...obtener información a través de las importaciones y exportaciones. Otros indicadores importantes a nivel laboral además del nivel del desempleo, los encontramos en las estadísticas de las nóminas, ya que de la cantidad de estos ingresos se generan gastos por algunos productos, mismo que deben ser medidos de acuerdo las preferencias de los consumidores. Otro aspecto notable a resaltar es que la creación de este tipo de sistemas de control de las variables macroeconómicas no ha sido en la historia un resultado de la libre actividad de las fuerzas del mercado, sino producto de la intervención estatal propia de la economía mixta, siguiendo el ejemplo en este tema de las ahora casi extintas economías planificadas. La lectura del caso “The Origins of National Income Accounting” explica como en la época de la "Gran Depresión" de la economía mundial, al tratar de entender el estado de la economía de los Estados Unidos, los funcionarios...
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...Caso Harvard: "The Origins of National Income Accounting" Preguntas: 1. ¿Por qué es importante la contabilidad nacional? Es decir, contar con datos sobre el ingreso nacional: sus fuentes y destino. La contabilidad nacional, es el conjunto de información estadística que permite a los responsables de la política económica determinar si la economía de un país se contrae o se expande, y si existe amenaza de inflación o recesión severa. La contabilidad nacional contiene información estratégica sobre la macroeconomía nacional. La medición del Producto Interno Bruto (PIB), es parte de la contabilidad nacional, el PIB es el nombre que le damos al valor total de mercado de bienes y servicios finales que produce un país en un año, es igual a la producción total de bienes de consumo y de inversión, las compras del Estado y las exportaciones netas a otros países. El fin más importante del PIB es medir el comportamiento global de una economía. En la actualidad los economistas del Estado se basan en una amplia variedad de fuentes, incluidas las encuestas, las declaraciones del impuesto sobre la renta, reportes de ventas al por menor y los datos sobre el empleo, de aquí que los economistas toman los datos para formar la contabilidad nacional, la cual también se apoya en la contabilidad de las empresas y la estadística para mostrar la información generada y de esta manera planificar ahorros, inversiones y consumos de un país y tomar decisiones sobre el rumbo de la nación. 2....
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...What is Darwinism? To understand the impact of this matter you must first know what it is and who Darwin was. Darwinism is “the theory of the evolution of species by natural selection advanced by Charles Darwin”, according to the Oxford University Press. Charles Darwin was an English naturalist who made major contributions to the theory of evolution. Charles Darwin’s writings were very significant in the scientific world, for a more specific example, his writing of the Origin of Species. The Origin of Species sparked huge national interest and the book’s first copies sold out quicker than they appeared. Although many saw this work as a step towards improvement in understanding of evolution, it also brought with it much opposition. Darwin’s...
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...was a system of racial segregation in South Africa enforced through legislation by the National Party governments and the ruling party from 1948 to 1994. It classified inhabitants into four racial groups, black, white, colored and Indian, with Indian and colored divided into several sub-classifications and residential areas were segregated (Minter, 1994). In his book Africa since independence Paul Nugent (2012: 134-135) made a convincing case of viewing apartheid as the lineal descendent of indirect rule. He further emphasised that apartheid did not come out of the blue, but amounted to a reworking of the main themes of segregationist discourse which took a tenacious grip in the 1920s, but whose origins can be traced back in the 19th century when social Darwinism was being promoted. The central axiom was that Africans were to be treated as subjects whereas whites were citizens bearing...
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...A History of Modern Psychology Why is the understanding the history of psychology important? A psychologist and historian (E.G. Boring, 1963) once said, “The seats on the train of progress all face backwards: You can see the past but only guess about the future. Yet a knowledge of history, although it can never be complete and fails miserably to foretell the future, has a huge capacity for adding significance to the understanding of the present” (see chapter 1). Every course that you have taken on history has shown that we never learn anything from our past mistakes, and that looking back cannot guarantee our future in setting stone. But psychology is important to learn because it teaches us a few things: one, it would help psychologist become more critical thinker and be able to help people better, and can help measure those “evolutionary breakthroughs” because of the initial excitement that usually comes with the beginning of anything. Two, it could bring every psychologist closer together because of so many diverse field, we share a common ground. Psychology history does not date back far; in fact many would claim to say that it is in childhood stage for it is no older than 125 years (see Chapter 1). Robert I. Watson was a clinical psychologist with a passion for history, created an organization by calling psychologist from an article he wrote,” History of Psychology: A Neglected Area” (Watson, 1960). Watson found people with similar goal from the American Psychological...
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...Q1: Darwin's Origin consisted of two parts. The first described observations in support of common descent, the second a mechanism to explain how it was the case. Provide examples of the observations Darwin used (1 page). ‘On the origin of species by means of natural selection : or, The preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life’ by Charles Darwin (1860) was the first book to put forward the scientific theory that populations evolve over a period of generations by the process of natural selection. The first part of the book described observations in support of common descent. One such observation is that of the homologous structures possessed by a wide variety of animals. Darwin used the fact that lizards, bats, whales, birds, frogs cats and even humans all contain a pent dactyl limb to support his theory that all life is descended from one common ancestor. As he says himself , “What can be more curious than that the hand of a man, formed for grasping, that of a mole for digging, the leg of the horse, the paddle of the porpoise, and the wing of the bat, should all be constructed on the same pattern, and should include the same bones, in the same relative positions?”(Darwin 1860) Another observation of common descent from the first part of Darwin’s book is that of convergence of form. This is the presence of similar biological traits in members of different species. Darwin illustrated this using the example of the finches. He observed a variety of forms encountered...
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...have, you certainly are not alone. Charles Darwin spent much of his life trying to answer that question. In 1859, when Darwin published his book The Theory of Origin he gave us one of the most widely accepted theories on how life developed on earth. His findings changed science forever and still has lasting effects today. Verlyn Klinkenborg New York Times essay Darwin at 200: The Ongoing Force of His Unconventional Idea illustrates many of the reasons why Darwin was such an important and revolutionary person. Charles Darwin’s essay Natural Selection was ahead of its time when it was published in the 19th century. Darwin discussed animals and the traits that are passed on from generation to generation. Through his observations Charles Darwin came to the conclusion that animals compete for resources and that the animal with the most desirable trait will be more likely to survive and pass on their genes. He also stated that because of this, it helps explain all of the variation within each different species of living things. Darwin also discussed that his theory of Natural Selection doesn’t only apply to animals but also to plants. He observed that only plants that had the best ways to distribute their pollen would be able to reproduce. Charles Darwin’s ideas still live on over 150 years after his publication of The Origins of Species. In Verlyn Klinkenborg New York Times essay Darwin at 200: The Ongoing Force of His Unconventional Idea he discussed how revolutionary Darwin’s observations...
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...movement of the species toward greater self-awareness and strength. Shaw described this process in his play Man and Superman. Freud also utilized the concept in his libido theory. Horney interpreted the process as a psychic response to the intense societal pressures to succeed. A linkage of interdependence and progression of these ideas emerges as the world continues to evolve. What allowed dance forms such as ballet to develop at this time? Ballet is a formalized form of dance with its origins in the Italian Renaissance courts of the 15th and 16th centuries. It quickly spread to the French court of Catherine de' Medici where it was developed even further. In the late 17th century Louis XIV founded the Académie Royale de Musique (the Paris Opera) within which emerged the first professional theatrical ballet company, the Paris Opera Ballet. Discuss the significance of Darwin and Darwinian theory on modern scientific thought. In short, it is horribly antiquated. If you read "Origin" you will see that Darwin fully expected someone to find the transitional fossil record linking man with beast. That has not and will not happened. Moreover, if you research Darwin's life, he disputed his own theory before he passed away. Finally, scientists today, while remarkably smart and advanced (thankfully), still overlook/dismiss the gap in the fossil record and extrapolate their answers from a false beginning. The scientific community for the most part, therefore, lacks a faith lest...
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...Charles Darwin. Darwin is best known for his contributions in science; his famous theory of evolution. He also contributed to the market and command economy with his belief, "survival of the fittest." Charles Darwin's contribution to science has been a very controversial one. He stated that each generation will improve adaptively over the preceding generations, and this gradual and continuous process is the source of the evolution of species. Natural selection is only part of Darwin's theory. He also introduced the concept that all related organisms are descended from common ancestors. His theory was first announced in 1858 in a paper. Darwin's complete theory was published in 1859, in On the Origin of Species. This book is often referred to as "the book that shook the world. The Origin sold out on the first day of publication and subsequently went through six editions. Charles Darwin also contributed to the Market economy with his belief "survival of the fittest." In a free enterprise system, it is believed that the best will survive while the less efficient will collapse if the market is allowed to work without government interference. In a market economy, since the government has very little control of the businesses, the companies must work their hardest and come out with good products that will outsell the ones of their competition. Social Darwinism basically means that the strong will control the weak. Social Darwinism comes from the laws of natural selection as Darwin...
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...The Evolution of Compassion The evolution of compassion as a part of human nature has been a long standing debate topic. It is typically ignored when analyzing our evolutionary process, and if considered is viewed as some sort of emotional unreliability, and something that hinders out ability to evolve. However, compassion is an innate part of human nature that has evolved from thousands of years of survival. There are three evolutionary arguments for compassion. The first is that within the vulnerable offspring argument, sympathy is thought to have risen as the full of feeling component of a caregiving framework, intended to help raise powerless posterity to the time of feasibility (accordingly guaranteeing that qualities will probably be imitated). Human posterity are conceived more rashly and more reliant than whatever other well evolved creature, requiring uncommon care to achieve the period of freedom and conceptive engagement (Mikulincer and Shaver, 2003). Caring people were favored in mate choice procedures, and are still considered to be preferred when picking a partner today. Dating sites, speed dating, and formal dating all use kindness as a factor when deciding whether a date is going well or not. Finally, a third developmental contention sets that the caring inclinations of others are a vital rule in the arrangement of helpful relations with non-kin (Axelrod, 1984). It is suggested that empathy (sensitivity in his phrasing) advanced inside a mind boggling arrangement...
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...first became aware of the capability of this theory when he studied variation in plants and animals during a five-year voyage around the world in the 19th century. He noticed whilst in the Galapagos Islands that the habitat of certain finches on the island changed their physical characteristics. Darwin mainly focused on the shape of the finches beak according to their habitat, concluding that even though the finch had a common ancestor, their beak shaped evolved according the foods that they ate in their habitat. He continued the development of this theory by studying hundreds more plants and animals than on his voyage. He developed this theory in 1858 after a thirty year period of study. The theory was published in a book titled ‘On the Origin of Species.’ His theory of Natural Selection has endured centuries of controversy, particularly as many reasons it conflicts with religious explanations of the world’s creation, as well as the organisms that inhabit it. Darwin’s theory of Natural Selection has a process with four components: Variation Each organism within populations has a difference in appearance in behaviour, such as body size, hair colour and number of offspring. In contrast, some have little to no variation among the population, for example, number of eyes in vertebrates. Colour, particularly in the palatability and appearance of foods, can determine one’s choice of food. Foods that are red give the perception that the food is...
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...Darwin’s thought on publishing his own theory of evolution, without knowing that his theory was almost identical to Darwin’s theory (Evolution.Berkely). At first Darwin was hesitant to tell his theory due to religion, he knew publicizing his theory meant that it would probably backlash, but everything changed when Darwin received the letter from Wallace regarding his own theory of evolution. Darwin went to his friends in the science community for help since he didn’t deal with repercussions of plagiarism. Both men were given credit after a meeting for the Linnaean Society. As for why Charles Darwin is more known than Wallace since they both have credit for the theory? Well, Charles Darwin started the game before Wallace and he published Origins of Species, which became science’s most influential book. Thanks to Darwin and Wallace, the theory of evolution is one of the greatest scientific findings in our...
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...Curiosity is a common human instinct that has lead to the beginning of many revolutions in the scientific world. As we advance as a population and team up with diverse individuals worldwide, we are able to piece together new information that can help us understand how all the diverse organisms on earth arose. One of the most astonishing populations of organisms that seems to continuously baffle scientists is the Drosophilia fly. This Drosophilia has been said to have branched from one species of fly into over 800 native,diverse species seen in Hawaii alone. These species are said to still be undergoing speciation due to genetic mutations and adaptations that result upon reproduction. A major player in the results of this diversity has been a result of adaptive radiation. Adaptive radiation is defined as a time of evolutionary divergence in which some organization of organisms is capable of establishing new species that are better adapted fulfill any niches or roles in their neck of the woods. This often occurs in small populations where competition is scarce and organisms have some evolutionary modification suited to the environment, such the islands of Hawaii. Due to the fact that Hawaii formed relatively recently, it is packed with narrow geographic areas that are not as nearly as inhabited as other islands, therefore it has far less competition and is the perfect housing environment for organisms trying to become adapted. The adaptive radiation allows animals to become more...
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...Science is all about the facts, and in most instances that is all you need to believe in the results that you are being given. With this ease in compatibility with others upon results, naturally friendships are made between scientists. Yet there are just about as many natural arguments between scholars in science as their are friendships. This argument or friendship can skip generations for those in the same study, scientists often being compatible with those who worked before them and brought inspiration. This basic concept is seen in the compatibility and differences between Charles Dawkins and Richard Dawkins. These two scientists both have a long recorded history of progress in terms of evolution, but there are details and specifics in the study that the two aren’t compatible with. To note and truly appreciate these differences there has to be an understanding of their lifelong work and beliefs, anything that related to science. In analyzing the Dawkins and Darwin, there are their fundamental theories that they share, the ones that aren’t as compatible, and how the two exceed one another. There is the initial analysis point that looks at what ideas the two men share in their opinions of nature and man. Each man is extremely similar to the other; not to mention that they are both scientists of similar studies. Darwin obviously came before Richard Dawkins, but the time difference makes little difference in the two being different in views; there is the basic fact that Dawkins...
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...Natural selection, a concept conceived by Charles Darwin, is one of the most important ideas about the natural world. It states that environmental variables decide the course of life and its evolutions to produce constituents with the most favorable traits. It is prevalent and intangible; it is trial and error in its most beautiful form. However, natural selection is not just limited to the agrarian world, its patterns can be observed in society too. In the process of natural selection, there is a losing side. Extinct animals and archaic ideas are the victims of natural selection and end up on the losing side of history. This ensures that the most appropriately adapted organisms or ideas prevail. Sudden events and gradual changes shape the...
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