Notes for Exam 5- Geography
North America

Tuesday, November 16, 2010
Physical Geography * Latitude is very important –broad range * Western climates- Mountains (change the climate of the region) * Example: Sierra Nevada and Rockies * Deserts and dryness- Because the mountains are so tall they absorb the precipitation * Further west- very wet * Louisiana- very close to the equator, nothing to stop the storms
-2 of the largest countries in the world include (Population)-
1. Canada- 1/10th of the US- 33 million * Lots of empty land in this area
2. The US- 300 million pop * Highly urbanized
(D): Megalopolis- Applies to the US and Canada, very big
*PROS OF North America
1. -Farming and Ranching and Agriculture * Used to be dominate * 1790: employed 90% of the work force * 1880: dropped down to 50%- because of industrialization * Today: less than 2% * In the US only 1% of population are farmers * Farm populations fell by 2/3 in the beginning of the 20th century * Farms are consolidating * 20% drop in the number of farms * Agriculture has become more meganized (more industrial) More money to keep it going, more land and more machines * Farms are still critical in the US and Canadian economy * 2000: US Alone, $216 billion dollars in farming alone * Land use, agriculture remains dominant * Varies by region * Dairy farming in the east * Live Stock in the West * Irrigated agriculture- used in the dryer parts of the region * Very efficient farms * Intensive * Crops they grow * Central- Growing corn for ethanol
2. -Affluence and abundance of wealth * Natural recourses * Lumbar * Animals * Metals * Fossil flues * Navigable water ways * Good soils * Favorable climate in general
3. -World’s most powerful economy
4. -Highly Affluent region * Median income- $32,000 US
5. -Highest rate of resource energy
6. -Highly polluting rates * 5 times more hazards waste than the EU
-Destroyed the native civilizations
*CONS
1. -Wealth is not widely shared * 19% of Americans think they are in the financial top 1% * Think we are all richer than we actually are
2. -Social and economic gaps between the rich and the poor has widened * US has the largest income gap since they started keeping records * Largest that it has ever been
3. --Affluence is masked; wealth is not evenly distributed and not widely shared * Poverty in the US is wide spread especially in certain areas * Inner city urban areas and some rural areas * South and south-west (rural areas) * Low income in the central part of the city
4. -Not only about good money (Poverty) * Good schools: at a low because of property taxes, schools end up low quality because they have no money * Property value is lower, makes the schooling bad * Linked to the ability to get good education and health care
5. -Poverty has a racial and ethnic dimension * Overall poverty rates (13%) * African American (25%) * Hispanic (22%)
6. -An increases in number of Millionaires * 8 million millionaires in the US * Compared to 44 million below the poverty line
7. -Interactions between classes * Not a lot of mingling between levels of income * Middle class and the wealthy have moved to the suburbs * Poor remain behind, clustered in neighborhoods (no other example) * Gives them less access and less opportunity
*Economy in North America
-Sectorial Transformation
1. Primary Sector- Extracting * Agriculture (Farming and Ranching) * Mining * Fishing * Logging * Dominated economy until the late 1800’s * Industrial revolution happened
2. Secondary Sector- Industrial (Turning raw materials into something else) * Manufacturing industry * “Blue Color workers”- getting the shirts dirty, compared to white colors * Steel mills * Auto Workers * 1900: Industrial sector became dominant, held the position until the mid 20th century * Focused on the economic core * Has access to water, power, and mills- transportation made it easier being close to the water * Went into decline- Economy transformed until the 1950’s * Great benefits- good salary

3. Tertiary Sector- “Service sector” * Broad and varied sector * White color- Service oriented professions * Retail sales * Restaurants * Beauty Salons * Bus drivers * Utilities * Health * Tourism * Education * Government * Growing in the US since the 1920’s * Rise of consumer culture- people have lots of stuff * Starting to recognize a whole different sector
4. Quaternary Sector – “information Technology” “information processing” * Dramatic rise * What’s in it? * Collection and processing of information * Publishing in book and magazine * Higher education- in a research roll * Research medicine * Internet company * Data processing * Not a lot of tangible items * Made the country very different * 3ed and 4th sectors employ 70 % of the work force * 75% of the regions economic output
5. Quandary Sector – “Managerial sector” * CEO’s, bosses, wealthy * Left the industrial era behind * Transformation has not been easy * Geographical- workers were moving and the US were moving out of the industry
-What happened? * Manufacturing jobs moved over seas * Manufacturing goes on over seas * Industrial places such as Detroit- become abandoned * Fallen on hard times during the sartorial shift from the second to the third sector * Other jobs have risen * “Sun Belt states”- Amenities were high * Atlanta, Huston- grew in the rise of service sector jobs * Industrial jobs- were high paid jobs * Underemployed- when people choose to move for their jobs * 1995-2005: lost millions of manufacturing jobs * With so many people moving- we have seen new kinds of cities developing
*Development of cities
-Urban Sprawl * Before 1888: Small pedestrian cities (small and round cities) * Invented electric trolleys- people could travel faster to work which means they could live further away * “Starfish shape”- Street cars suburbs (people could live in suburbs and take street cars to work)
-Automobiles
* 1920 Automobiles- * Before: Stephens Duryea- Very primitive cars, toys made for the rich, * Automobiles became more reliable * 1924: Cars became fun, mass produced, and reliable * Nash and Desoto * Cars were getting useful, and changing the city * Transformation of consumer culture * Became desirable to have * 1950’s: Cars were evolving * People could live further away from home * Road technology and car technology * People could live farther from the center part of town
November 18, 2010
-Edge Cities (D)-
-Urban Sprawl (D)- Cities taking up more space than they used to, American cities swallowed by Urban Cities * Who’s living in the city? * What happened to the central city? * Became semi abandoned * People who left the central city were much more poor than those in the suburbs * Central city became a place of minority residence * High crime neighborhoods and areas of intense poverty
-Gentrification (D)- Process of displacement of lower-income residents of central-city neighborhoods with higher income residents
-The rehabilitation of deteriorated inner-city housing and landscapes
-The development of higher-end amenities in certain inner-city areas (bars, restaurants, stores, ect.)
Who are the Gentrifiers? * Young * Middle class or wealthy * Single * “Yuppies”- (D) young urban * “Dinks”- dual income no kids * “DILDOS”-Dual income little dog only * Revitalizes the
*Cultural identity in North America
-Ethnic group: (D) a group with people with a common background and history who identify with one another
-Often as a minority group within society
-Not always racial or a minority
-Nation of immigrants – Nation of ethnic groups * More English people here * 13-1 Irish people * Used to call it a “Melting Pot”- Now a “cultural Mosaic”- things don’t fully blend together * Assimilation: Why? To succeed or fit in, in order to be more American * Why not assimilate? Wanting to maintain language, keep connections, religion, cultural traditions, schools and stores oriented to cultures (advantages) * Remain recognizably different- jokes * To Americans: seen as odd, stupid * Lingering negative stereotypes * 2 sided coin
-(Book) Pluralistic Society (D): societies of many ethnic groups co-exist
-History of immigration * A perceived opportunity, contrasted with a perceived lack of opportunity in their current country * Large % of those who immigrated to America are often poor * Waves of poor people willing to take a chance
-5 phases of Immigration
1.Phase 1- European colonialism before 1820 * Small numbers of Europeans began arriving as well as enslaved Africans and take over * English had strongest influence- but so did the Dutch, French, Irish, Germans, west Spaniards * Africans (enslaved) outnumbered the Europeans (Not perceived by greater opportunity
2. Phase 2- 1820-1870 * Fewer English * More Irish and Germans * Motivated by the potato famine * Caused tensions with the new immigrants that linger with us today * Very large numbers, increase into the 100,000’s of people per year
3. Phase 3 1870-1920 * Huge peak- 1 million immigrants per year * Many Italians came to the US * Western Europeans, Southern Europeans, Northern European * Culture different * Motivated by the call of opportunity * Available farm land * Cultural practices that were different
4. Phase 4 1920-1970 * US placed restrictions on immigrations * Initiated quotas on source country’s- a response to the tensions * **Delysers parents moved here- moved from Holland: raised in extreme poverty “classic immigrants”- all their possessions came in a crate (father made furniture of the crate) nurse and graduate student Has and Femmy- looking for the American dream
5. Phase 5 1970-present * Huge growth in numbers * After regulations being so tight * Political instability in other countries * Most immigrants coming from Latina America and Asia * Starting new ethnic and cultural tensions * Most recent phenomena of an old phantom * Shaping our future * Increase diversity
-Geography immerging from the immigrants * Settle in the same state or neighborhood * New immigrants arrive- their family and friends arrive * Cluster together- for support * Recognizable as immigrant groups- because they are clustered together
-Stereotypes of “White Trash” * Characteristics * What do they do for a living? * School with kids * Live in Trailers/poor hygiene/chewing tobacco * Unemployed/ uneducated * NASCAR/jerry Springer * Toilet in yard * Incest * Budweiser * Lottery * Wife beater/ Jean shorts/ plad shirts * Lots of dogs * Eat Squires * Wall mart * Joe dirt * Social Class (D)- Social and economical ranking- measure on certain attributes: income, occupation, education, and status. Not just about money * 3 types of class * 1. Upper class- wealthy * 2, Middle class- working families who do reasonably well * 3. Lower class- “Working class” (England) include the poor- * White trash: Vilanized and blamed for their poverty, racialized- poverty were genetic * Geography: began in the south- in rural places * History: began in the 1830’s * What enslaved people called white servants and farm workers- saw white trash as beneath them- free but choosing the work slaves were forced to do, chose slave work * Today, the term is still used in the same way * Category we still define ourselves as above * Solidify our middle class positions * Naming another group as white trash keeps other people on the bottom- keeps us above * Is Poverty Genetic? * Scholars today think not, stung correlation * Children of poor parents remain poor * Not because of genetics: because of environment and opportunities * Poverty is a whole package- bad health, less access to health care, poor diets, bad education, less money going to schools * Worry that you cannot pay the rent- and you will be kicked out of your house * With poverty comes worry and stigma * Poverty may not be your fault
November 23, 2010 1. Riot * A violent public disorder caused by a group or a crowd * Public events * Take place on the street * Intent to hurt someone * Unpredictable * Illegal * Physical confrontations * Based on race or ethnic differences * Against government 2. Three types of riots * Celebratory * Sports riots * Small skirmishes between fans and the police * Street fights or small fires among fans * Minor property damage * Usually happen after the home team wins * Communal * Physical assaults by a member of one group to a member of another * Race riots * Delivering justice * Results in physical violence * Arson and destruction of private property * 8 days * Tulsa, OK * Commodity * 1940's * Local residents turn against symbols of power in their own community * Result of unfair business practices * Jewish store owners in African American neighborhoods * City government * Firefighters, city hall * The police * In response to aggressive policing * Watts riot * Two brothers * Looting * Men * Alcohol * Tennis shoes * Stereo equipment * Women * Toilet paper * Diapers * People marked their businesses * Soul written on window * Poverty * Unemployment * Underemployment * Intensification * 1967 * 160 riots * 8 major riots * Wide spread property damage, deaths

1. MLK assassination * Many felt the country was becoming unhinged * Entire city blocks going up in flames 2. "The long hot summer" * The era of riots during the 1960's 3. White flight * Middle-class whites moving from the city to the suburbs 4. Korean immigrants seen as model immigrants * Self-reliant * Seen as rude * Sell junk food 5. African American convicted of killing 12 Koreans 6. March 16, 1991 * Korean grocer * Latasha harlens shot in the back of the head by Korean grocer 7. Ice Cube's Black Korea * Pay respect to the black fist, or we'll burn 8. Not guilty verdicts for police officers who beat rodney king * Caused riots 9. Damian Williams and the "LA Four" 10. Florence and Normandie 11. Heavy media coverage 12. Considered to be America's first multi-cultural riot 13. Scale * LA 469 sq mil * BR 79 sq mi 14. Protest * A declaration or objection, often in opposition to something 15. Was the US founded on protests? * Boston Tea Party * American Revolution 16. Think of US as a democracy * Technically a constitution based federal republic * We don't make the laws, we vote for people to represent us 17. Gitlow v. New York, 1925 * The first amendment also applied to state and local governments 18. Hague c. CIO, 1939 * Ruled that a ban on political meetings violated the First Amendment right to freedom of assembly 19. The Women Suffrage Procession and Pageant * March 3, 1913 * Washington, D.C.
Led to the right to vote * 19th Amendment

* Our Country Protests/ first amendment rights * Places for protest * No protesting at the capital or the white house * First amendment does not guarantee protesting in private areas or businesses * Mild protest in other countries end in violence * Riots vs. Protests * Protests are protected by our first amendment * Riots are violent- scary and unpredictable * Similarities: Can map where they happen
November 30, 2010 * Globalization * 5 cultural flows: * People * Technology * Media images * Finance and goods * Ideologies * Globalization: Brought global to the local, rather than just erasing the local. Local cultures have not been erased; they are connecting to the new culture in new ways. Holds hope for shared consciousness for humanity regardless of our realities and beliefs. * Can hold out the hope for a shared * Is the world becoming homogeneous? Retaining individuality or becoming the same everywhere? * Globalization: The increasing interconnectedness of people and places throughout the world through converging processes of economic, political and cultural change * Many things have become global… * Business * Environmental problems * Political problems * Social problems: poverty, famine, HIV/AIDS * Human rights issues * Crime: drug trafficking, illegal weapon sales, terrorism, porn, human trafficking * How did they come to be that way? * Going on for centuries, but accelerating in recent years: 1970’s and 1980’s * Fueled by 3 things: * 1. Transportation: fast, reliable, and cheap * 2. Spread of information technology: fast, cheap, powerful * 3. Rise of communication technology * Transnational corporation (TNC): Firm or corporation chartered (with HQ) in one specific country does international business through an array of global subsidiaries- large business operating in a number of different national economies * Tie the world economy together * As power and wealth grow they rival the power they operate in * Created a new force to be reken with * Major corporations earn more than wealthy countries * Serious money and serious power * Cross border trade * Direct assorts should be traced to colonialism and to the early European based trading companies (Dutch east India, British east India, and bay company) * TNC- was started from the industrial revolution 17-1800’s came what they are today * What did they do? Muster Colonial control over resources and improve transportation technology, mechanized manufactures and became giants in the large fields such as banking and trading * 1900: 3000 TNC in Europe or the US * 1970: 7,000 TNC * 1990: 30,000 TNC * 2000: 63,000 TNC: The base for TNC had changed- based in the “triad” of countries: Europe, US, and Japan the most. 1,000 largest counted for the worlds industrial output * Tremendous impact on the people, countries, and places they do or don’t do business with * Make our cars and our clothes: Ford, Nike, * Produce our food: Sara lee, * Money: City bank and Chase * Roads and schools: * Our stores: Wall mart, Home Depot, Target * Computers: IBM, AT&T * Supply media images: Books and images: COX, Disney, CNN * Control our jobs * TSN POSTIVE OR NEGATIVE * Pro: Jobs: and pay higher wages than local business or companies * Con: Jobs: Poor working conditions, lower salaries than in home countries, move their corporations where its cheaper for them * Pro: Location: Can easily pull out of a country if wages become too high * Pro: Taxing: Increased tax revenue in countries they are in * Con: Taxing: avoid paying taxes, shifting their assets * Pro: Taxing: Tax refunds * Con: Environmental: environmentally abusing the lax environmental regulations disasters that would not be tolerated in home countries: Example: Union Carbide had a gas release in Bhopal and killed 16000 people and injured many * Con: Environmental: products accounts for greenhouse gases and toxic waste * Pro: Environmental: profits favor efficiency favor the adoption of more efficient technologies, become world wide leaders in clean manufacturing * Con: Cultural: coming together “McDisneyification” criticized for spreading “American” culture around the globe: Images of how women should dress or behave, rolls of society in the work place. Seen as non-traditional and strongly negative. Many people around the world fear that globalization will wipe out local cultures in the same way colonialism did before * Pro: Cultural: Making things local, adapting to local environment. Can happen by the companies or the local people, Example: McDonalds- Israel serve kosher beef, Sweden Ski-through window, Moscow opened the first McDonalds in the Soviet Union 1990. New form of culture and new meaning of the products * TSN GLOBALIZATION * Global strengths must be matched with local ones * Increase of face to face interaction * Creating different forms of connection and communication than those we had before, the new forms are adding to rather than replacing the old ones * New technologies are layering on top of the old ones, they are not replaced * Nestle formula issue 1970 * Rise of a new group of actors and organizations: began in the 1970’s: Doctors noticed babies in developing countries were dying. Nestle had invented infant formula in the 1860’s. In the 1970’s Nestle had begun aggressively marketing powered infant formula as a modern way to feed infants. They advertised their products and gave free samples. If there is contaminated water or unsterile bottles infant formula can be problematic. Mothers breast milk will dry out if they use infant formula, cannot go back to nursing * 50% of a family’s whole income can go to formula: what happens if you can’t afford it? Dilute it, but leads to malnutrition of babies * The formula was killing the babies- the way it was being used * What did doctors do? Private organizations looked into it- * INFACT (Infant formula action committee) boycott of all Nestle products * Transnational Citizens organization * Everyone stopped using Nestle products, * Nestle abandoned what they were doing * Positive act: new groups of citizens power, drawing strength from their global networks * Transnational Citizens Organizations (TCO) * Human rights causes- Doctors without borders * 10,000’s of organizations

Thursday December 2, 2010
**Case Study * Bean tree/ Theodora Cacao * Food substance * Europe and the US (Manufactured) * Consumer everywhere * Produces a chemical * “Theorem Cacao”- The plant of the gods * Seeds are made into chocolate * Needs to be grown in hot humid climate * Produced in: * Africa: Guiana, Cote d’ivoire * America: Brazil, Ecuador * Asia: Malaysia, Indonesia * Seeds: Pods are stuck to the trunk on a short tree * Imbedded in pulp * Have to varmint the pods then cure the seeds and roast them (process done in factories) * High in fat called Cocoa butter- in beauty products and soaps * Cocoa- Things made from the * Can be grounded into quality chocolate * Originated in the Amazon Rainforest * Ancient Maya 600 A.B. Growing in Mexico- Its most valuable use at that time was in coins * Ancient Aztecs used it too but did not eat it, they drank it * Bitter water: “Xoxoatl” (Chocolate)“Cacahuatl” (Cacao) * Legends thought cacao came from a god- God himself showed the Aztecs how to make the drink * Wisdom and power came from drinking the water * “The nectar of the gods” * Columbus discovered chocolate for Americans on his 4th trip, beans still being used as coins- but he didn’t do anything with it * Hernando Cortez: 1519: visited Montezuma (the great emperor at the time) Montezuma soldier’s drank the bitter water- gave them the strength to walk all day without food. Montezuma believed chocolate was an aphrodisiac, * 1528 Cortez brings chocolate back to Spain: Put sugar in it and made it sweet. * Europe kept it secret for 100 years * Only a drink for the elite * Drank in chocolate stores * Cacao became a drink all over Europe * 1650: chocolate houses- the hip thing to drink * 1870: Added powder to cakes and rolls, started serving in chocolate houses * Influenced by the industrial revolution: bean must be pressed and grinded- could now be done by machine, increase production * Demands increased * More Cacao= cheaper and chocolate reached the middle classes through industrialization * 1847: British invented chocolate bar * Milk chocolate: Swiss Man Peter- Nestle * Dr Baker: Chocolate factory in the US * US didn’t know about chocolate * 1893: Milton Hersey wanted to add chocolate to his company * Early 1900’s: chemists created a milk chocolate because of the slight souring of the milk * 1907: the first Hersey kiss was launched (Manufactured on an assembly line by all woman) * Began the national market of chocolate * Changed the places where you could buy chocolate – restaurants and grocery stores * Today: Luxury chocolate companies are still in business- distribution is global. Rely on over night shipping * Jean Neuhaus: Began chocolate business in Belgium, sold it as a pharmaceutical * 1912: Son Jean Jr. invented and perfected the first filled chocolate called “bons-bons” or “Pralines” * Still in business, global company, in Washington DC * Leonidas Kestekides: Greek- started making pralines, opened a shop in Belgium in Leonidas- sold chocolate through a window on the street. Expanded the chocolate business- has a broad global stores in Tahiti and Colombia and Vietnam etc. Manufacture only in Belgium. Make their chocolate with fresh butter and fresh cream (very perishable and fragile) shipped in insolated containers * Chocolate and TNC’S * Nestle- (Swiss) * Mars (US) * Cadbury (British) * Kraft Jacob Suchard * Kraft Jacob Suchard * Largest food company in North America * Second largest food company in the world * 113,000 employees * 61 different brands (top 6 worth more than 1billion dollars a year) * 1. Kraft- cheese business started by Jacob Kraft (merged with the other brands) Kraft- part of Philip Morris (Largest consumer company in the world) * 2. Maxwell House * 3. Nabisco * 4. Oscar Meyer * 5. Post * 6. Baker’s Chocolate (Made since 1780 bought out by Kraft) * Toblerone (classic Swiss chocolate) * Cote D’Or (finest chocolate made) * All of the brands began separately * What happened to the countries where chocolate is grown? * Cacao farmers were paid little or nothing (child labors) * Workers in the European chocolate companies always make high profit * Companies that were based in countries that were once colonial powers continue to pay poorly for the labor and manufacture the chocolate in Europe * Ghana * Colonized by the British * Grew Cacao on plantations: used child labor * Practices grew bad for chocolate reputation * 40% of chocolate comes from Ghana * 2 million farmers employed in Ghana * Chocolate exported to Europe * Women have no rights to own land, only man: Women did substance farming, could not own the land they grew on * Cultivate Cacao on small family farms, * Woman planted Cacao trees in between other crops * Added a cash crop to their substance farming- completely changed woman’s rolls * Women started to be able to own land- changed by chocolate * Increases bio diversity- good for the environment * Very positive- in tropical countries around the world: protect bio diversity, preserve the rain forest, and protect the people * 1996: Discovered a new bird living among the Cacao trees * Consumers of chocolate * Americans: 11pounds of chocolate per person per year * Swiss: 22 pounds per person per year * What can chocolate do for you? * Been blamed for zits, headaches, and tooth decay- has not been proven * Said to contain caffeine: true- but microscopic * Contains Alkaloids like caffeine called Theobromine- less intense than caffeine- still a stimulant * Dark chocolate: undiluted more Theobromine & higher quality chocolate * Craved but not physically addictive- combination of sugar, taste, chemicals, and the nutrients. * No reason to think its bad for you- contains antioxidants, Magnesium and copper- typically low in women * Contains fat- consume it with a great deal of sugar * Aphrodisiac? Not proven * Symbol of this semester * Starts out as a new world crop domesticated in the Amazon * Introduced first to the royal and elite * Manufactured * Colonialism and slavery increased production * Brought down the prices so average citizens could enjoy * European discovery= globalized product * Still produced by elite boutique chocolate makers * Also grown on family farms * And TSN companies * Globalization positive * Produced in the rainforest * May halt rainforest destruction * Globalization- world wide spread of ideas of technology and products: also about local cultures, traditions, and tastes