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PAGSASALITA

• Sa apat na makrong kasanayan, ang pagsasalita ang kauna-unahang natututnan ng tao. • Ang isang bata ay natututo ng limanlibong (500) salita bawat taon o labintatlong salita bawat araw. Mula sa isang salita hanggang sa maging dalawa, patungo sa telegrapiko, hanggang sa makadebelop ng proseso sa ponolohiya at pagsasatinig ng mga salita, lumilikha ang mga bata ng mga salita na nagiging kagamitan niya sa pagpapahayag.

HAKBANG SA PAGSASALITA

• Pag-iyak - kapanganakan • Cooing - 6 na lingo • Babling - 6 na buwan • Intonasyon - 8 na buwan • Isang salita - 1 taon • Dalawang salita - 18 buwan • Salita (word inflection) - 2 ¼ taon (3 taon – 3 buwan) • Tanong negatibo - 5 taon • Matyur na salita - 10 taon

MGA PANGANGAILANGAN SA MABISANG PAGSASALITA

A. Kaalaman – “you cannot say what you do not know.” Kaya kailangan ang kaalaman sa mga sumusunod: 1. paksa ng usapan 2. bokabularyo 3. gramatika 4. kulturang pinanggalingan ng wikang ginagamit mo, sa iyong sariling kultura at kultura ng iyong kausap

B. Kasanayan – kailangang linangin ang mga sumusunod na kasanayan 1. kasanayan sa pag-iisip ng mensahe sa pinakamabilis na panahon 2. kasanayan sa paggamit ng mga kasangkapan sa pananalita 3. kasanayan sa pagpapahayag sa iba’t ibang genre

C. Tiwala sa sarili – ang mga sumusunod ay nagpapakita ng kawalan ng tiwala sa sarili 1. kimi o hindo palakibo 2. mahina ang tinig 3. garalgal ang boses 4. mabagal magsalita 5. pautal-utal na pagbigkas 6. panginginig, paninigas o pag-iwas sa tingin 7. labis na pagpapawis 8. kabado

MGA KASANGKAPAN NG ISANG NAGSASALITA

A. Tinig 1. angkop sa sitwasyon at damdamin ng nagsasalita 2. angkop ang himig o tono sa mensahe ng kaisipan

B. Bigkas 1. lakas 2. bilis 3. linaw 4. hinto

C. Tindig 1. tumindig nang maginhawa at maluwag 2. maging anyong kagalang-galang at maginoo sa pagtayo 3. tuwid ang katawan at ulo sa paglakad sa entablado 4. huwag tindig military o tindig marino 5. huwag idukot ang mga kamay sa bulsa 6. ipatong ang bigat ng katawan sa isang paa para maging handa na gumalaw nang paurong at pasulong 7. pagpalitin sa mga paa ang pagpapatong ng bigat ng katawan sa bawat pagpapalit ng paksang tinatalakay 8. huwag mamaywang na paraang lilipad na ibon

D. Galaw – panawag-pansin sa mga nakikinig at paghahatid ng kaisipan 1. galaw ng buong katawan (paurong-pasulong, paglipat sa entablado) 2. galaw ng mga bahagi ng katawan

E. Kumpas 1. gawing natural 2. ibagay sa sinasabi

Halimbawa ng kumpas 1. kumpas na gamit ang hintuturo – panawag-pansin 2. palad na nakatihaya – pagbibigay o pagtanggap 3. palad na nakataob at ayos patulak – pagtanggi 4. mapuwersang kumpas – pagpalakpak, pagpadyak, pag-iling, pagdagok 5. kumpas na mapaglarawan – pagpapakita ng korte, laki, haba o kinalaglagyan ng isang bagay

MGA KASANAYAN SA PAGSASALITA

A. Pagtatalumpati – sining ng pasalitang pagpapahayag na may layuning makaakit at makahikayat sa mga nakikinig.

• Layunin 1. magbigay ng katuwaan 2. magdulot ng impormasyon 3. magpahayag ng katuwiran 4. magbigay ng paliwanag 5. mang-akit sa isang kilusan

• Paraan ng Pagbigkas 1. pagbasa sa isinulat na talumpati 2. pagbigkas mula sa balangkas ng talumpati 3. pagbigkas sa isinaulong talumpati 4. pagbigkas nang hindi pinaghandaan

• Bahagi 1. Pambungad – inihahanda ang kaisipan ng mga nakikinig. Layuning kawilihan ang mga nakikinig 2. Paglalahad – katawan o pinakakaluluwa ng talumpati. May kawastuhan, kalinawan, pang-akit 3. Panindigan – pagpapatunay sa talumpati. Layuning mapaniwala at mahikayat ang mga nakikinig 4. Pamimitawan – huling bahagi ng talumpati. Nag-iiwan ng kakintalan sa isipan ng nakikinig

• Uri 1. Panlibang – naririnig sa mga piging at salusalo 2. Pampasigla – naririnig sa mga anibersaryo, pagtatapos, pagtatalaga sa tungkulin, seminar at kumbensyon 3. Panghikayat – naririnig sa mga kampanya sa panahon ng eleksyon 4. Pangkabatiran – naririnig sa mga panayam at pagbibigay ng ulat 5. Pagbibigay-galang – pagsalubong sa mga bagong kasapi ng isang samahan o pagtanggap sa isang bagong natalaga sa isang tungkulin 6. Papuri – pagbibigay ng parangal ang layunin nito

a. parangal – papuri sa isang namatay b. pagtatalaga – binubuksang isang paaralan, gusali, aklatan, atbp c. pamamaalam – aalis sa isang tanggapan at ililipat sa iba o ng isang magreretiro sa tungkulin d. paghahandog – pagpahanga sa isang punong papaalis na sa tungkulin, paggawad ng medalya, katibayan ng pagkilala dahil sa mabuting paglilingkod

B. Pakikipanayam – pag-uusap ng dalawang tao o grupo – ang kumakapanayam at ang kinakapanayam

• Layunin

Makakukuha ng mapanghahawakang mahalagang impormasyon o kabatiran hinggil sa kinakapanayam, sa ibang tao, sa mga bagay-bagay, Gawain, sa mga pangyayari o pangkalahatang kalagayan sa lipunan.

• Uri 1. Ayon sa paksa a. aktwal – ang mga tanong ay sumasaklaw sa mga impormasyon, kuru-kuro o reaksyong nais malaman b. Nagtatampok – kinapapalooban ito ng paglalarawan at pagpapahalaga sa mga taong kilala c. Patalambuhay – nahihinggil sa pinagdaanang buhay ng isang taong maaaring makapagbigay ng kawilihan o kaalaman sa mga tao

2. Ayon sa pamamaraan a. Pormal – karaniwang isinasagawa ito sa larangan ng pangangalakal, sa pagpasok sa trabaho, sa mga awtoridad, mga dalubhasa, mga artista at iba pang kilalang tao na kailangang pagtakdaan ng panahon b. Personal/impersonal – kadalasan ay tanong at sago tang ginagawa ditto. Kahit saan magkita, madali ang pakikipag-usap, hindi na kailangang itakda pa

3. Ayon sa layunin

a. Karaniwan – sa daigdig ng balita, ito ang tinatawag na balitang pakikipanayam, isang uri ng pagkuha ng balita na karaniwang pormal sa paraan b. Kinaugalian – ito’y madalas na pinagbabatayan ng mga nasusulat na mga natatanging lathalain o artikulo sa mga pang-araw-araw na mga babasahin c. Pangkatan – nababatay sa bilang ng kumakapanayan at kinakapanayam

• Hakbang 1. Tiyakin ang layunin ng pakikipanayam 2. Pumili at magtakda ng taong kakapanayamin 3. Alamin ang oras, lugar at tagpuan ng panayam 4. Sikaping may sapat na kaalaman tungkol sa paksa 5. Siguruhing may sapat na kabatiran tungkol sa kakapanayamin 6. Planuhing mabuti ang mga panimulang pahayag na napapaloob sa introduksyon 7. Makipagkasundo tungkol sa pagrerekord ng impormasyon

• Paglikha ng mga Katanungan

1. Oo o hindi (yes-no question 2. Open-ended a. mga tanong na humihingi ng maikling kasagutan b. mga tanong na humihingi ng mahabang kasagutan 3. Follow-up a. elaboration question b. clarification question 4. Pagbubuod (summary question) 5. Karagdagang katanungan (continuation question)

• Balangkas sa Pagsasagawa ng panayam 1. Introduksyon 2. Katawan 3. Kongklusyon

• Mga Dapat Tandaan Habang Nakikipanayam 1. Panatilihin ang kaaya-ayang atitud 2. Maging sensitibo sa mga non-verbal cues a. eye contact b. ekspresyon ng mukha c. postura d. muwestra e. espasyo 3. Tiyakin na nauunawaan ng kinakapanayam ang mga follow-up na katanungan

C. Pagdedebate – binubuo ng pagtatalo ng dalawang koponan o pangkat na nagkakatuwiran sa isang proposisyon na napagkasunduan nilang pagtalunan.

Proposisyon – isang paninindigan sa katunayan o kabulaanan ng isang bagay na makatotohanan.

• Uri ng Proposisyon 1. Pangyayari – naninindigan sa katunayan o kabulaanan ng isang bagay na makatotohanan.

Hal. Marami ang nawawalan ng tiwala sa administrasyong Arroyo.

2. Kahalagahan – paninindigan sa kahalagahan ng isang bagay, palakad o pagkilos

Hal. Ang isang wikang pambansa ay lubhang mahalaga sa pagbuwag Ng makaaliping diwa.

3. Patakaran – naghahanap ng isang paraan ng pagkilos o isang binalak na solusyon sa isang suliranin. Ginagamit ang salitang “dapat” sa pagsulat ng proposisyong ito.

Hal. Dapat magkaroon ng damit na uniporme ang mga mag-aaral sa kolehiyo.

• Katangian ng Paraang Oregon-Oxford 1. Ang bawat koponan ay binubuo ng dalawa o tatlong kasapi. 2. Walo o sampung minuto ang pagtatalumpati. 3. Pagkatapos ng talumpati ng bawat isa, mayroon munang tatlong minutong pagtatanungan.

Paalala sa Pagtatanong a. Magtanong lamang ng mga tanong na nasasagot ng oo o hindi. b. Huwag payagang magtanong ang kalaban kung ikaw ang nagtatanong. c. Kung lumalabag sa alintuntunin ng pagtatanong ang isa sa kanila, dapat ipaalam iyon sa tagapangasiwa ng pagdedebate.

4. Pagkatapos ng lahat ng mga pangunahing talumpati at tanungan, mayroon naming tatlong sandali ng pagtuligsa ang mga kasapi. Limang minuto naman ang pagtuligsa at pagbubuklod ng puno ng bawat koponan.

Mga Dapat Tandaan sa Panunuligsa (rebuttal) a. Ilahad ang mga mali sa katuwiran ng kalaban. b. Ipaalam ang walang katotohanang sinabi ng kalaban. c. Ipaliwnang ang kahinaan ng katibayan ng kalaban. d. Magtapos sa pagbubuod ng sariling katuwiran at katibayan.

D. Pakikipag-usap – pagpapalitan ng damdamin at kaisipan sa pamamagitan ng mga salita.

• Kahalagahan 1. Sa pamamagitan ng pakikipag-usap, ang isang tao’y maaaring a. magkaroon ng mga kaibigan b. makipagpalitan ng kuru-kuro c. matuto ng bagong kaisipan d. makabuo ng paniniwala e. makabuo o makasira ng mabuting pagsasamahan f. maaari naming makayamot at makapagpagalit sa kausap

2. Ang karanasan sa pakikipag-usap ay nakatutulong sa isang tao upang Maging matalas ang pakiramdam. 3. Nagagamit ito sa pakikisalamuha sa lipunan.

• Katangian ng Mabisa at Malayang Pakikipag-usap 1. May layunin 2. Pagtutugunan ng dalawang panig 3. Maaaring iwasto ang usapan 4. May pokus at may kinalaman sa interes at karanasan ng nag-uusap 5. Tiyak at tuwid ang usapn 6. Kakitaan ng paggalang sa isa’t isa 7. Likas, bukal at kusang-loob 8. Mapanlikha 9. May tiwla sa sarili 10. Nakakapagpaluwag ng loob

• Mga Hindi Dapat Ugaliin sa Pakikipag-usap 1. Ugaling lituhin ang kausap 2. Pagiging labis na palatawa 3. Ang panghihina 4. Ang hindi pakikinig 5. Ang kawalang interes sa kausap 6. Pagiging palapintasin 7. Ang pagiging atrasado sa pagbibigay kahulugan sa mga sinasabi ng kausap

• Mga Dapat Tandaan sa Pakikipag-usap sa Telepono 1. Huwag kalimutan ang pagbibigay-galang o pagbati. Kasunod nito ang pagbanggit ng tanggapan o tahanan. 2. Magsalita nang malinaw, kagiliw-giliw at natural na tinig. 3. Kung ikaw ang tumatawag at naramdaman mong iniangat ang awditibo sa kabilang dulo subalit walang nagsasalita, ikaw ang magsimulang magsalita. 4. Sakaling naroon ang iyong hinahanap at tinawag ng iyong kausap, huwag mong kalimutang magpasalamat. 5. Matanda man o bata at maging katulong man ang kausap sa telepono ay dapat na isaalang-alang ang kagandahang.

E. Pagkukuwento

Kwento – isang uri ng salaysay na nagsasaad ng mga pangyayaring maaaring totoo o kaya ay kathang-isip lamang.

Maikling kwento – isang uri ng panitikan na may katamtamang habang salaysay ng isang Natatangi at mahahalagang pangyayari sa buhay na karaniwang may elemento ng drama.

• Layunin ng Pagkukuwento 1. Malibang 2. Masanay sa pagsasalita sa harapan ng ibang tao

• Mga Dapat Isaalang-alang sa Pagkukuwento 1. Hangga’t maaari, piliin ang paksang napapanahon dahil magiging kawili-wili ito sa mga tagapakinig lalo na kung bago ang paksa, lalo pa’t ito’y naiuugnay sa kasalukuyang pangyayari.

2. Gumamit ng nga salitang nauunawaan ng mga tagapakinig. Iwasang gumamit ng mga malalalim na salitang hindi kayang abutin ng komprehensyon ng mga tagapakinig.

3. Iangkop ang paksa sa kinagigiliwan ng mga tagapakinig.

4. Gawing malinaw at tiyak ang aral na nais iparating ng kuwento sa mga tagapakinig.

5. Bigyang buhay ang kilos, gawi at pananalita ng mga tauhang inilahad sa pagkukuwento. Ang paggamit ng iba’t ibang istilo sa pagsasalaysay ay nakapagdaragdag ng lalong pagkalugod ng mga tgapakinig.

6. Gumamit ng mga kagamitang pantanghalan at lumikha ng iba’t ibang tunog, tulad ng isang tunog ng nasusunog na bundok, ulan, putok ng baril, at iba pa.

• Pamantayan sa Pagkukuwentong Pasalita 1. Tiyaking alam na alam ang kwentong isasalaysay. 2. Balangkasin sa isip ang kwento bago isalaysay. 3. Iwasang banggitin ang mga di-mahahalagang bagay. 4. Gumamit ng mga angkop na salita sa pagkukuwento. 5. Isalaysay ang kwento na parang nakikipag-usap. 6. Sikaping maging masigla sa pagkukuwento. 7. Bigkasing malinaw ang mga salita. 8. Huwag magmadali sa pagsasalaysay. 9. Gawing katamtaman ang lakas ng boses 10. Tumindig nang matuwid. 11. Tumingin sa mga nakikinig. 12. Iwasan ang paggamit ng mga pangatnig na: at, saka, tapos, noong kuwan.

• Mga Uri ng Maikling Kwento 1. Katutubong kulay – naglalarawan ng pinangyarihan, ang ayos ng pamumuhay at pag-uugali ng mga naninirahan, ang kanilang pananamit, hanapbuhay, pagsasalita o ang kabuuan ng nasabing kapaligiran.

2. Pag-ibig – binibigyang-diin ditto ang mga pagtatangi hayag man o hindi, ng dalawang pusong umiibig, ang pagliligawan, ang tampuhan at pagmamahalan.

3. Katatkutan – naghahayag ng mga pangyayaring kagimbal-gimbal, nakatatakot at nagdudulot ng lagim.

4. Kababalaghan – paksa nito ang mga pangyayaring di kayang ipaliwanag ng isip. Taliwas sa karaniwang takbo ng kalikasan ang mga pangyayari.

5. Katatawanan – nagpapatawa at nagdudulot ng kasiyahan sa mga nakikinig.

6. Talino – humahamon sa katalinuhan ng mga mambabasa. Puno ng suliranin ang mga pangyayari.

7. Pampagkakataon – lumalabas lamang tuwing may pagdiriwang o okasyon.

8. Tagpuan – binibigyang-diin ditto ang kahalagahan at kabuluhan ng pook na pinangyarihan ng kwento.

9. Tauhan – higit na pinahahalagahan ditto ang pangunahing tauhan.

10. Mabanghay – ipinakikita sa kwentong ito kung paanong ang pangyayari’y nakapagdulot ng pagbabago sa pangunahing tauhan. Ang madulang tagpo ay siyang bumubuo ng kalagayan ng pangyayari.

F. Pangkatang Talakayan – maayos na paraan ng masusing pagpapalitan ng kuru-kuro o opinion na ang layunin ay makatipon ng mga kaalaman at magbigay-halaga sa mga mabisang opinion ukol sa isang paksa o kaya’y ihanap ng solusyon ang isang problema.

• Kabutihan ng Pangkatang TalaKayan

Ang mga kalahok ay nagtutulong-tulong upang maisakatuparan ang isng tiyak na layunin sapagkat ito ay nababatay sa matino at makabuluhang pagpapasya ng lahat ng mga kalahok.

• Uri 1. Impormal na Talakayan (round table) - binubuo ng 5 – 10 tao - pinamumunuan ng isang tagapangulo subalit aktibong lahat sa Pakikilahok

2. Talakayan ng isang hanay na itinakda (panel discussion) - binubuo ng isang puno at mga kalahok - nagpapalitan ng kuru-kuro o opinion tungkol sa isang suliranin ang hanay sa jarapan ng pormal na tagapakinig - may bukas na talakayan

3. Simposyum - may 3 0 4 na tagapagsalita na ang bawat isa ay nagbibigay ng talumpati na tatagal ng 5-7 na minuto - layunin ng mga tagapagsalita na magbigay ng impormasyon tungkol sa isang isyu - may bukas na talakayan

4. Lektyur Porum - isang tagapagsalita lamang ang nagbibigay ng impormasyon o panayam sa isang isyu. - may bukas na talakayan at pinamamahalaan ng isang Tagapamagitan

5. Talakayan ng Lupon - may takdang oras ang talakayan - gamitin ito sa mga organisasyon o samahan kung gumagawa Ng isang plano upang maisakatuparan ang isang proyekto

• Katangian ng Makabuluhang Talakayan 1. Ang talakayan ay nauukol sa isang kapaki-pakinabang na paksa na inilalahad bilang isang katanungan.

a. Lumilikom ng mga karagdagang kaalaman b. Humanap ng lunas sa suliranin c. Magbigay ng halaga

2. May kaayusan – gumagamit ng panggabay na katanungan 3. Ang bawat kalahok ay gagamit ng masusing pag-iisip. 4. Ang mga kalahok ay gagamit ng wika, tinig at kumpas. 5. Ang lahat ng mga kalahok ay masiglang nakikilahok.

• Istilo ng Pagpapalitang-kuro sa Isang Pangkatang Talakayan 1. Gulong – Ang sentral na kalahok ay ang tagapangulo ng talakayan. Malaya siyang makikipagtalakayan sa lahat ng kalahok ngunit ang mga kalahok ay hindi nakikipagtalakayan sa kapwa kalahok. 2. Tanikala – ang tatlong sulok na magkakalapit sa gitna ay malayang nakapagtatalakayan sa bawat isa at ang dalawang nasa ibaba ay maaari lamang makipagtalakayan sa katabi nila. 3. Pabilog – ang bawat kalahok ay maaaring makipagtalakayan sa dalawang magkabilang tabi niya kaya higit ang pagkakataon ng bawat isang lumalahok sa talakayan. 4. Talakayang Panlahat – ang lahat ay malayang makipagtalakayan sa bawat kalahok

G. Pagbabalita - Paglalahad ng mga pang-araw-araw na pangyayari sa ating lipunan. - Laglalayong ipabatid sa mamamayan ang mga huling kaganapan sa larangan ng ekonomiya, pulitika at kultura.

H. Pag-uulat - Isang anyo ng paglalahad na nagbibigay ng isang mahalagang impormasyon sa isang paksang tatalakayin. - Halimbawa: pag-uulat sa bagong tuklas na gamut sa larangan ng medisina Ang resulta ng isang pagsusulit ay ipinapaalam ng guro sa mga mag-aaral.

I. Sabayang Pagbigkas - Isang masining na pagpapakahulugan o interpretasyon sa anumang anyo ng panitikan sa pamamagitan ng sabayang pagbasa o pagbigkas nang malakas ng isang pangkat. - Isang matimbang at maindayog na pangkatang tinig na nagpapahayag ng iang uri ng kaisipang masining at madamdamin.

Mga Uri ng Sabayang Pagbigkas

1. Payak na anyo 2. Sabayang pagbigkas na walang kilos 3. Sabayang pagbigkas na may maliliit at angkop na kilos 4. Madulang sabayang pagbigkas a ang dulang patula – tinaguriang ganap na dulaan o “total theater”

Mga Sanggunian

Bernales, R. et al. (2002). Komunikasyon sa makabagong panahon. Valenzuela City: Mutya Publishing House, Inc.

Garcia, L. et al. (2010). Tinig: Komunikasyon sa akademikong Filipino. (ika-3 ed). Cabanutuan City: Jimcy Publishing House.

Pagkalinawan, et al. (2004). Filipinno I: komunikasyon sa akademikong Filipino. Valenzuela City: Mutya Publishing House, Inc.

Tanawan, et al. (2004). Sining ng mabisang komunikasyon. Bulacan: Trinitas Publishing, Inc.

Inihanda ni:

gemmamperey

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