...S. and that 26 percent of these were co-infected with HIV. The progression of tuberculosis varies greatly among people (1:887). It progresses more rapidly in blacks and Native Americans than in whites. The rate of progression depends mainly on the strength of the person's immune system. Active tuberculosis usually begins in the lungs (pulmonary tuberculosis). Tuberculosis that affects other parts of the body (extrapulmonary tuberculosis) usually comes from pulmonary tuberculosis that has spread throughout the bloodstream. Clinical Presentation: The first symptoms of tuberculosis are usually a cough and a feeling of not being well (1:887). The cough may produce a small amount of green or yellow sputum in the morning, which usually increases as the disease progresses. Eventually the sputum may be streaked with blood. One of the most common symptoms is awakening in the night drenched with a cold sweat caused by the subsiding of a low-grade fever. Shortness of breath may signal the presence of air (pneumothorax) or fluid (pleural effusion) in the pleural space. About 95 percent of pleural effusions in young adults are caused by a recent infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis and need to be recognized as such so that they do not progress to full-blown tuberculosis (1:888). In a new infection, the bacteria travel from the lesion in the lung to the draining lymph nodes. The infection may spread to a joint, causing tuberculous arthritis. The most commonly affected joints...
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...not kill every bacterium (Gupta 52). Milk products such as cheese, yoghurt and butter carry the potential of having some bacterium in them. Their consumption in large numbers is relative to an increasing risk of affection. For instance, increased intake milk products correlate with but do not necessarily cause adolescent acne. At this point, it is good to note that milk has two layers one that contains fat and one that does not. The fatty layer has hormones such as progesterone and androgens that stimulate acne. Acne leads to hormonal imbalances and thus abnormal experiences in regard to menstruation (Fox 45). The number of diseases caused by bacteria is large but this paper intends to focus on female genital tuberculosis as one of them. Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacterium causes this disease. A person suffering from this disease, experiences the following symptoms; abdominal pain from the lower side, oligomenorrhoea, menstrual disorders, infertility, dyspareunia, vaginal discharges, fatigue, pelvic mass, weightloss among many others. The major treatments include surgery and chemotherapy and use of...
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...Microbiology Overview Interpretation of preliminary microbiology data Gram-positive cocci Aerobic In clusters ● Coagulase (+): Staphylococcus aureus ● Coagulase (-): Staphylococcus lugdunensis and other coagulasenegative staphylococci In pairs/chains ● Optochin sensitive: Streptococcus pneumoniae ● Alpha-hemolytic: Viridans group Streptococcus, Enterococcus ● Beta-hemolytic: ○ Group A Strep (Streptococcus pyogenes) ○ Group B Strep (Streptococcus agalactiae) ○ Group C, D, G Strep Anaerobic: Peptostreptococcus spp. and many others Gram-positive rods Aerobic ● Large: Bacillus spp ● Cocco-bacillus: Listeria monocytogenes, Lactobacillus spp ● Small, pleomorphic: Corynebacterium spp ● Branching filaments: Nocardia spp, Streptomyces spp Gram-negative cocci Aerobic ● Diplococcus: Neisseria meningitidis, N. gonorrhoeae, Moraxella catarrhalis ● Cocco-bacillus: Haemophilus influenzae, Acinetobacter Anaerobic: Veillonella spp. Gram-negative rods Aerobic Lactose fermenting (Lactose positive): ● Enterobacter spp, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp ● Citrobacter spp*, Serratia spp* Non lactose-fermenting (Lactose negative): ● Oxidase (-): Acinetobacter spp, Burkholderia spp, E. coli, Proteus spp, Salmonella spp, Shigella spp, Serratia spp*, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia ● Oxidase (+): P. aeruginosa, Aeromonas spp. Anaerobic ● Large: Clostridium spp Anaerobic: Bacteroides spp, Fusobacterium spp, Prevotella spp. ● Small, pleomorphic: P. acnes, Actinomyces spp *Serratia and Citrobacter spp...
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...article it discussed the methods used, which was a questionnaire, which contained 46 safety climate items, which were tested on 789 health care workers based in hospital health facilities. This research was conducted in order to perform evaluations in different settings in order to define the new safety climate scale. In order to target additional problems in hospital safety and guide to reduce incidents that may occur because of failure to follow regulations. Gampper, R. N., George, J., Carter, J., & Jesdale, M. (1998, April). Co-infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis and HIV in high risk clinical care settings in Rhode Island. AIDS Care, 10(2), 221-9. The article is in relevance to infections in health care settings because this article discusses the main focus of researching and developing an identification method and data collections. Health facilities were unable or were not keeping track or record of HIV and Tuberculosis patients, such as failure to show up, or document important developments lacked the records and date increasing the diagnosed rates of HIV and...
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...cases in West Africa, where the disease has surpassed leprosy and tuberculosis in some regions. Buruli ulcer is caused by an infection with Mycobacterium ulcerans that involves the skin and subcutaneous adipose tissue that mainly affects children between the ages of 5 and 15. (Wansbrough-Jones & Phillips, 2006). It typically presents itself as a painless subcutaneous nodule that ulcerates approximately 70-100% of the time. (World Health Organization, 2007) There are other pre-ulcerative forms of the disease such as papules that affect the skin, plaques, which are large, firm, painless raised lesions and oedema, which is the severe form of the disease. The first reported case of Buruli ulcer is thought to have been as far back as 1897 in Uganda. Sir Albert Cook described cases of chronic ulceration in Africa at that time but the disease was not published until 1948. It was then reported in two Australian children and four adults in an area in Bairnsdale, Victoria that demonstrated the lesions in several different stages of infection. (Wansbrough-Jones & Phillips, 2006) It was not until 1965 that it was discovered that there was no inflammation around the acid-fast bacilli in the necrotic tissue of the lesions that suggested that Mycobacterium ulcerans secretes a toxin that causes tissue damage. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) there are four methods that are used to substantiate Mycobacterium ulcerans...
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...6. Emerging and Re-emerging Diseases Chapter 8 Disease is not constant • Emerging Diseases – are recently “discovered” diseases, or diseases that have become increasingly important. • Some are old diseases just discovered – like Hepatitis C • Some are truly new like HIV • Many are taking advantage of some niche – like air conditioners in large buildings – Legionella pneumophila • Diseases moving to new parts of the world – West Nile Virus • Re-emerging Diseases – are diseases that became less important, but are again increasing in importance. • Tuberculosis is an old disease that is again rapidly increasing in some populations. 1 2 Health Science Microbiology David L. Beck, B.S., A.M., Ph.D. FYI Emerging Diseases - Examples FYI Re-emerging Diseases - Examples 3 4 Known Species The Tip of the Iceburg • How many species are there? • 1980 there was 1,792 described species • 1990 there was 3,393 species (173 new per year) • 2000 there was 6,386 species (299 new per year) • 2010 there was 12,926 species (654 new per year) • Oct 2011 there was 13,563 species (Yikes!!!) (Most of these we know nothing about other than their name.) WE KNOW VERY LITTLE 80% of bacteria are unculturable – what you do not know about can hurt you! 61% of the known 1415 species infectious (and counting) to man are from animals (zoonoses) • • • • 5 Want to know the current number of described species? See: http://www.bacterio.cict.fr/number.html Updated daily. 6 Normal...
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...Century There are many names people have used for tuberculosis (TB) over the years, white plague and consumption being a couple. It is believed that the human form of tuberculosis is less than 6,000 years old and originated in Africa. TB spread along the trade routes from Africa to other parts of the world. It was not until the 1880’s that TB became known as an infectious disease spreading from person to person. This paper discusses what the disease tuberculosis is, how it is spread, and who is most likely to acquire the disease. Then it will explain some of the conditions that allow this infectious disease to continue in the 21st Century. Finally, the role of the community health nurse will be discussed. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) tuberculosis is caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis. This bacterium usually affects the lungs but can attack any part of the body. If active TB disease is not treated it will usually kill the individual and spread to others. “About one third of the world’s population is infected with TB bacteria. Only a small proportion of those infected will become sick” ("10 Facts," n.d., para. 1). TB if inactive is called latent TB infection (LTBI) while the active form is referred to as TB disease. The difference between the two is that with TB disease the TB bacteria is making the person sick. Their immune system cannot control the growth of the mycobacterium. While those with LTBI have the TB bacteria in their...
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...Tuberculosis _ Epidemiology and Nursing Research. November14, 2013 Tuberculosis _Epidemiology and Nursing Research. Communicable diseases occurs in every country regardless of urban, rural, or with socio economical diversities. In order to help in prevention and control of communicable diseases, locally, nationally and globally, nurses who are working with the public health system , must have basic understanding of epidemiology, microbiology, treatments, and knowledge about public health system and the legal system. Although, the United states attained a significant success in attaining the control over the communicable diseases, compared to the other parts of the world since 1940s, communicable diseases are still leading cause of death in the United States.(Maurer &Smith, 2012). Tuberculosis(TB) is a air bourn infectious disease which is caused by Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. People who are living in poor socioeconomic background and who are living in medically underserved communities are more prone to this deadly , but preventable and curable disease. This disease continue to be as an indicator of poverty and low socio-economic background. Most of the time people affected with this deadly disease are undiagnosed early and affected with malnutrition or immunologically compromised. Tuberculosis can affect several organs...
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...Balding Tuberculosis was very detrimental the leading cause of death in the early 20th century. The active agent of tuberculosis is mycobacterium tuberculosis. This disease is very prevalent in areas of high populations because of the proximity of people. Evidence of tuberculosis dates to 8000 BCE in Europe. Less and less cases of tuberculosis are being documented in the United States, but it can reemerge due to the miss use of antibiotics creating drug-resistant tuberculosis. Underdeveloped countries are more likely to experience TB epidemic this is because of poor and unprepared healthcare clinics. Tuberculosis has been a very detrimental disease worldwide, and has accounted...
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...Benchmark Assignment: Tuberculosis Epidemiology Melinda A. Graham Grand Canyon University: NRS 427 November 15, 2015 Tuberculosis (TB) is a disease that has been present in history for many years. Even with modern medicine and the advances that have been made to treat TB it is still claiming lives. This disease is caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis, which is transferred from person to person ultimately affecting the lungs, but can cause harm to other parts of the body (Center for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2015). Although this disease is not as common as it once was in the United States it is still present in our world and causing mortalities. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), TB “ranks as the second leading cause of death from a single infections disease” (2015, para 1). Therefore, it is necessary and important for healthcare individuals to be familiar with TB and understand the epidemiology behind the disease. Being aware of the role of the community health nurse plays in regards to this disease and being aware of resources that can help the community is fundamental in providing for the wellbeing of all. To become familiar as to how the community health nurse can provide for community members with TB it is important to understand the typical signs and symptoms a patient may display. Some of the symptoms a patient may report in association to TB is generalized weakness, recent weight loss, and reports of a fever, night sweats...
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...Michelle Warmbold Tuberculosis The spread of pathogenic bacteria in the human population can occur in many ways. Air, water, soil, and physical contact are all common ways in spreading bacteria to one another. Pathogenic bacteria can cause infections in many parts of the body. Some can be deadly while others, with treatment available, are benign. One of the largest problems we face in the world is the rapid growth of bacterial infections that go unseen due to lack of access to medications and/or treatment. Today, tuberculosis is one of the worlds leading killers, making it a popular topic in the pathogenic bacterium world. Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the bacteria that causes tuberculosis, has been around for centuries. M.tb is a small slow growing bacterium that can only live in people. It is not found in other animals, insects, or other nonliving things. It was first described around 460 B.C.E by Hippocrates, a Greek physician. He called it phthsis meaning “consumption” in Greek. This word described the way the disease took over, or better yet, consumed its victims. At the time, it was the most widespread disease. The term “consumption” was used until 1882, when they discovered tuberculosis bacteria as the cause of the disease. Tuberculosis is an infectious disease that usually infects the lungs but can attack almost any part of the body, such as the kidney, spine, and brain. M.tb is found commonly in the air sacs of the lungs because it is an aerobic bacterium...
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...Case 1: I. Tuberculosis -Tuberculosis is caused by a bacterium called Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The bacteria usually attack the lungs, but TB bacteria can attack any part of the body such as the kidney, spine, and brain. TB is generally classified as being either latent or active. • Latent TB TB bacteria can live in the body without making you sick. This is called latent TB infection. In most people who breathe in TB bacteria and become infected, the body is able to fight the bacteria to stop them from growing. People with latent TB infection do not feel sick and do not have any symptoms. People with latent TB infection are not infectious and cannot spread TB bacteria to others. • Active TB is contagious and is the condition that can make you sick with symptoms. II. Mycobacterium tuberculosis Occasionally, mycobacteria are visible on a Gram stain as gram-positive or gram-variable curved, beaded bacilli in a sputum sample when tested using the Ziehl Neelsen Technique. III. Ziehl Neelsen Technique -With the Ziehl-Neelsen stain, the appearance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacilli as red bacilli on a blue background indicates that they are acid fast. Many organisms are curved and some are beaded. In general, mycobacteria range from coccobacilli to long, slender, curved rods that may have beads or bands within them. To distinguish among mycobacteria on the basis of their microscopic appearance is difficult, although some...
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...Tuberculosis: Epidemiology and Nursing Role Tuberculosis has been a persistent threat to the human race as far back as Hippocrates (c.460-c.370 BC). Globally, tuberculosis has infected millions during waves, often killing scores of people at a time, and then receding giving it an almost supernatural quality (Daniel, 2006). In recent history tuberculosis has been recorded in all corners of the world, and currently infects one third of the global population. In 2012, TB was responsible for killing 1.3 million people, making it the second largest fatal disease next to AIDS. The purpose of this paper is to describe tuberculosis, explain contributing factors, describe the disease in relation to the epidemiologic triangle, and finally discuss the role of community nurses in the prevention and treatment of the disease. Tuberculosis is a respiratory disease spread through the air. This is of course a simple definition and robs the disease of its true nature. In order to fully understand tuberculosis one must leverage the rules of communicable disease investigations. In that vein, tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by mycobacterium, specifically mycobacterium tuberculosis. TB, as it is often referred, is indeed spread through infected sputum, carried through the air from a host to a new host. Once in the lungs, the bacteria become latent or active. Latent TB infection means the patient is not symptomatic, yet will test positive on skin test. The second route leads to active...
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...Tuberculosis: An Epidemic of Poverty Grand Canyon University Author Note A module 2 requirement for the course “Concepts in Community and Public Health.” Tuberculosis: An Epidemic of Poverty Poverty is a globally pervasive socio-economic issue which not only exists in the lesser developed countries, but in first world countries such as the United States of America, and as such, it predisposes these marginalized and underserved communities to certain diseases, which includes Tuberculosis, since TB thrives in areas with poor sanitary conditions, populations that are undernourished, and develops drug resistance if treatments are mismanaged, and all of these factors are found in communities that lack proper sanitation and garbage disposal, environmental pollution, and poor health care delivery systems through lack of funding and resources. (Maurer and Smith, 2009) What is Tuberculosis? Tuberculosis is a globally widespread disease and is second only to HIV with the greatest mortality rate caused by a single infectious agent in the world. It has a mortality rate of 66% if not treated properly, and in 2012, out of the 8.6 million people that acquired tuberculosis, 1.3 million succumbed to the disease. Out of these deaths, 95% occurred in low to middle income countries, further strengthening the link between the disease and socio-economic status. Most of the new cases of tuberculosis also come from less developed regions of the world, 60% of which came from Asia. Tuberculosis...
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...Tuberculosis Tuberculosis or TB as the disease is abbreviated is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.TB). Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a large, has no motility and is rod shape in appearance. The rods are between 2 to 4 microns in length and between 0.2 to 0.5 microns in width. M.TB. is classified as weakly gram positive bacterium as it has a cell wall but no phospholipid outer membrane. However when a Gram stain is performed M.TB does not retain the dyes and does not stain completely due to the high lipid and chemical content of its cell wall (Todar, 2008). Tuberculosis is a disease of the lungs. This type is called pulmonary tuberculosis. It can affect other parts of the body via the circulatory system and infect all organs of the body; this is known as extrapulmonary tuberculosis. In children tuberculosis meningitis is sometimes diagnosed. This form of the disease is a life threatening and fatal condition. M.TB is transmitted via droplet transmission. The bacteria are inhaled in droplet form when an infected person coughs sneezes or speaks as the small droplets are expelled into the air. The bacteria can remain airborne for hours however UV light such as sunlight can destroy them. Once an uninfected person inhales the droplets the bacteria travel to the lungs and within a time period of six weeks the bacteria could have affected a small part of the lungs without any obvious symptoms being shown. This is known as the primary infection. After the primary...
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