to help you know for sure that the meat is fully cooked. Put the thermometer in the thickest part of the meat, not touching a bone. Cook the meat until it reaches 165-212 degrees F. on the thermometer. | | | |

| | Do not eat raw, soft-boiled, or "over easy" eggs, or Caesar salads with raw egg in the dressing. This includes eating uncooked cookie dough or cake batter that contains uncooked eggs. | | | |

| | Do not eat sushi, raw seafood, or raw meats, or unpasteurized milk or dairy products. | | | |

| | Keep your refrigerator cold, set no higher than 40 degrees F. Your freezer should be at 0 degrees. | | | |

| | Refrigerate leftovers at temperatures below 40 degrees F. Do not eat leftovers that have been sitting in the refrigerator for more than 3 days. | | | |

| | Keep hot items heated to over 140 degrees F, and completely reheat leftovers before eating. | | | |

| | Throw away any foods (like fruit, vegetables, and cheese) that you think might be old. If food has a moly or rotten spot, throw it out. When in doubt, throw it out. | | | |

| | Some germs and parasites are spread through tap waste |

References .S. Government's Choose My Plate guide | |

| | Health Care and HIV: Nutritional Guide for Providers and Clients
Source: HRSA HIV/AIDS Bureau | | | |

| | HIV/AIDS: A Guide for Nutritional Care and Support 2004
Source: Food and Nutrition Technical Assistance (FANTA) Project | | | |

| | Living well with HIV/AIDS: A manual on nutritional care and support for people living with HIV/AIDS
Source: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations | | | |

| | Nutrition and HIV: New Model for Treatment
Source: by Mary Romeyn, MD, book published by Jossey-Bass, Inc. Order from Amazon at http://www.amazon.com. | | | |

| | Taking Control of Home Food Safety
Source: Project Inform | | | |

| | Vitamins and Minerals Factsheet |

Planning meals for persons living with hiv
Nutrition and hiv goes hand in hand .Improve your overall quality of life by giving your body nutrients .
The basic principles of healthy eating will also serve you well if you are HIV-positive. These principles include :Eating a diet high in vegetables, fruits, whole grains, and legumes Choosing lean, low-fat sources of protein, Limiting sweets, soft drinks, and foods with added sugar including proteins, carbohydrates, and a little good fat in all meals and snacks
Calories are the energy in foods that provide your body with fuel. To maintain your lean body mass, you may need to increase calories. To get enough calories: * Consume 17 calories per pound of your body weight if you've been maintaining your weight. * Consume 20 calories per pound if you have an opportunistic infection. * Consume 25 calories per pound if you are losing weight.
Protein helps build muscles, organs, and a strong immune system. To get enough of the right types of protein: * Aim for 100-150 grams a day, if you are an HIV-positive man. * Aim for 80-100 grams a day, if you are an HIV-positive woman. * If you have kidney beans don't get more than 15%-20% of your calories from protein; too much can put stress on your kidney. * Choose extra-lean pork or beef, skinless chicken breast, fish, and low-fat dairy products. * To get extra protein, spread nut butter on fruit, vegetables, or toast; add cheese to sauces, soups, potatoes, or steamed vegetables; add canned tuna to salads or casseroles.

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