...nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, pharynx, larynx, trachea, respiratory tree, and lungs. They function to transport air to the air sacs of the lungs (the alveoli) where gas exchange occurs. The process of transporting and exchanging gases between the atmosphere and the body cells is respiration. The process of taking in air is known as inspiration, while the process of blowing out air is called expiration. A respiratory cycle consists of one inspiration and one expiration. The point of respiration is to allow you to obtain oxygen, eliminate carbon dioxide, and regulate the blood’s pH level. Respiration rate (breaths per minute) and depth (volume of air inhaled and exhaled with each breath) varies due to changes in blood chemistry that are monitored by the brain. For example, when you exercise, demand for oxygen increases because the cells require more ATP. In turn, more carbon dioxide is produced by cells and diffuses to the blood. The rise in carbon dioxide leads to a decrease in pH, causing the blood to be more acidic. The brain is especially sensitive to pH levels; as pH levels in the blood fall, the brain stimulates more rapid breathing and deeper breathing. The effect is to draw more air into the lungs, to transport more oxygen to the cells, and lower pH and CO2 levels. Check Your Understanding: Answer the following questions based on your reading of the introduction. 1. Where does gas exchange occur? 2. What is one complete respiratory cycle? Define breathing...
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...An Inquiry into the Effects of Tobacco Smoke on the Lungs Using a Hooka To begin with, the experiment that was conducted in the laboratory was on the effect of cigarette smoke on mollusc gill cilia. The cigarette smoke is composed of toxins, and oxidative chemicals that poses a major stress on the airway epithelium. “Each puff of cigarette smoke contains >1014 oxidant molecules and >1000 xenobiotics , and exposure to cigarette smoke evokes significant biologic changes in the airway epithelium, even though many smokers are phenotypically normal” (Leopald, 2009). Smokers are subjected to about 4,000 toxic chemicals in cigarette smoke, including arsenic, methane, and carbon monoxide. The continuation of smoke exposure on the lungs effect the cilia because the dirt, environmental pollutants, and toxins from cigarette smoke accumulate in the cilia causing the toxins to remain in the lungs. Furthermore, these toxins migrate from the lungs by the means of blood transportation to other organs. The smoke from all cigarettes is not necessarily equivalent, with the amounts of toxic substances varying from one brand to another. It is possible to specify the amount of tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide that is delivered by a cigarette under experimental conditions, which is what we will be observing in this experiment. The source of the tobacco, the length of the cigarette, the type of paper and filter used, how densely the tobacco is packed, the temperature at which it burns, and...
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...9 Science Learner’s Material Module 1 Respiratory and Circulatory Systems Working with Other Organ Systems This instructional material was collaboratively developed and reviewed by educators from public and private schools, colleges, and/or universities. We encourage teachers and other education stakeholders to email their feedback, comments, and recommendations to the Department of Education at action@deped.gov.ph. We valueDepartment of Education your feedback and recommendations. Republic of the Philippines Science – Grade 9 Learner’s Material First Edition, 2014 Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties. Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this book are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them. Published by the Department of Education Secretary: Br. Armin A. Luistro FSC Undersecretary: Dina S. Ocampo, Ph.D. Department of Education-Instructional Materials Council...
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...[pic] SCHOOL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES FAR 142/3 BASIC PHARMACOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY EXPERIMENT 4: ROUTES OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION COORDINATOR: PROF. MADYA DR. AMIN MALIK SHAH NAMES : FATIN NASUHA BINTI MAHYUDDIN MATRIC NO : 123877 DATE OF EXPERIMENT : 10 APRIL 2015 AIMS To compare the influence of the routes of administration on the onset and duration of action in response to a hypnotic drug, sodium pentobarbitone (60mg/kg), in mice. INTRODUCTION Drugs need to reach the sites of action in order to produce an effect. A suitable route of administration is important to ensure the drug entering the blood circulation to finally reach their site of action. The selection of the best route of administration of the drug depends on its physical and chemical properties. Drugs are introduced into the body by several routes. They may be taken by mouth (orally); given by injection into a vein (intravenously), into a muscle (intramuscularly), into the space around the spinal cord (intrathecally), or beneath the skin (subcutaneously); placed under the tongue (sublingually); inserted in the rectum (rectally) or vagina (vaginally); instilled in the eye (by the ocular route); sprayed into the nose and absorbed through the nasal membranes (nasally); breathed into the lungs, usually through the mouth (by inhalation); applied to the skin (cutaneously) for a local (topical) or bodywide (systemic) effect; or delivered through...
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...The Effect of Aerobic Exercise on the Cardiovascular and Respiratory System Anatomy & Physiology of Sport and Exercise Task 2: Laboratory Report BTEC Extended Diploma in Sports and Exercise Science Year 1 Contents Page 1 Front Page 2 Contents Page 3 –8 Introduction 9 Method 10-11 Results 12-18 Discussion Introduction The hypothesis for this project is to look at the effects of exercise on the cardiovascular system (heart rate and blood pressure) and the respiratory system (breathing rate) which will increase with exercise. This is because as we begin to exercise our bodies demand for oxygen rises as the need for energy increases, therefore we must breathe at a faster rate in order to supply oxygenated blood to the working muscles. The heart must beat quicker in order to push the oxygenated blood to the working muscles and this in turn will increase blood pressure. The Cardiovascular System. The cardiovascular system does not consist of the lungs. Cardio = the heart Vascular = the blood and blood vessels The function of the cardiovascular system is to deliver oxygen and nutrients to every cell in the body and carry hormones to different parts of the body. Remove waste products from energy production, maintain body temperature and homeostasis. The function of the blood vessels in particular is to deliver oxygen rich blood around the body and remove waste products. ...
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...Professional Presence and Influence Darcea Gonzalez Western Governor’s University Professional Presence and Influence Write introductory paragraph. Summarize paper/main points. Professional Presence Models of Health and Healing Era I, known as the “Mechanical Model” or “Physical body,” was established in the 1860’s following the integration of science and medicine. Medical practices were based directly on the physical aspects of the body and treatments were rendered accordingly. Modalities of treatment in this era were based upon the part of the body that was not functioning properly and cured by medication or surgery (Koerner, 2011). For example, everyday people are newly diagnosed with hypertension. According to the Era 1 phase, the physician would simply give the patient a medication that would bring down the blood pressure without paying any attention to the patient’s thoughts and feelings about their illness and the different factors, internal or external, that may be influencing the body’s reaction to this particular disease. In today’s society, healing is provided based on the wholeness of a human being. Era III of Larry Dossey’s approach to medicine characterizes a new era of healing that focuses on a person’s mind, body, and spirit and their influential guidance of healing within ourselves and others. This era is known as the “nonlocal mind.” This modern developmental milestone in healthcare further encompasses the power of the conscious mind as a whole and...
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...Instructor’s Manual for the Laboratory Manual to Accompany Hole’s Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology Eighth Edition Terry R. Martin Kishwaukee College [pic] [pic] Instructor’s Manual for the Laboratory Manual to Accompany Hole’s essentials of human anatomy and physiology, eighth edition David shier, jackie butler, and ricki lewis Published by McGraw-Hill Higher Education, an imprint of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc, 2003, 2000, 1998. All rights reserved. The contents, or parts thereof, may be reproduced in print form solely for classroom use with Hole’s essentials of human anatomy and physiology, eighth edition, provided such reproductions bear copyright notice, but may not be reproduced in any other form or for any other purpose without the prior written consent of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., including, but not limited to, in any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning. www.mhhe.com Contents PREFACE V An Overview vi Instructional Approaches viii Correlation of Textbook Chapters and Laboratory Exercises ix Suggested Time Schedule xi Fundamentals of Human Anatomy and Physiology Exercise 1 Scientific Method and Measurements 1 Exercise 2 Body Organization...
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...Isolation and Purification of Lyngbya majuscula on Nutrient-enriched Agar Plates A Special Problem ABSTRACT Lyngbya majuscula samples were obtained from the Phycology Laboratory stock culture of the UPV Institute of Aquaculture. Five (5) mm fragments of these were inoculated into agar plates that used 1% agar concentration enriched with varying concentrations (1.0%, 1.5%, and 2.0%) of Hughes, et. al. (1958) Mineral Medium No. II. After ten (10) days of culture, the Trichome Length (TL), Trichome Width (TW), Sheath Width (SW) and Total Length of the Lyngbya filaments were measured from photomicrographs of the samples using Image Tool (Version 3.00) developed by the University of Texas Health Science in San Antonio (UTHSCSA). Lyngbya filaments in all cultures enriched with the Hughes medium obtained significantly higher TL and TW over those of the control treatment. But enrichment of the agar medium did not result in an increase of sheath widths. Filaments cultured in 1.5% and 2% enriched agar showed contamination. Those in 1% nutrient concentration had comparable growth, but no contamination. Furthermore, Lyngbya cultured in enriched agar did not grow beyond the area of inoculation. Isolation was also more difficult in agar than in the liquid control medium. INTRODUCTION As early as the 1900s, Lyngbya sp. blooms were documented in the areas of Eastern Moreton Bay and Bribie Island in Australia (Abal & Lawn, 2004). Lyngbya is a genus which is...
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...INSTRUCTOR GUIDE Human Anatomy & Physiology Laboratory Manual MAIN VERSION, Eighth Edition Update CAT VERSION, Ninth Edition Update FETAL PIG VERSION, Ninth Edition Update ELAINE N. MARIEB, R.N., Ph.D Holyoke Community College SUSAN T. BAXLEY, M.A. Troy University, Montgomery Campus NANCY G. KINCAID, Ph.D Troy University, Montgomery Campus PhysioEx™ Exercises authored by Peter Z. Zao, North Idaho College Timothy Stabler, Indiana University Northwest Lori Smith, American River College Greta Peterson, Middlesex Community College Andrew Lokuta, University of Wisconsin—Madison San Francisco • Boston • New York Cape Town • Hong Kong • London • Madrid • Mexico City Montreal • Munich • Paris • Singapore • Sydney • Tokyo • Toronto Editor-in-Chief: Serina Beauparlant Project Editor: Sabrina Larson PhysioEx Project Editor: Erik Fortier Editorial Assistant: Nicole Graziano Managing Editor: Wendy Earl Production Editor: Leslie Austin Composition: Cecelia G. Morales Cover Design: Riezebos Holzbaur Design Group Senior Manufacturing Buyer: Stacey Weinberger Marketing Manager: Gordon Lee Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings, 1301 Sansome St., San Francisco, CA 94111. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means...
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...PHILIPPINE CHRISTIAN UNIVERSITY-DASMARIÑAS DASMARIÑAS CITY, CAVITE In Fulfillment of the Requirements In Methods of Educational Research Presented to: Sir Mecate Presented by: Ambion, Mary Jane C. Alcedo, Mara Mae Q. Ledesma, Chandy Mae T. Marable, Krystel Marie P. Riego de Dios, Ancel B. Thian Nun Mawi, Sarah Chapter I The Problem and its Background Introduction Language is one of the liberal arts on which education in every school offers is based. The school wants to help the students to improve their abilities to communicate their thoughts and feelings effectively in English, for it is the second official language of the country. There are two types of communication, the verbal communication and the non- verbal communication. Being a Filipino it is the “lingua franca” of social, professional and the business world as to develop one’s proficiency in English. However, what are the factors that affect poor communication skill among students especially on PCU. In addition, what is the importance of communication in their future field of work? As English Major Students, one studies literature, language, culture, history and develop skills and knowledge on the four aspects of communication arts namely: listening, speaking, reading and, writing. Communication is the most important tool humans have to interact with each other. Effective is required to learn, succeed in business and relate well with others in personal relationships...
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...differences in behavior relate to differences in heredity and environment?” Intro to Psych: Wednesday, January 14 2015 Three major philosophical issues with psychology: Free Will vs. Determinism - Determinism: Everything that happens has a cause. - Free Will: the belief that behavior is cause by a person’s independent decisions The Mind-Brain Problem - The philosophical question of how experience relates to the brain. - How is brain activity linked with our experienced? - There is a close relationship with brain activity and psychological events - “Do we feel first, or do we think first?” Nature-Nurture Issue - “How do differences in behavior relate to differences in heredity and environment?” Milgram and the shock experiment test Psychiatry - different from psychology in the way that a psychiatrist can prescribe medication and psychologists can not. - branch of the medical field that focuses on the brain and mental disorders **Get to know both of the “What Psychologists Do” handouts from class Quick History of Psychology Early era psychology: - Aristotle Modern day psychology: - Freud Psychology started in 19th century - Main focus was on sensation and perception Wilhelm Wundt - Created the first psychological lab - “What are the components of experience or mind?” - Tested conscience experience Edward Titchener - Thought that the most important psychological question was about the nature of experience...
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...body functions, grows, or develops, Effects on a developing fetus (teratogenic effects, fetotoxic effects), Effects on children, grandchildren, etc. (inheritable genetic effects) Decrease in life span, Change in mental condition resulting from stress, traumatic experiences, exposure to solvents. Effects on the ability to accommodate additional stress Following are some processes that can be hazardous for the health of workers 1. Abrasive blasting; abrasive blasting operations can create high levels of dust and noise. Abrasive material and the surface being blasted may contain toxic materials (e.g., lead paint, silica) that are hazardous to workers. Silica sand (crystalline) can cause silicosis, lung cancer, and breathing problems in exposed workers. Coal slag and garnet sand may cause lung damage similar to silica sand (based on preliminary animal testing). Copper slag, nickel slag, and glass (crushed or beads) also have the potential to cause lung damage. Steel grit and shot have less potential to cause lung...
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...Level II Student Nurses A Thesis presented to the Faculty of Institute of Nursing Far Eastern University By: BSN 118 Group 71 Balanay, Shara Jane; Lewis, Samantha; Lisay, Kathreen; Martinez, Nikka; Obar, Zharmaine; Patiño, Mary Caryl; Quigao, Abigael; Reyes, Laurice; Silang, Johnas; Taylor, Ivanna Jane; Uy, Ashley Chloè In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for The course in Nursing Research Far Eastern University September 2010 Abstract The study seeks to determine the difference in the learning retention rate of students exposed to either eLearning or VINES laboratory instruction. 88 students from Level II Institute of Nursing of the Far Eastern University were purposively selected for the experiment, specifically those without prior experience with the modules. Subjects were notified of the purposes of the research through an informed consent. The respondents, categorized randomly as either Group A or B and were given the same lessons thru eLearning or a simulated-hospital setting using VINES respectively. Mean scores gathered from the two groups were computed, with the difference evaluated using independent t-test. Significant difference was noted between the mean scores of students under Group A and B suggestive that VINES provides students greater advantage in learning retention than eLearning. Given the results, the researchers recommended the use of more VINES sessions since learning retention is better with that...
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...How to go to your page This eBook set contains two volumes. The main content pages are contiguously numbered: use the Table of Contents to find those page numbers. The front matter pages and indices are labeled with the Volume number and page separated by a colon. For example, to go to page vi of Volume 1, type Vol1:vi in the “page #” box at the top of the screen and click “Go”. To go to page vi of Volume 2, type Vol2:vi in the "page #" box… and so forth. Encyclopedia of Human Body Systems This page intentionally left blank Encyclopedia of Human Body Systems VOLUME 1 Julie McDowell, Editor Copyright 2010 by ABC-CLIO, LLC All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data McDowell, Julie. Encyclopedia of human body systems / Julie McDowell. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978–0–313–39175–0 (hard copy : alk. paper) 1. Human physiology—Encyclopedias. I. Title. QP11.M33 2011 612.003—dc22 2010021682 ISBN: 978–0–313–39175–0 EISBN: 978–0–313–39176–7 14 13 12 11 10 1 2 3 4 5 This book is also available on the World Wide Web as an eBook. Visit www.abc-clio.com for details. Greenwood An Imprint of ABC-CLIO, LLC ABC-CLIO, LLC...
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...Communication, Homeostasis & Energy Communication & Homeostasis Outline the need for communication systems within multicellular organisms, with reference to the need to respond to changes in the internal and external environment and to co-ordinate the activities of different organs. Organisms need to respond to external stimuli, e.g. temperature, oxygen concentration and levels of sunlight. These may be over time, e.g. winter fur to summer fur, or quickly, e.g. changing size of pupils. Internal environments change too- the build up of carbon dioxide as a result of respiration changes the pH of the tissue fluid, and therefore inhibits enzyme activity. Multicellular organisms need to coordinate different organs, so this requires a good communication system which will: • Cover the whole body • Enable cells to communicate with each other • Enable specific communication • Enable rapid communication • Enable both short and long-term responses. State that cells need to communicate with each other by a process called cell signalling. State that neuronal and hormonal systems are examples of cell signalling. Define the terms negative feedback, positive feedback and homeostasis. Negative feedback- A process in which any change in a parameter brings about the reversal of that change so that the parameter is kept fairly constant. Positive feedback- A process in which any change in a parameter brings about an increase in that change Homeostasis- The maintenance of a constant...
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