Premium Essay

,, N, Johohho

In:

Submitted By chandani
Words 1725
Pages 7
Lecture 10 & 11 Vijayanta Pawase

Causes and Kinds of BOP Disequilibrium

Balance of Payments Adjustments

Direct Measures to correct BOP

Problems of Exchange Control
Exchange Control Currencies become inconvertible Foreign trade restricted Creates a multiple exchange rate system Creates Conditions for Bilateral Trade Agreements

Foreign Exchange Rate

Structure of Foreign Exchange Market

Functions of Foreign Exchange Market
(i) Transferring foreign currency from one country to another where it is needed in the settlement of payments;

(ii) Providing short-term credit to the importers, and, thereby, facilitating smooth flow of goods and services between the countries; and

(iii) Stabilizing the foreign exchange rate by spot and forward market; sale and purchase of foreign currencies.

Kind of Foreign Exchange Market
Spot Market: The spot market refers to that segment of the foreign exchange market in which Sale and purchase of foreign currency are settled within two days of the deal. The spot sale and Purchase of foreign exchange make the spot market. The rate at which foreign currency is bought and sold in the spot market is called spot exchange rate

Forward Market: The forward exchange market refers to the deals for sale and purchase of a foreign currency at some future date at a presettled exchange rate. When buyers and sellers enter an agreement to buy and sell a foreign currency after 90 days of the deal, it is called forward transaction

Nature of Foreign Exchange Transactions
• .
The nature and purpose of foreign exchange transactions are such that the exchange rate fluctuates day by day, some times even hour by hour. Therefore, the foreign exchange transactions involve risk and hence an opportunity to make profits. On the basis of their riskiness and profitability, foreign exchange transactions can be classified as (i)

Similar Documents

Free Essay

Digital Chocolate Organizational Behavior Issues

...Digital Chocolate has the competency and necessary resources to succeed in the mobile gaming industry. CEO and founder Trip Hawkins has an extensive background with over 30 years of experience in the gaming and mobile phone industry. Hawkins is also a graduate from Stanford University and has marketing experience that he gained while at Apple Computer. As an entrepreneur, he had the capability of identifying opportunities and transforming it into a success. As with Digital Chocolate, Hawkins was able to recognize that computers would be the perfect fit for a gaming platform. There is no doubt that his business background makes him the right fit for the mobile gaming industry. Digital Chocolate possesses a multi-cultural and international organizational structure. Its structure is split between creativity/innovation and operations, with a focus on cost reduction and increased profits. Although the company has an entrepreneurial culture and embraces creativity, evidence proves differently. In 2005, Hawkins stated, “About 50% of senior managers were not working out, primarily due to personality issues. In a company like ours, everyone has to play on the same team in order to win. If we have too many solo flyers, the company will not succeed.” With a statement like this one, it is easy to assume that as the company grows, it will face many issues when attempting to add additional team members. The organization’s culture will be stunt, thus, preventing potential talent from evolving...

Words: 518 - Pages: 3

Free Essay

Dadaism

...Dadaísmo: negativo ou positivo No fundo, o dadaísmo não foi assim tão negativo e, por detrás de toda daquela extravagancia e exuberância, existia uma intenção boa. Com o poema “te gri ro ro” o autor parece quer transmitir um conjunto de palavras e onomatopeias que no seu conjunto não fazem sentido e não são interpretáveis. O “porque”, por exemplo, poderia resultar como uma metáfora. A partir disto podemos tentar dar sentido ao poema, mas chegamos à conclusão que qualquer sentido dado ao poema seria relativo, porque a interpretação deste é dependente da intuição ou opinião do leitor. O poema é um enunciado, e apenas isso. O autor do poema queria que o poema fosse um enunciado, ele planeou esse enunciado, daí ser inteligente. Este enunciado foi construído de maneira absurda propositadamente. Também as fotomontagens são absurdas, pois resultam de junções e recortes de várias fotografias. Também a fotomontagem é uma arte tensional. O dadaísta cria a fotomontagem porque acredita que a Arte é para ser captada instante a instante. Esta é um “happening”. O forte caráter pessimista e irónico do movimento, principalmente em relação aos acontecimentos políticos do mundo, denuncia a repulsa que eles sentem pelo mundo onde vivem, pela primeira guerra e pelo consumismo entranhado na sociedade. O absurdo dos seus trabalhos reflecte o absurdo do mundo da primeira guerra mundial. O niilismo contido nestes artistas demonstra como aquilo que o mundo lhes oferecia não lhes chegava, daí mostrarem-se...

Words: 299 - Pages: 2

Free Essay

Multipel Myeloom

...MULTIPEL MYELOOM : Prof. Dr. Michel Delforge Hematologie Universitaire Ziekenhuizen Leuven Samenvatting De perspectieven voor patiënten met multipel myeloom zijn de voorbije jaren sterk verbeterd. Gedurende de voorbije jaren is de behandeling geëvolueerd naar een geïntegreerde aanpak, gebaseerd op beter ziekte-inzicht en nieuwe geneesmiddelen. Een eerste revolutie was er begin van de jaren negentig door de introductie van de hoge dosis chemotherapie gevolgd door autologe stamceltransplantatie. De voorbije jaren heeft de opkomst van de immunomodulatoren thalidomide en lenalidomide, en de proteasoomremmer bortezomib een bijkomende en krachtige impuls gegeven aan de therapeutische mogelijkheden. Door een optimaal sekwentieel of gecombineerd gebruik van de meer traditionele en deze nieuwere behandelingen komt de gemiddelde levensverwachting van myeloompatiënten erg dicht bij de tien jaar. Een optimaal gebruik van deze behandelingen vergt uiteraard naast een grondige kennis van de ziekte ook ervaring in de preventie en behandeling van de belangrijkste ziektesymptomen en therapie-gereleerde nevenwerkingen. Inleiding Multipel myeloom (MM) of ziekte van Kahler is een kwaadaardige hematologische aandoening die gekenmerkt wordt door een ongecontroleerde groei van plasmacellen in het beenmerg. Vrijwel steeds secreteren deze plasmacellen een monoklonaal eiwit (M-proteïne of paraproteïne) dat kan worden opgespoord in serum en/of urine. Dit paraproteïne is meestal een IgG, minder frequent...

Words: 3202 - Pages: 13

Free Essay

Justin: One Night Only

...One Night With Justin January 17, 2007 is a night I will remember forever. It is the night my dreams became a reality for one night and one night only. On this day at 7:30P.M., at the Save-Mart Center in Fresno, California, I saw the man of my dream, My Love, Justin Timberlake. What made this night even better was the fact that I was about 20 feet from the stage. I had floor seats to the most amazing concert ever. My roommate and I were in heaven. Justin came to Fresno on his FutureSex/LoveSounds tour. Joining him on tour was female singer Pink, who was the opening act, and producer and rapper Timbaland, who joined Justin on stage for a new numbers, including a monologue of his own. Pink opened up the show at the stroke of 7:30. She came out in a denim tank top and denim pleaded skirt. She got the party started. Her performance was energetic and amazing. She even performed an acrobatic routine in the air. At around 9:00P.M., the teasing began. The band members slowly made their way to the stage and they began to play a little interlude. The arena, already lively, began screaming their heads off, crying, shaking, jumping up and down, and anticipating the moment when the most amazing man in the world would reveal himself. The first song started up. It was the title track FutureSex/LoveSounds. Justin emerged from the center of the stage, dressed in a black suit, with a white guitar around his neck. Silk screens were surrounding the entire round stage. The stage...

Words: 1686 - Pages: 7

Free Essay

Ieee

...隐马尔可夫模型在语音处理中的应用 陈号天 1301111397 戚向波 1201214748 汤恒河 1201214746 2013-11-24 隐马尔可夫模型在语音处理中的应用 1 研究背景介绍 21世纪以来,由于国际互联网的普及,自然语言的计算机处理成为从互联网上获取知识的重要手段。生活在信息网络时代的现代人,几乎都要与互联网打交道,都要或多或少地使用自然语言处理的研究成果来帮助他们获取或挖掘在广阔无边的互联网上的各种知识和信息。语言是人类表达和传播信息的有效工具,消除不同语言,不同表达方式间的障碍,用信息化手段促进人类的交流便是自然语言处理的任务。但由于自然语言本身上的歧义性和算法上的可实现难度,使得自然语言处理研究不光任重,而且道远。因此,世界各国都非常重视自然语言处理的研究,投入了大量的人力、物力和财力。 自然语言处理,有时亦称作计算语言学,是语言学和计算机科学的交叉学科,属于认知科学的范畴。大致地讲,自语语言处理的研究着眼于对人类语言建模的实用效果,以建立具有一定人类语言知识的软件产品。今天的计算机不理解人类的语言,人类也很难掌握计算机的语言,减少人机交互的障碍便是这类产品的目标。通过这类的自然语言处理研究建立的“自然语言人机界面”将使得用户可以直接通过自然语言(英语 汉语 德语 法语)同计算机交互。 自然语言处理包括的应用范围很广,包括自然语言人机接口、机器翻译、文献检索、自动文摘、自动校对、语音识别与合成、字符识别等等。其中机器翻译系统是典型的,其应用价值也是最明显的自然语言处理系统,其处理过程对于其它自然语言处理应用具有典型意义。以中英翻译为例,自然语言处理一般处理过程包括分析、转换和生成。其中分析过程独立于目标语言,而生成过程独立于源语言。 图1. 典型机器翻译过程框架 简单的现存的存储程序计算去解决复杂的人类语言思维,这本身就是一个难题。更何况翻译工作对于人而言也是很难的,是一项很复杂的工作。总结起来,目前自然语言处理应用主要存在以下特殊困难。首先是语言的歧义性,其次语言的错形问题,即现实语言中存在的那些用形式化的语言无法解释的现象。最后,如何高效的收集、运用知识是当前自然语言处理研究和应用的瓶颈。 当前国内外自然语言处理研究主要有以下4个显著的特点: 第一,基于句法语义规则的理性主义方法受到质疑,随着语料库建设和语料库语言学的崛起,大规模真实文本的处理成为自然语言处理的主要战略目标。 第二,自然语言处理中越来越多地使用机器自动学习的方法来获取语言知识。 第三,自然语言处理中越来越重视词汇的作用,出现了强烈的“词汇主义”的倾向。 第四,统计数学方法越来越受到重视。 自然语言处理中越来越多地使用统计数学方法来分析语言数据;使用人工观察和内省的方法,显然不可能从浩如烟海的语料库中获取精确可靠的语言知识,必须使用统计数学的方法。语言模型是描述自然语言内在规律的数学模型,构造语言模型是自然语言处理的核心。语言模型可以分为传统的规则型语言模型和基于统计的语言模型。规则型语言模型是人工编制的语言规则,这些语言规则来自语言学家掌握的语言学知识,具有一定的主观性和片面性,难以处理大规模的真实文本。基于统计的语言模型通常是概率模型,计算机借助于语言统计模型的概率参数,可以估计出自然语言中语言成分出现的可能性,而不是单纯地判断这样的语言成分是否符合语言学规则。 统计数学方法不需任何先验知识,只需收集足够多数量和足够高质量的语料库,然后按照特定模型从中训练,统计所得的所有知识最后都包含语言模型的参数中。...

Words: 1202 - Pages: 5

Free Essay

23423

...Nam nisl nisl, ultricies quis tincidunt vel, rhoncus quis mi. Fusce nec mattis tortor. Phasellus aliquet sem quis enim molestie tincidunt. Quisque vitae cursus odio. Mauris vitae odio ut elit aliquam imperdiet et a odio. Quisque ornare arcu sit amet tincidunt cursus. Quisque tortor metus, rhoncus non sollicitudin non, varius ut odio. In vel consequat ex. Vestibulum vitae tincidunt velit. Maecenas gravida vitae nisl ut sollicitudin. In malesuada cursus ipsum. Mauris at imperdiet arcu. In semper orci venenatis arcu congue porta. Donec ac sapien tellus. Mauris non interdum dolor. Vivamus sagittis mi ut eleifend ornare. Nunc quis elit eget quam accumsan semper. Suspendisse at dignissim mi. Fusce egestas risus in facilisis lacinia. Pellentesque et justo a tortor bibendum condimentum. Pellentesque neque felis, cursus iaculis consequat in, finibus id leo. Suspendisse laoreet quam vitae enim malesuada, hendrerit sagittis tellus accumsan. Proin laoreet eu tortor quis elementum. Vivamus malesuada, quam ac volutpat gravida, diam est interdum libero, ut venenatis velit turpis vitae augue. In eu justo sagittis, malesuada sapien sed, lacinia leo. Cras elementum dui ut enim laoreet porta. Sed tempor justo sapien, at auctor augue maximus non. In dapibus eget enim ac varius. Fusce scelerisque ante id tortor pulvinar, et sodales purus feugiat. Vivamus odio diam, accumsan vel magna nec, pharetra cursus purus. Cras ac nulla maximus, aliquet leo ac, tristique orci. Vestibulum vel vulputate...

Words: 378 - Pages: 2

Free Essay

Successful People

...Associate Product Manager – Reliance Games - Pune Overview of Reliance Games Reliance Games is the mobile gaming division of Reliance Entertainment Group  whose subsidiaries include entities like Dreamworks SKG, IM Global and Codemasters. Currently operating four studios worldwide, the company has a strong, multi-disciplinary, and cross-skilled team spanning across the US, UK, Japan, Korea and India.  Reliance Games' portfolio presently includes more than 600 games for over 2000 devices across various operating system like the iOS, Android, Windows, Java & Symbian. Its current roster of hit games includes After Earth the mobile game, Real Steel, Total Recall, F1 2011 among others. On the Nokia store alone, the collective Reliance Games titles have surpassed over 200 million downloads. Distributed across the US, Europe, South Africa, Australia, the Middle East, and Asia, Reliance Games’ content can be accessed through 80 leading networks across 40 countries as well as global AppStores. The content is available on leading networks like Airtel, Vodafone, BSNL, TATA Docomo, M1, MTNL, Dialog Telekom, Reliance Mobile World, Telstra, Tele2, TIM, O2, Virgin Mobile, KPN, Telia, 3, Telefonica, Optimus, and Telenor.  Key Duties and Responsibilities • Run "game as service" business with these titles and ensure their success. • Maximize titles' engagement, virality, enjoyment, and monetization. • Use a strong quantitative background to balance the math in new feature design...

Words: 338 - Pages: 2

Free Essay

Computational Chemistry

...PubMed Abstract: Retroviral capsid proteins are conserved structurally but assemble into different morphologies. The mature human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) capsid is best described by a 'fullerene cone' model, in which hexamers of the capsid protein are linked to form a hexagonal surface lattice that is closed by incorporating 12 capsid-protein pentamers. HIV-1 capsid protein contains an amino-terminal domain (NTD) comprising seven α-helices and a β-hairpin, a carboxy-terminal domain (CTD) comprising four α-helices, and a flexible linker with a 310-helix connecting the two structural domains. Structures of the capsid-protein assembly units have been determined by X-ray crystallography; however, structural information regarding the assembled capsid and the contacts between the assembly units is incomplete. Here we report the cryo-electron microscopy structure of a tubular HIV-1 capsid-protein assembly at 8 Å resolution and the three-dimensional structure of a native HIV-1 core by cryo-electron tomography. The structure of the tubular assembly shows, at the three-fold interface, a three-helix bundle with critical hydrophobic interactions. Mutagenesis studies confirm that hydrophobic residues in the centre of the three-helix bundle are crucial for capsid assembly and stability, and for viral infectivity. The cryo-electron-microscopy structures enable modelling by large-scale molecular dynamics simulation, resulting in all-atom models for the hexamer-of-hexamer and pentamer-of-hexamer...

Words: 274 - Pages: 2

Free Essay

Justin T.

...performer from a very early age, and by the time he was 10, he was already singing on the stage. The famous Timberlake singing and dancing style are greatly influenced by Michael Jackson, and Justin is often called the new King of Pop. Justin’s first official paid “gig” came in 1993, when he was still only 12, when he sang on stage with the Disney Mickey Mouse Club. Justin’s time on the Disney stage proved to be a major turning point in both his professional and personal life. On this show his cast mates included future girlfriend, Britney Spears, future tour mate Christina Aguilera, future bandmate JC and future movie actor Ryan Gosling. In the late 1990s, Timberlake rose to prominence as the lead singer and youngest member of the boy band 'N Sync,. Justin was in this band from 1995 to 2004. The band broke up in 2004 because each member wanted to pursue a solo career but Justin was the only one that had a successful one. Following a seven-year absence from music, Timberlake comes out with his new single, "Suit & Tie," and reveals that he will release an album, titled The 20/20 Experience, which was released on September 30, 2013. He also had a successful acting career throughout the years. Timberlake starred in many movies for example some recent ones include...

Words: 535 - Pages: 3

Free Essay

C Examples

...hw1.c through the cow web system. Resubmission is allowed (till the last moment of the due date), The last will replace the previous. Team: There is no teaming up. The take home exam has to be done/turned in individually. All parts involved (source(s) and receiver(s)) get zero. Cheating: INTRODUCTION This problem is about identifying a text language. A human approach to this problem could be an attempt to spot well known and frequently used words form languages. So a use of ’the’ would imply ’english’, a use of ’avec’ would imply ’french’ etc. Our approach will be totally different. We will be making use of the computers ability to process data in huge amount. The concept that we will employ is called ’bigrams’. In general n-gram is the grouping of n many entities in a neighborhood. A bigram is the neighborhood of two entities. In our case ‘entities’ are letters and some punctuation characters and neighborhood means “being followed by” (in a word). So for example in the word “ATTRIBUTED” (considering also the surrounding spaces as letters ‘ ’) Has the following bigrams: A, AT, TT, TR, RI, IB, BU, UT, TE, ED, D The frequency of bigrams differ from language to language. So bigram frequency can be considered as a signature of the language. Of course to be conclusive the amount of the text analyzed must be large. Just as an example (taken from www.cryptograms.org/letter-frequencies.php) The most often occurring bigrams and their frequency percentage (%) in English is TH ER ND AT...

Words: 945 - Pages: 4

Free Essay

Identifying and Explaining the Success Factors of Recent Mobile Games: Flappy Bird and 2048

...| 2014 | | Class: SSC101 NGUYEN THANH TUAN Roll Number: GH12106SSC Individual Assignment 2 5/31/14 | [Topic: Prepare a report identifying and explaining the success factors of recent mobile games: Flappy bird and 2048] | | Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 3 I. INTRODUCTION 3 1. About Flappy Bird 3 2. About game 2048 5 II. SUCCESSFUL FACTORS OF TWO ADDICTIVE RECENT MOBILE GAMES 6 1. The successful factors of Flappy Bird 6 2. The reason behind the 2048’s success 6 III. CONCLUSION 7 REFERENCES 8 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Nowadays, lots of types of mobile games have developed in the market; however, this report will on identifying and explaining key successful components of these two new mobile games cause much attention when they appear, those are Flappy Bird and 2048. From the success that we can educe lessons for themselves. I. INTRODUCTION 1. About Flappy Bird Flappy Bird is a mobile game actually launched in May of 2013, developed by Vietnam-based developer Nguyen Ha Dong and published by GEARS Studio, a small, independent game developer also based in Vietnam. The game has a side-scrolling format and the player controls a bird, attempting to fly between rows of green pipes without coming into contact with them (Wiki information). Originally released on the App Store since 5/2013. By the end of the month 1/2014, Bird started flappy fever charts and lead free app for both IOS and Android platforms in the United States. According to figures from...

Words: 1183 - Pages: 5

Free Essay

Business Letter

...This business letter is an example of Full Block letter style without letterhead. There are no indented lines, and it is produced on plain stationary without letterhead. Like all completed business letters, this one was centered on the page before it was printed. In other words, the distance from the first line of print to the top edge of the paper is adjusted to equal the distance from the last line to the bottom of the page. The font style is Times New Roman, size 12. The margins are 1.25”. These are default settings and should be used unless instructed otherwise. Entertainment International 1357 Hollywood Blvd. Los Angles, CA 90210 November 11, 2015 Mr. Alberto Cantu Reservations Manager McAllen Civic Center 245 12th Ave. McAllen, TX 78504 Dear Mr. Cantu: This letter is prepared in Full Block style, so all the lines begin at the left margin; there are no indentions. Full Block style is the most streamlined letter format because it eliminates the need to indent paragraphs. Always use a justified left margin for letters and memos. This lets the computer randomly determine the end point of each line and results in a more natural looking document. Do not justify the right margin. When keying in a complimentary closing, only the first word is capitalized. Note how the closing of this letter is typed, for example. Pretend this letter is accompanied by a booklet. Whenever anything is enclosed with a letter, indicate this at the bottom of the letter. Sincerely yours, ...

Words: 266 - Pages: 2

Free Essay

Diode

...band diagrams and reference to the thermionic emission theory. The ideal SBD model is then compared with common p-n junction and their differences are discussed. Further analysis on the non-ideal behaviours of both the SBD and p-n junction diodes are performed as well. Evac Metal eΦm EF n-type semiconductor Evac eχsc eΦsc Ec EF Ev Figure 1 – Band diagram of metal and n-type semiconductor when they are not in contact 2. RESULTS 3. DISCUSSION 3.1 Accuracy of Measurements There are a number of techniques to determine uncertainties in data, analytically or graphically. Table 1 shows some general rules in calculating data errors when simple algorithmic operations are performed. Table 1 – Some rules to calculate data errors in algorithmic operations For multi-variable functions, e.g. f(x,y,z), the resultant error in the value of the function comes from the contribution of individual error in each variable, i.e. , and the relation is as follows Graphically, to obtain the 3.2 Theory of SBD (Compared with P-N Junction) 3.2.1 SBD Theory by Band Diagram Illustration The SBD demonstrates a rectifying effect by taking advantage of its metal-semiconductor junction. This is basically a junction that is made by contacting a metal surface with a doped semiconductor together. Cases may vary according to the type of doping for the semiconductor and for convenience, only n-type doped semiconductor would be discussed in this work, and the situation for p-type counterparts is simply the...

Words: 2753 - Pages: 12

Premium Essay

Linen N Things

...Linen N Things Linens ’n Things Center, Inc. is a wholly owned subsidiary of Linens ’n Things, Inc. The Company and Linens ’n Things, Inc. are wholly owned subsidiaries of Linens Holding co. The Company is a specialty retailer of home textiles, housewares and home accessories in North America operating 589 stores in 47 United States and seven Canadian provinces as of December 29, 2007. The Company is a destination retailer, offering one of the selections of brand-name, as well as private label home furnishings merchandise in the industry. The Company’s average store size of approximately 33,000 gross square feet enables it to offer a more comprehensive product and brand selection than department stores and other retailers that sell home furnishings. The Company’s primary target guest is female between the ages of 25 and 55 who is fashion and brand conscious, has better income and focuses on the home as a reflection of her individuality. On the surface, LNT and BBBY companies were pursuing a similar business-level strategy of cost leadership, but key strategic decisions led them down quite different evolutionary paths. Both companies focused on providing consumers with high-quality houseware goods in a no-frills, value-priced environment, but LNT's decision to build centralized warehouses - seemingly consistent with a cost leadership strategy - ended up bringing it into direct competition with Target and Walmart. In contrast, BBBY allowed for greater decentralization in decision...

Words: 958 - Pages: 4

Free Essay

Paper

...Alex Monaghan Mrs. Wooten English 5th Hour 10 March 2011 In Mary Pipher’s quote, she says that “history is inextricably linked to identity.” History is very important to a person’s life and background. History can’t decide what kind of a person someone is, but how they live their life and their actions toward others will ultimately determine their identity. When I went to a concert, they had a guest speaker at the concert that talked about his past and how he created his identity. He came from a broken family. His mom was a prostitute and his dad left him and his mom when he was at a very little age. Instead of letting his past bother him and making that his identity, he set out to create his own identity by using his past as how not to treat his family. He talked to us about how he found Jesus Christ and made him his savior and accepted him at the center of his life, and now he goes from city to city talking about God and how he has created his own identity for himself with the help of God. The speaker told us about how through all of those things that have happened in his past have caused him to become a strong person, but how anyone can make their own identity regardless of their background or the actions that they have done in the past. In the essay “On Being a Cripple”, Nancy Mairs talks about being crippled and what it is like. She says “I made the choice” of whether to be called handicapped, disabled, crippled, or another term used for physically disabled...

Words: 682 - Pages: 3