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Nazi Propaganda

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NAZISTISK PROPAGANDA

Nazistisk propaganda:
Der ønskes en kort redegørelse for Adolf Hitlers antisemitiske synspunkter. På baggrund af dette ønskes der en analyse af nogle konkrete eksempler på hvordan Hitler anvendte propagandaplakater til at underminere jøderne i perioden 1933-1945. Til sidst ønskes en vurdering af hvilken betydning propagandaen havde for tyskernes opfattelse af jøder.

Antisemitisme har en lang historie bag sig. Efter som ordet først blev anvendt og skabt af den tyske agitator Wilhelm Marr i 1879, kigger man i en historiske optik efter antijødiske fænomener, der kan forklare og belyse antisemitiske synspunkter på tværs af landegrænser, folkeslag, kulture og religioner, op igennem historien. I antikkens verden var der i ”Esters bog GT” beskrevet en udryddelsesaktion mod jøderne i Persien 400 f.Kr, men bliver benægtet dens eksitens af den jødiske historiker Josefus. Primært var antisemitismen mest udbredt i regioner, som senere skulle blive en del af Romerriget. En alvorlig konflikt vedrørende antisemitisme så dagens lys da Antiochos 4(hellenistisk hersker ca. 225 f.Kr. - 164 f.K) proklamerede et forbud om dyrkelse af jødedommen. En tendens dukker delvist op i romersk litteratur i egyptiske-alexandrinske tekster, hvorpå jøderne fordømmes, som en race der stammer fra spedalske og på deres menneskehad. I antikkens Grækenland var en overvejende positiv indstilling aktuel, med hensyn til folket jøderne, da det fremgår i forskellige værker ca. 400 f.Kr. at jøder var af filosoffisk afstamning.

I Middelalderen var antisemitiske holdninger og synspunkter forbundet med religiøse overbevisninger, særligt i kristendommen. Under bl.a. det første korstog(år 1096.) florede kristelig antisemitisk propaganda i bedste velgående og var medvirkende til at korsfarebander angreb jøder i franks-tyske byer. Grundlæggende for de mange anklager, som kirken generede, imod det jødiske folk var det ifølge kristendommen et paradigmeskift i rollefordelingen af Guds udvalgte folk, som oprindeligt set var jøder, nu var kristne, og yderligere at det kristne folk var de sande arvinger af Guds løfter og ord.
Antisemitisme spillede også en rolle under reformationen i Europa, særligt kan det nævnes at Martin Luther, var til at starte med åben for en jødisk assimilation til kristendommen, men ændrede synspunkter i takt med hans erkendelse af at jøderne aldrig vil acceptere en sådan forandring og begyndte efterhånden at hænge jøder ud på det groveste. Martin Luthers antisemitiske synspunkter havde ikke en maksimal virkning i den danske kirke, man lod vær med at benytte hans diskriminerende holdninger, men fastholdte at jøder var vantro og blinde, og det blev spredt rundt som afskrækkelse.
I oplysningstiden fik antisemitisme en lidt anden drejning, med undtagelse af Napolens ultimatum om assimilation eller undertrykkelse til de frankske jøder, hvilket de accepterede. Refleksion, revision og nyskabelse var tidens omdrejningspunkt, og det inspirerede Moses Mendelsohns en tysk-jødisk filosof og skribent, som præsenterede jødisk litteratur og kultur i den ikke-jødiske verden, og det gav anerkendelse i jødiske kredse. Med de nye oplysende tiltag i luften , rykkede det en smule af folkets opinion om antisemitisme, men jødedommen blev stadig betragtet som fremmed og uvelkommen.

Adolf Hitler stiftede for første gang bekendtskab til ordret jøde da han var fjorten femten år.

År 1933 var et vendepunkt i optakten til 2. verdenskrig og senere Holocaust set i tysk-jødisk øjemed. NSDAP (National Sozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartie) danner regering med de katolske centrumspolitikere, ledet af Franz Von Papen. Hitler udnævnes til rigskansler af rigspræsidenten Poul Von Hindenburg og Franz Von Papen bliver udnævnt til vicekansler. Hitler besluttede sig med det samme at benytte sig af sin nye magtposition og udskrev valg i Rigsdagen. Valget gik ikke som forventet, og NSDAP fik ikke et flertal, men på grund af en høj koncentration af SA-folk foran Rigsdagen, som blokerede vejen for uønskede partier, blev det afgørende for kommunistpartiet plads i Rigsdagen, da de blev nægtet adgang for bestandigt. Efterfølgende blev et lovforslag fremsat kaldet ”bemyndigelsesloven” der betød at den lovgivende magt altid skulle være i regeringens besiddelse. Et bredt flertal i Rigsdagen sagde ja, med undtagelse af socialdemokraterne, og dermed var nazistpartiet den lovgivende og regerende magt i Tyskland. Med denne magt kunne Hitler og nazistpartiet udelukke alle andre partier fra Rigsdagen og afskaffe deres politiske position i Tyskland, det blev virkeliggjort. NSDAP var nu den suveræne magt i Tyskland, et-partistaten var en kendsgerning. I år 1934 dør Rigspræsident Hindenburg. Hitler for nu overrakt hans embede og sammen med hans i forvejen rigskansler-embede besad han nu de to øverste magtposter i Tyskland og kunne kalde sig selv for ”Fører”. Hitler var nu i spidsen for nationale og internationale anliggender, bliver det startskuddet for udførelsen af den nazistiske racepolitik som primært var rettet imod jøderne. I 1933 udgjorde jøderne en minoritet i Tyskland, faktisk kun ca. 500.000 jøder, hvilket svarede til 1 % af den samlede befolkning. I slutningen af marts besluttede Hitler i fællesskab med andre magthavende nazister at en landsdækkende boykot skulle indføres imod tysk- jødiske borgere som bl.a. læger og advokater, men uden succes. Jødiske bebyggelser blev også i stigende grad udsat for hærværk på hhv. synagoger og butikker. Alle disse hændelser var led i et større antisemitisk program som iværksættes af Adolf Hitler og nazistpartiet. I år 1935 bliver situationen yderligere forværret for jøder i Tyskland. Det bliver forbudt for jødiske studerende at tage eksaminer på tandlæge-, læge- og apoktekstudiet. September samme år i Nürnberg holder Nazistpartiet deres årlige kongres hvor de vedtager to love. Den første var ”rigsborgerloven” og den anden var ”loven til beskyttelse af det tyske blod og den tyske ære”, også kaldet blodbeskyttelsesloven. Den stadfæstede at det var ulovligt for jøder og tyskblodet borger af gifte sig. 1938 blev året, hvor antisemitisk lovgivning toppede i optakten til 2.verdenskrig. Perioden 22. oktober til 7. november var den stigende hetz og offentlig udelukkelse af jøder i Tyskland en realitet. Det kulminerede natten til den 9.-10. november hvor en omfattende aktion, imod jøderne, på tysk grund fandt sted. Adolf Hitler beordrede anholdelser af 20.000 til 30.000 jøder og særligt i Tyskland og Østrig havde aktionen dødlige konsekvenser for jøderne. Officielt fik 91 jøder døden til følge, uofficielt var tallet sandsynligvis højere. En anden form for dødsfald blev også registeret, selvmord. Alene I Wien blev 680 jødiske selvmord registreret den nat. Selvmordende var et klart symbol, på det frygtlige og skrækfulde scenarie, der udspillede sig den nat. Ydermere blev 25.000 jødiske mænd deporterede til koncentrationslejrene, Dachau, Sachsenhausen og Butchenwald. Jødiske forretninger blev også ramt af aktions omfang. Total set var der 7.500 jødiske forretninger som blev udsat for hærværk og tyveri. Aktionen blev kaldt Krystalnatten, som tog navn efter de utallige knuste ruder i forretninger og butikker.

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[ 1 ]. ”Sejr eller bolsjevikkernes”
[ 2 ]. antisemitisme, antijødiske holdninger, fjendtlige og uafhængige af tid og sted. Ordet antisemitisme stammer fra den tyske agitator Wilhelm Marr, som i 1879 erstattede ordene jøde og jødedom med semit og semitisme. Den store danske Gyldendals åbne encyklopædi http://www.denstoredanske.dk/Samfund%2c_jura_og_politik/Religion_og_mystik/J%c3%b8dedommen/antisemitisme 07/03/12. Basere ligeledes hele afsnittet herfra.
[ 3 ]. Jf. Bryld, 2008. Side 96-97.
[ 4 ]. SA(Sturmabteilung) tysk for stormafdeling. Militært kampkorps under NSDAP. Beskæftigede sig i at skræmme, og banke alle der var imod nazisterne.
[ 5 ]. Jf. Bryld 2008. Side 98-99.
[ 6 ]. Jf. Bjerre, 2010. Side 28. Resten af dette afsnit baseres på samme bog s. 28-31 + s. 34-35.

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