...informative and representative function is seen in Leopold Sedar Senghor’s writing as it shows that Africans share certain distinctive and innate characteristics, values and aesthetics. In the poem ‘New York’, Senghor argues that the black community of Harlem should ‘Listen to the far beating of your nocturnal heart, rhythm/ and blood of the drum’ and ‘let the black blood flow into/ your blood’. The word nocturnal is interesting because it refers to the image of night. By using the imagery of night, Senghor is asserting that one’s African heritage (one’s Blackness) is both inescapable and natural (like night-time). Negritude is the active rooting of an Black identity in this inescapable and natural African essence. The major premise of Negritude is therefore that one’s biological make-up (race) defines one’s outer (skin colour) as well as inner (spirit/essence) traits. Negritude is a concept which holds that there...
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...Industrialization was attracting people to take their families. 4. Who was Marcus Garvey, what was the name of his organization and what impact did it have on the Harlem Renaissance? Marcus Garvey is widely known for the “Galvanism” movement and was the founder of one of the most important organizations of the 20th century, the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA). 5. What was the Pan-African Congress? Who was its organizer? When were these meetings held? The first Pan- African Congress was held in Paris on February 11919 and organized by W.E. Dubois and Ida Gibbs Hunt. The Pan-American Congress was an organization who fought for peace during the decolonization in African and the West Indies. 6. What was Negritude and where was it based? Negritude refers to the movement occurring among French-speaking black writers which emphasized a distinctly African aesthetic and it was based in Africa. 7. What was the significance of the 1896 Supreme Court Decision Plessy v. Ferguson? The Supreme Court decision Plessy v. Ferguson was “Separate but Equal” was constitutional and discrimination was justified. 8. What was the Great Migration and why did it occur? What were areas of the country affected? The Great Migration was when millions of African Americans migrated to the Northern states to escape the Jim Crow Laws. The Southern states in the country were impacted. 9. Why was Harlem so attractive to African American migrants during the Great Migration? Harlem was...
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...POS 322 QUESTION 1 DISCUSS THE ESSENCE OF POLITICAL THOUGHT Solution In discussing the essence of political thought, we need to first ask the question, what is political thought? Political thought though has several meaning in application, is most referred to as that body of thinking, idea, reason that has examined issues and events and phenomenon relating to politics at large. It is the intellect one’s philosophical expression of one political part, that expresses itself. A person political thought is that which expresses itself through its interaction with others, and is often difficult to separate political thought from other thought like, economic, social, religious, jurisprudence, emotional and among others. Since it is made up of idea that involves politics, and has passed through from one generation to another. Its automatically made everyone in the society to be a potential contributor to political thought. Invariably since one had an idea on politics and share thought about what he thinks, like or dislike, its already playing or practicing politics and political process (which express the process of practicing politics). In order word, political thought is neither archaic nor restricted to professional philosophers who are terms as major thinker of political thought. Since we have body of idea of political thought, however is to simply imply that there might be other body which are not political thought which include (economic, psychological...
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...perdu la majorités de ces recueils lors du Crash d’avion en retournant de Guinée . Malgré sa disparition soudaine, Diop a été considéré toujours comme un poète engagé qui mettait son talent pour la poésie au service de la lutte anticolonialiste et de la libération des peuples africains. Sa poésie met en scène ses convictions politiques et intellectuelles. A ces grands hommes comme Senghor, Damas ou Césaire, nous pouvons dès lors associer David DIOP, qui, comme eux, a su se révolter contre le colonialisme et contre ses méfaits multiples. David Diop a fait parti du mouvement de la négritude, apparu dans l'entre-deux-guerres. Ce mouvement a pour but de valoriser la culture noire, rassemble des Noirs francophones de tous les horizons du monde, ainsi que des intellectuels français, notamment Sartre. Celui-ci définit alors la négritude comme : « la négation de l'homme noir ». D'après Senghor, la négritude et « l'ensemble des valeurs culturelles de l'Afrique noire ». Pour Césaire, « ce mot désigne en premier lieu le rejet. Le rejet de l'assimilation culturelle; le rejet d'une certaine image du Noir paisible, incapable de construire une civilisation. » Dans son poème « Afrique mon Afrique » ; L'auteur s'adressait directement à l'Afrique, c'est une personnification. L'auteur la regrette tellement qu'il répète son nom quatre fois en début de poème. A partir de là David Diop montrait les souffrances des Noirs dues à l'esclavage. Avec un rythme rapide, il enchaînait des vers 8 à 11 les...
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...Media and Marketing 2: Getting the message out Managing the Arts 4129A * If public money is received, there is a lot more scrutiny. * Arts organizations have to be careful with how they get there message out * when Arts organizations are seen as spiralling down, the business side questions whether investing in the organization will even make any sort of impact * Arts Marketing tips from across cultural sector ( Experiment, challenge, and ask questions-In business you are generally a part of a uniform way of doing things, in business you’ve defined who you’re target audience is. Arts on the other hand, generally have to change the way they do things to serve different audiences and different occasions.Refine Your skills- Both business and arts stress the need to innovate and learn from their mistakes and the mistakes of others. Both stress the importance of exciting customers. Arts however, stresses the need to innovate more than business do. Be Realistic, but not defeatist-Arts organization really have to be resourceful. Everything spent has to create a significant impact. Set aside time to read inspiring content-distinction between arts and business is that it’s hard to get routine in Arts Organization. Know Your Tone- it’s hard for arts organization to look at themselves objectively. Don’t reinvent the wheel- ) * 10 Social media tips for arts Organizations ( You have to find various ways of getting the message out) * goal of e-messages (you want...
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...In E.L. Doctorow’s Ragtime, Father is unable to change because he is a prisoner of his own beliefs. Father is someone who always likes to be in charge and wants to make all of the decisions in the household. In addition, he has a negative opinion towards race, and one could say that he is racist. In particular, his prejudice towards African Americans is something that Father really struggles with. He leaves for the North Pole and is gone for quite a long time. When he gets home, he realizes the changes that have been made in the household since he was gone. One of the biggest changes that occurred while he was gone is Coalhouse Walker Jr., an African American previously living in the community with his wife and child, has now moved in...
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...ESSEX COUNTY COLLEGE Humanities Division ENG 232—African and Caribbean Literature Course Outline Course Number & Name: ENG 232 African and Caribbean Literature Credit Hours: 3 .0 Contact Hours: 3.0 Lecture: 3.0 Lab: N/A Other: N/A Prerequisites: Grade of “C” or better in ENG 102 Co-requisites: None Concurrent Courses: None ------------------------------------------------- Course Outline Revision Date: Fall 2010 ------------------------------------------------- Catalogue Description: This course examines the literary traditions of sub-Saharan Africa and the Caribbean through an intensive study of selected works. Negritude is explored in its own right but also in its relationship with the literature of Europe and the Harlem Renaissance. Particular emphasis is placed on the socio-cultural and political forces that shaped this literature as well as the mode of presentation. General Education Goals: ENG 232 is affirmed in the following General Education Foundation Categories: Humanistic Perspective and Global and Cultural Awareness of Diversity. The corresponding General Education Goals are respectively as follows: Students will analyze works in the field of art, music, or theater; literature; and philosophy and/or religious studies; and will gain competence in the use of a foreign language; and Students will understand the importance of global perspective and culturally diverse peoples. Course Goals: Upon successful completion of...
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...Wole Soyinka is among contemporary Africa's greatest writers. He is also one of the continent's most imaginative advocates of native culture and of the humane social order it embodies. Born in Western Nigeria in 1934, Soyinka grew up in an Anglican mission compound in Aké. A precocious student, he first attended the parsonage's primary school, where his father was headmaster, and then a nearby grammar school in Abeokuta, where an uncle was principal. Though raised in a colonial, English-speaking environment, Soyinka's ethnic heritage was Yoruba, and his parents balanced Christian training with regular visits to the father's ancestral home in `Isarà, a small Yoruba community secure in its traditions. Soyinka recalls his father's world in `Isarà, A Voyage Around "Essay" (1989) and recounts his own early life in Aké: The Years of Childhood (1981), two of his several autobiographical books. Aké ends in 1945 when Soyinka is eleven, with his induction into the protest movement that during the next decade won Nigeria's freedom from British rule. The political turbulence of these years framed Soyinka's adolescence and early adulthood, which he chronicles in his most recent autobiographical work, Ibadan, The Penkelemes Years, A Memoir: 1946-1965 (1994). At twelve Soyinka left Aké for Ibadan to attend that city's elite Government College and at 18 entered its new university. But in 1954, his ambition focused on a career in theater, Soyinka traveled to England to complete a degree in...
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...Blacks World Spotlight: on the International Stage in the 1920s During World War I the United States bought nearly 200,000 African-American soldiers to France. Majority of the African American soldiers were from the southern region of the United States of America. Many Blacks stayed after the war, generating a permanent Black population in France. The ending of the First World War also marked the beginning of the New Negro Movement or Harlem Renaissance in the United States. During this time African Americans emerged as talented, creative intellectuals leaving their footprint on 1920s America. While much focus of the New Negro Movement is centered in the United States, it indeed was an international affair. The purpose of this research is to examine how a number of African Americans launched their creative debut from the international stage of Paris, France. Additional focus will center on black artists turning to Africa as a source and facture in the art. Last but not least, the effort of Author Schomburg to collect and house international works about blacks will be addressed. Utterly intrigued by African Americans and thoroughly consumed with their talents, the French displayed a respect for Blacks unseen in the United States. While a great number of African-American soldiers remain in Paris, many journeyed back to the United States. Those soldiers certainly were not greeted by change. The United States remained the same racially tensed nation. If there was any change, it...
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...How to Capitalize Titles in MLA Style These titles should appear in a research paper as follows: Modernism and Negritude Bernard Berenson: The Making of a Connoisseur Turner’s Early Sketchbooks The rules for capitalizing titles are strict. In a title or a subtitle, capitalize the first word, the last word. and all principal words, including those that follow hyphens in compound terms. Therefore, capitalize the following parts of speech: • Nouns (e.g., flowers and Europe, as in The Flowers of Europe) • Pronouns (e.g., our, as in Save Our Children; that, as in The Mouse That Roared) • Verbs (e.g., watches, as in America Watches Television: is, as in What Is Literature?) • Adjectives (e.g., ugly, as in The Ugly Duckling: that, as in Who Said That Phrase?) • Adverbs (e.g., slightly, as in Only Slightly Corrupt: down, as in Go Down, Moses) • Subordinating conjunctions (e.g., after, although, as if, as soon as, because, before, if, that, unless, until, when, where, while, as in One If by Land and Anywhere That Chance Leads) Do not capitalize the following parts of speech when they fall in the middle of a title: • Articles (a. an. the, as in Under the Bamboo Tree) • Prepositions (e.g., against, between, in, of, to, as in The Merchant of Venice and A Dialogue between the Soul and Body • Coordinating conjunctions (and, but, for, nor, or, so, yet, as in Romeo and Juliet) • The to in infinitives (as in How to Play Chess) ...
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...Nicolas Guillen. Langston Hughes, through his love of music, persuaded Nicolás Guillén to explore the rhythms and themes of Cuban son when writing poetry. Hughes was known for incorporating aspects of the blues tradition in his poetry. His deep interest in this music naturally led him to seek out the music of the soneros during his travels in Cuba. The son, like the blues, is a musical folk tradition that traces its roots to traditional African call-and-response music. Nicolás Guillén set immediately to writing poetry that incorporates elements of the son tradition after meeting the American poet and listening to the soneros with him. In addition to influencing several foreign poets, Hughes’ poetry had an influence on the start of the Négritude movement. This was a literary movement that began among French-speaking African Americans. Writers were hugely inspired by the Harlem Renaissance, and more specifically Hughes’ use of African-American themes in his poetry. Throughout all of his travels, he always found that he liked Harlem the most. His time in Harlem and his poetry influenced the Harlem Renaissance. Hughes presented the lives of African-Americans as real and valuable. His contributions to the literature of the Harlem Renaissance encouraged other black writers to be themselves, as he was wholly himself in his poetry, refusing to confirm the expectation anyone may have set for him. Hughes highly valued black individuals, as well as their culture. Moreover, the editor of...
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...1a Write a detailed account of the Burma Road Riot. The multitude of laborers, supported by women and children from black over-the-hill community. They gathered and came together on the outer government buildings at the public square. The attorney General Eric Hallinan directed the workers from the steps of the colonial secretary’s office hoping to calm them down. Mr Hallinan informed them to be aware of what they were doing and not to ruin a good thought. While there were mentions about the laborers throwing sticks in a pile, they left when they heard about that. The majority of the mass of people became even angrier. Mr. Christie, Captain Sears and many others tried to assure that the angry people went home. In the end a crowd of men ruined the head of the group, they were done with listening to what they had to say, “Talk is cheap” is what they said. They started going down Bay Street damaging as they walked through. Finally, the multitude of men started to damage the main assemblage, worn out hearing them complain about what the though was “cheap talk”. As they continued you down Bay Street they continuing damaging anywhere as they past. The riot had many reasons towards it, but the underlying cause was the racial tension. A series of severe discrimination is what the black Bahamians went through. Blacks were banned from restaurants, movie houses, hotels and only allowed in some churches through the back door. There were...
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...Analyse du chapitre 85 « Identité Culturelle » du livre « Le Discours Antillais » par Edouard Glissant (1997) Analyse « Identité Culturelle » De la Rosa Lorraine Jiménez Paola Universidad del Atlántico TABLE DE CONTENU 1. Introduction 2. L’époque et le texte 2.1.Évènements historiques 2.2. Courant littéraires 3. L’auteur et le texte. 3.1. Biographie 3.2. Œuvres. 4. Le texte en soi. 4.1. Qui parle a qui? 4.2. Composantes. 4.3. These. 4.4. Comparison avec autre texte. 5. Conclusión. 1.Introduction Il était observé par Glissant que si la Martinique veut vraiment être libre et progresser, elle devrait avoir une volonté de décérébration du système pour laisser le model de progrès français bien que cela signifie une régression du matériel. Ce sujet est réellement important pour l’histoire en général parce que n’est pas une situation que vivre la Martinique avec la France, mais la société est toujours en train de placer son développement aux mains des pais « développés », en suivant le model économique qu’ils les imposent. Ce document a le début de contribuer a la réflexion des pays tiers-mondistes et son désir de progresser sas tenir en compte les conséquences de cet auto esclavage. Ce que nous avons conduit a faire ce travail est la possibilité de montrer ce que nous avons apprendre pendant le cours de littérature francophone poésie et théâtre et de démontrer que nous pouvons faire une bonne réflexion d’un texte et au même temps...
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...African Christianity: A case study on Theology in Africa Today Christianity is a term that is used very broadly. Over the past few decades Christianity has mainly been predominate in the West and looked upon as a Western religion. For example, one would not expect high number of Christians in places overseas like Indonesia where it is a Muslim majority country. But as times have gone on the number of Christians throughout the entire world have drastically increased since then. According to the Phew Form, the top countries with the largest number of Christians are the United States, Brazil, Mexico, Russia, Germany, Philippines, China, Nigeria, Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Ethiopia. In fact Indonesia actually contains more Christians than the combined 20 countries within Middle East-North Africa region (Phew, 2011, 13). According to Barrett, within multiple graphs and statistics shows rapid growth of Christianity in the developing countries of the Global South, in places like Asia, Africa, and Latin America (1970). About 90% of Christians live in countries where Christians are in the majority leaving approximately 10% of Christians worldwide living as minorities (Phew, 2011). Christianity is a religion that is found everywhere throughout the world. The religion today can definitely be said to be nothing at all alike as to what it was like a century ago. Christianity has truly become a global faith accepted by people, communities, and homes across the entire world....
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...Harper Lee demonstrates the racism of South in the 30's. Tom Robinson's trial represents the racist atmosphere of Maycomb's society. The racial bias of the people of Maycomb makes them blind to see the fact of Tom's innocence and this brings about his murder. Tom's murder echoes Aimé Césaire sarcastic statement in his Et les chiens se taisent, that "in the whole world no poor devil is lynched, no wretch is tortured, in whom I too am not degraded and murdered" (qtd in Black Skin, White Masks 61). Darren Felty in "An Overview of To Kill a Mockingbird", states: "Lee wants to make explicit the consequences of racism. She accomplishes this goal by employing Tom Robinson's trial to allude to different historical events such as the famous 'Scottsboro Boys' trials of the 1930s". According to Felty, in these trials nine black men were accused of raping two white women. Despite a lack of evidence, the men were sentenced to death by the white jury. Unlike Tom, they finally escaped death after a long time (2). Tom Robinson's trial mirrors these historical events to illustrate the racial binarity and segregation that the black people suffered throughout the colonial history. Racial binarity is prevalent in the novel. The narrow-minded people of Maycomb are in favor of segregation in their society and they consider sexual relationship as a threat to their segregation. According to Adam Smykowski in "Symbolism and Racism in To Kill a Mockingbird", For example, "the red geraniums that...
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