Personalised medicines available to patients today including the supporting diagnostics and informatics approaches
Personalized medicine (PM) is a particularly novel, interesting and evolving topic in the healthcare industry. It does not only carry a great potential in the treatment of high-penetrance monogenic diseases, but also applies in prevention. [1]
Since 2000, the healthcare system started to implement evidence-based decision-making framework which would significantly impact the quality of care. Despite this, three problems have developed or even increased within healthcare. Firstly, variation in the utilization of healthcare which cannot be explained by variation in patient illness or patient preferences [4]. Secondly, variation in …show more content…
Beside considering how the outcomes relates to the preferences of each individual, the concepts of technical and allocative value were also introduced and aimed to increase efficacy on how the resources are allocated and distributed to different groups within a population. Overall, the purpose of the programme is to shift from a focus on allocation between primary, secondary and tertiary care, to a focus on allocation towards solving chronic health problems – e.g. cancer, mental health and respiratory health. [1][2][3]
As a result, personalized medicine has been gradually introduced since 2011 to describe the personal value of individual, which is defined by the tailored therapeutic strategies based on the genomic, epigenomic and proteomic profile of a patient. The patient’s response is then closely monitored with direct or additional measurements (e.g. biomarkers), and the treatment can be adjusted and adopted according to individual response. [1][3][7]
Therefore, personalization will enable care that will be preventive, predictive and participatory …show more content…
[10]
In quantitative PCR, the HCV probe is a short linear oligonucleotide labelled at the 5’ end with a fluorophore and at the 3’ end with a quencher. The PCR primer and probe target conserved region of the 5’ untranslated region of the HCV genome, which means that that region would hybridize to complementary sequences and allows fluorescence emission and detection. Thus, in the absence of an HCV target, the fluorescence is quenched, whereas in the presence of the HCV target, there is fluorescence detection. [13]
In branched DNA assay, the HCV RNA is attached to a microwell plate and hybridized with high stringency to the target-specific oligonucleotides (label and capture extenders). The signal amplification begins with the pre-amplifier probes hybridizing to label extenders, while remaining regions are creating a branched structure. Finally, alkaline-phosphatase(AP)-labelled oligonucleotides bind to the bDNA by hybridization. Because the AP molecules are complementary to bDNA amplifier sequences, the bDNA signal is the chemiluminescent product of that reaction.