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Mystic Monk

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Práctica 4:

Formación de imágenes por espejos y lentes delgadas

1.

Ob jetivo

Medir la distancia focal de una lente convergente, de un espejo cóncavo y de un espejo convexo 1 .

2.

Introducción

La formación de imágenes por sistemas ópticos como los espejos, lentes y aberturas está regida por las leyes de la óptica geométrica. La reexión en una supercie esférica conlleva a la formación de una imagen de un objeto que se encuentra en frente de la supercie de reexión, como la indica la gura 1. La ubicación de la imagen con respecto al espejo, el tamaño de la misma y su disposición invertida

Figura 1: Formación de una imagen debido a un espejo. o erguida están denidos por la distancia del objeto al espejo y de su radio de curvatura. Estas
1 Guía de Laboratorio de Física D, 2006-2007;Texto Guía.

1

relaciones son expresadas por las ecuaciones siguientes de los espejos esféricos.
1 1 1 + = s s f M= s y =− y s

Donde s es la distancia del objeto al espejo, s es la distancia de la imagen al espejo, f es la distancia focal del espejo y M es la ampliación del espejo. La gura 2 muestra la formación de imagen de un objeto por una lente convergente. De la misma forma que para los espejos la imagen se determina por las ubicaciones relativas del objeto y la lente; y obedece a las ecuaciones anteriores.

Figura 2: Imagen formada por una lente.

SÍMBOLOS
La lente convergente tiene una simetría cilindrica y de mayor grosor en su eje óptico que hace convergir una onda incidente plana y la lente divergente es de menor espesor en su eje óptico que hace divergir una onda incidente plana; los símbolos utilizados para representar estas lentes son los siguientes.

Figura 3: Símbolos de lentes convergente y divergente.

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3.

Tareas

1. Deduzca la ecuación de los espejos para un espejo cóncavo. 2. Realice un diagrama de rayos para un espejo convexo. 3. Realice un diagrama de rayos para un espejo cóncavo.

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Laboratorio:

4.

Equipos y material

1 Banco óptico 1 Fuente puntual 110 V 100 W 4 Caballetes para banco óptico 1 Espejo esférico cóncavo-convexo 1 Lente convergente +15 (cm) 1 Pantalla traslúcida 1 Placa con rendija en forma de echa 1 Portaplacas deslizable 1 Calibrador Vernier 1 Regla o exómetro

5.

Desarrollo de la práctica

Distancia focal de una lente delgada

Figura 4: Montaje experimental 1. 1. Coloque los equipos como indica la gura 4. 2. Mueva la pantalla hasta observar una imagen clara del objeto. 3. Registre sus datos en una tabla. 4

4. Repita el paso 2 por cuatro veces, considerando otras distancias. 5. Determine la distancia focal de la lente utilizada.

Distancia focal de un espejo cóncavo

Figura 5: Montaje experimental 2. 1. Coloque los equipos como indica la gura 5. 2. Mueva la pantalla hasta observar una imagen clara del objeto. 3. Registre sus datos en una tabla. 4. Repita el paso 2 por cuatro veces, considerando otras distancias. 5. Determine la distancia focal del espejo.

Distancia focal de un espejo convexo
1. Manteniendo el esquema de la gura 5 cambie de espejo. 2. Retire el espejo convexo y determine la posición de la imagen formada en la pantalla que esta en el banco óptico. 3. Coloque el espejo convexo. Mueva la pantalla que está fuera del banco óptico hasta observar una imagen clara del objeto. 4. Registre sus datos en una tabla y determine la distancia focal del espejo.

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6.

Resultados y discusión

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7.

Preguntas

1. Observe la imagen formada por un espejo cóncavo. ¾Bajo qué condiciones se forma una imagen virtual o real? Explique por qué.

2. ¾Cuál es la relación entre las distancias s y s , para la cual el tamaño de la imagen y del objeto sea el mismo? Explique por qué.

3. ¾Podría utilizar el mismo procedimiento, que utilizó para medir la distancia focal de un espejo cóncavo, con un espejo convexo? Explique por qué.

7

8.

Conclusiones y recomendaciones

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