...Spaceflight (also written space flight) is ballistic flight into or through outer space. Spaceflight can occur with spacecraft with or without humans on board. Why did humans thought of space travel. Humans have dreamed about spaceflight since antiquity. The Chinese used rockets for ceremonial and military purposes centuries ago, but only in the latter half of the 20th century were rockets developed that were powerful enough to overcome the force of gravity to reach orbital velocities that could open space to human exploration. 2. Sputnik (Pronounced as Sputnak in English, pronounced as Sputnik in Russian). The first artificial Earth satellite launched by the Soviet Union on October 4 1957. Vostok, translated as the East. It was used to launch the first artificial satellite and the first manned spacecraft in history. Mercury-Redstone 3 or Freedom 7 was the first human spaceflight by the United States on May 5, 1961. It is called Freedom 7 to honor the seven members of NASA’s Astronaut Group 1. Vostok Pronounced as Bastok translated as East. The first human spaceflight in History was accomplished on this aircraft on April 12, 1961 by Soviet Cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin. Making Yuri Gagarin the first person in space and the first person to orbit the earth 3. The Saturn V (spoken as "Saturn five") was an American human-rated expendable rocket used by NASA between 1966 and 1973. The three-stage liquid-fueled launch vehicle was developed to support the Apollo program...
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...Servicing opportunities 4 Table 3 GSV mass breakdown 6 Table 4 Power Budget 9 Table 5 Cost of Refueler/Depot 11 Executive Summary Launching a satellite into space with a mission to service other satellites is a plausible idea. Servicing a satellite means to somehow make it so a satellite’s design life is lengthened. This can be accomplished by refueling, assisting in orbit placement, and/or performing mechanical repairs. Satellite servicing has been done already in the past during manned space missions. The problem arises when the attempt is to be made on satellites outside of human intervention like those in High Earth Orbits (HEO). The ESA and d NASA have both put forth their ideas on how to service satellites in space. The Refueler/Depot idea suggested by NASA has the plan to launch a large satellite into space in two parts. One part is the Refueler, which is agile and movable and can dock with cooperating satellites. The other half is the Depot which stores the hydrazine fuel but remains in a constant orbit above the GEO belt. ESA’s idea is of a single satellite that will do it all: refueling, mechanical manipulation of satellites, and orbit manipulation. This idea may take longer to catch on because of the extra challenge of remotely operating a satellite to fix another satellite. Introduction The remoteness of satellites after launch is what makes them susceptible to failures before their designated end of life (EOL). Historically...
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...Project Mercury, established by NASA back in 1962, was the cornerstone of space exploration not only for the United States, but for the world altogether. The success of this space mission set the stage for many other spaceflights during the 1960’s, including NASA Projects Gemini and Apollo, after reaching some groundbreaking discoveries. John Glenn had a fascination with airplanes from a very early age and spent quite some time constructing intricate toy models while he was growing up in Cambridge, Ohio. After graduating New Concord High School, he attended Muskingum College where he received a Bachelor of Science as well as an honorary Doctor of Science degree; both of which were in the field of Engineering. Shortly after the Pearl Harbor attack, Glenn went on to enroll in the Naval Aviation Cadet Program in 1942 and upon his graduation in 1943, he commissioned in the U.S. Marine Corps. During World War II, John flew 59 missions in the South Pacific and surpassed that record after flying a total of 63 combat missions during the Korean War. As a result, John received six Distinguished Flying Cross awards along with several other pilot decorations. In 1957, after serving in the Korean War, John Glenn was appointed to a naval test pilot program where he completed the world’s first supersonic transcontinental flight from Los Angeles to New York in just 3 hours and 23 minutes. This mission, later nicknamed “Project Bullet,” secured Glenn’s reputation as one of the country’s...
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...excites people like no other. In 2004, The United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration, or NASA, began preliminary science experiments and instrument proposals for the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) and a robotic space probe mission to Mars. After long testing and development stages, the mission birthed a rover, Curiosity, which was launched in November 2011 and subsequently landed August 6th 2012. As we speak Curiosity is collecting invaluable data for our understanding of mars including: habitability, climate and geology, and possibly setting up a manned mission to mars in the future. The possibilities that this new information can bring are the main reason that scientist and nonscientists alike are so excited for this pivotal mission. The Curiosity project began development in 2004. Astronomers and engineers worldwide entered their instrument proposals to NASA so they could hopefully be a part of the final mission. These components were sifted thoroughly and select components were developed for four years. By 2008, they were mostly finished with the hardware and software developments and they carried on testing. This extensive testing delayed liftoff, which was originally slated for September 2009, until November 2011. NASA then administered a poll on their website to decide the name of the rover, with Curiosity ultimately winning. After naming the craft, NASA had to decide on a landing sight. It took them four meeting sessions to finally decide on a landing site...
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...Why This bibliography is written for all who are space and even sci-fi lovers of all kinds. I can name a multitude of movies and popular TV shows that depict that very idea. My research will be on the possibility of traveling to another planet and is it likely in the near future. Well right now NASA is trying to find a way to capture an asteroid and bring it to orbit and possibly land it on the moon so that we can study it. This information came from, A Rocky Road to Mars found in http://eds.b.ebscohost.com.proxy-library.ashford.edu/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer? vid=1&sid=16e2fe8a-1da9-4eb7-8c76-ea32f6e9fb16%40sessionmgr114&hid=106 There are many ideas like Book; Presents the variety of evidence and speculation toward faster-than-light possibilities. "The Space Race." History.com . A&E Television Networks, n.d. Web. 1 Jan. 2013. <http://www.history.com/topics/space-race>. I used this website to give myself just a basic idea of what the space race was, why it happened, etc. also Mauldin, J.H., Prospects for Interstellar Travel , American Astronautical Society by Univelt Inc. San Diego CA, (1992). Book; (370 pages) An overview of interstellar travel , the problems, proposed solutions and social issues. It contains sufficient details to lead researchers to more substantive material. It also touches on longer-term and more speculative ideas, including space warps, Zero Point Managing the Weight With a reminder that it had been nearly a quarter...
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...The artifact. “Ok this should be it.”I said. “Years and years and I have finally found it.” “I just hoped I wouldn't have to get wet.” I was on the moon. It was the year 2018. I am astronaut James Armstrong. I am a relative to the famous Neil Armstrong. The mission is apollo 18. I have been the only one here for Months. When the other crew left I was collecting my final samples. Well now i'm here...all alone. I walked to a concrete circle in a patch of water. Now you might be thinking. There is no water on the moon. But for some reason there is just this one little patch. I took in my deep breath and jumped in. SPLASH!! I was diving now trying to find it. Just then,a little green light popped...
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...multiple prior failures, two unmanned missions to Mars, the Mariner 3 and 4, were launched. The Mariner 3, was a battery-powered spacecraft designed to make scientific measurements of, and to obtain photographs of the planet's surface and transmit these to Earth. The mission was predicted to last about 8 months. Unfortunately, as the probe was launched, its atmospheric shield had failed to eject, leaving all of the sensors and instruments covered. This also left unnecessary weight with the probe, not allowing it to achieve its target trajectory. Three weeks later, the second probe, Mariner 4 was launched on its eight-month voyage to Mars. Unlike the first mission this one was successful, completing the very first flyby of Mars in history, and changing...
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...MISSION TO MARS Nearly two decades after the Viking was successfully launched and put in Mars, NASA were ready to launch their second major mission to Mars with Mars Observer (MO) at a cost of nearly 1 billion dollars and more than a decade of preparation. This was a complete disaster after the controllers lost contact with the spacecraft three days prior to its deceleration into Mars’ Orbit. The losses incurred were of gigantic proportions and NASA could not afford any more failures. This made them rethink their approach towards space exploration and they eventually came up with the philosophy of FBC (Faster, Better, Cheaper). The aim of this approach was to change the way they worked on space exploration. Instead of spending billions of dollars and decades of effort in coming up with one spacecraft which has a lot of functionalities, FBC aimed at creating smaller and specific missions with strict constraints in money and time. The idea was to diversify the risk across multiple smaller projects rather than laying all the eggs in a single basket. This approach forced the developers to come up with innovative, out of the box solutions to cut down the costs. Another advantage in this approach is that the failure of a mission will not be as catastrophic as before. This really paid off on the first mission when Pathfinder was successfully launched into Mars within the specified constraints. However, things started getting awry when the challenge bar was raised too high....
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...Mars Climate Orbiter Project Abstract NASA launched Mars Climate Orbiter on Dec. 11, 1998, atop a Delta II launch vehicle from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Florida. Nine and a half months after launch, the spacecraft was to fire its main engine to achieve an elliptical orbit around Mars .However, in Sept, 1999 Mars space probe was ‘lost’. The failure was due to a number of issues related to project management. One of the issues was: two teams involved in the space probe development were using different systems of measurement – one was using metres, centimetres and kilogrammes, the other was using feet, inches and pounds. However, there were a number of other contributing factors. There was inadequate consideration of the entire mission and its post-launch operation as a total system Inconsistent Communications and training within the project. There was no complete end-to-end verification of navigation software and related computer models The project had failed to set clear success criteria for the project outcomes. The scope of the project had not been matched to the funding, leading to inadequate funding for defined outcomes. The project was lacking in good team working environment and adequate, appropriate staffing. The problem was found to be poor communication between, rather than within, different teams. Lack of better monitoring of contractors’ work. Later on, better trained personnel with project management courses were recommended. There was...
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...Hermes cannot enter Mars’ orbit without using more fuel to reach orbital velocity. Thus, the MAV has to escape Mars’ gravity in order to intercept with Hermes. In order for the MAV to escape Mars’ atmosphere, it has to reach the escape velocity. To do this, they had to make the MAV lighter to go faster with the limited amount of fuel available on the spacecraft. They said that they needed to make the spacecraft 5,000 kg lighter in order for the MAV to get to a high enough velocity to intercept with Hermes. Using the equation M_1 V_1=M_2 V_2, you can derive the final equation V_2=M_1 V_1/M_2. This means that the final velocity (V_2) is inversely related to the final mass (M_2). Thus, decreasing the final mass would increase the final velocity. To find the escape velocity of Mars, we use the equation v_escape=√ ((2GM_planet)/R_planet ). The escape velocity is 5.03 km/s. Assuming the initial mass is 10,000kg and the final mass is 5,000kg lighter (5,000kg), we can calculate the initial velocity using the equation V_1=M_2 V_2/M_1=5,000kg × 5.03km/s÷10,000kg= 2.5km/s. This is accurate because 2.5km/s is far below the necessary...
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...encountered Comet Borrelly and returned the best images and other science data ever from a comet. The Deep Space 1 was the first of a series of technology demonstration probes developed by NASA’s New Millennium Program. Its primary mission was to prove innovative new technologies for future spacecraft. The project manager for Deep Space 1 was Dr. Marc Rayman of NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory. While the spacecraft accomplished a planetary-class mission, the asteroid encounter was not a required aspect of the mission. The encounter was only a bonus in the primary mission. NASA approved the extended mission to Comet Wilson Harrington in August 1999. Then the spacecraft’s sole star tracker failed in November 1999. A seven-month rescue effort succeeded in recovering the capability to operate the spacecraft without the star tracker, but the rescue excluded encountering both comets. On December 18, 2001, with no further technology objectives and no further science objectives, the spacecraft was commanded into a storage configuration with the transmitter off but the receiver left on. The goal here is to present the Deep Space 1, its origins, and its contributions. Specs of Deep Space 1: Deep Space 1 spacecraft was built on...
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...I. Introduction: The purpose of this paper is an overview about the current space tourism industry with advanced developments of space vehicles. Until now, seven tourists have ridden Soyuz spacecraft, a Russian spacecraft, to the International Space Station. Capturing the potential demand of space tourism, many private companies began to introduce their new and well-designed spacecraft promising to enable tourist to travel to space. From now to the next couple of years, we are expected to see many launches including testing and commercial flights into suborbital and low Earth orbit. There are also some private companies, who were awarded by NASA for their space programs to carry astronauts to the space station. II. Virgin Galactic – Scaled Composites (Suborbital): Virgin Galactic – Scaled Composites founded by Burt Rutan designed a unique type of spacecraft. Using a mothership aircraft, the space plane will be carried to midair and then be released to launch toward the edge of the atmosphere. Using carbon composite construction, the company has introduced two version of the space plane: SpaceShipOne and SpaceShipTwo along with two model of the mothership aircraft: WhiteKnightOne and WhiteKnightTwo. (Ref 1,3) A. Spaceship: a. SpaceshipOne – WhiteKnightOne: Scaled Composites first launched the SpaceShipOne to the suborbital in 2004 while the first of WhiteKnightOne was in 2002. Overall, the WhiteKnightOne’s features are carriage and launch of payloads up to 7...
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...During the late 1950s, a race between two world powers created even more tension throughout the world. The United States and the Soviet Union, or the USSR, which is now called Russia, were trying to build successful aircraft to take them beyond the realms of our world. The first successful space mission was launched by the Soviet Union in 1957, when Yuri Gagarin orbited the earth. Over a decade later, the United States major accomplishment was successfully landing a man on the moon. Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin were the first people to take “one small step for man” and “one giant leap for mankind.” Many technical advancements, including spacecraft, created a race between nations to decide which country is the best of both worlds. If it had not been for each country’s persistence to surpass the other, space exploration would not have come about. The knowledge we have today about space is because of the world-renowned “space race.” Throughout the space race, many important discoveries were made by both countries. Dwight D. Eisenhower did not make space a priority, as he was more interested in keeping the country safe from communism, keeping...
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...The Apollo 13 mission was a failure. The astronauts got home, but landed in the middle of nowhere. The astronauts lived, but they had several near death experiences. The astronauts didn’t die, but NASA spent over 1 million dollars from taxpayers on a failed mission. Therefore, Apollo 13 mission was a failure. At the time on the spacecraft the atmosphere was very tense. The text proves that the problems were serious. “...Oxygen tank No. 2 blew up causing No. 1 tank to also fail....one oxygen tank appeared to be completely empty, and there were indications that the oxygen in the second tank was rapidly being depleted.” This evidence points out that the there were too many problems. For example, they were quickly losing resources that are essential...
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...pounds. It landed using airbags on July 4, 1997, and stayed active 10 times longer than scheduled (NASA, Chronology of Mars Exploration 1). The next missions were the twin rovers Spirit and Opportunity, which were launched a few weeks apart and landed on opposite sides of the planet in the summer of 2003, also using airbag technology. They both were the size of golf carts and outlasted their scheduled missions many times over. Curiosity landed in August 2012 and is the largest and most ambitious rover. The size and mass of a Mini Cooper, it survived a complex soft landing. Curiosity also supports the most complex science, containing drills, lasers, and a small analytical laboratory (Gibson 289). Curiosity can communicate with Earth in three ways. First, Curiosity can engage in direct communication from the rover to Earth’s Deep Space Network. Second, Curiosity can use a fast relay via the orbiting Mars Odyssey spacecraft. Finally, Curiosity can utilize a slow relay to communicate via the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. The scientific missions have focused on whether Mars once harbored flowing water. Specifically, the science studies Martian geology to determine how the rocks and soils formed (Jones 46-47). Based on how they form on Earth, many Martian discoveries appear to have followed a similar path, such as a long exposure to water or geology formed by intense heat and water. NASA has...
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