...>>> español INTRODUCTION THEORY OF MODERNIZATION THEORY OF DEPENDENCY THEORY OF WORLD-SYSTEMS THEORY OF GLOBALIZATION A MODO DE COLOFON BIBLIOGRAPHY NOTES 1. Introduction The main objective of this document is to synthesize the main aspects of the four major theories of development: modernization, dependency, world-systems and globalization. These are the principal theoretical explanations to interpret development efforts carried out especially in the developing countries. These theoretical perspectives allow us not only to clarify concepts, to set them in economic and social perspectives, but also to identify recommendations in terms of social policies. For the purposes of this paper, the term development is understood as a social condition within a nation, in which the authentic needs of its population are satisfied by the rational and sustainable use of natural resources and systems. This utilization of natural resources is based on a technology, which respects the cultural features of the population of a given country. This general definition of development includes the specification that social groups have access to organizations, basic services such as education, housing, health services, and nutrition, and above all else, that their cultures and traditions are respected within the social framework of a particular country. In economic terms, the aforementioned definition indicates that for the population of a country, there are...
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...COLLEGE OF MANAGEMENT AND SOCIAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS DISCUSS THE VARIOUS ECONOMIC GROWTH THEORIES AND DEVELOPMENT THEORIES HOW CAN SUCH THEORIES BE USED IN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA. COURSE TITLE THEORY OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT COURSE CODE;ECO 2911 INTRODUCTION According to Dennis Goulet in The Cruel Choice, “it matters little how much information we possess about development if we have not grasped its inner meaning”. Development is not purely an economic phenomenon. In an ultimate sense, it must encompass more than the material and financial sides of people’s lives, to expand human freedom. Every nation strives after development. Development and growth should therefore be perceived as a multidimensional process involving the reorganization and reorientation of the entire economic and social systems. The sources of economic progress can be traced to a variety of factors, but by and large, investments that improve the quality of existing physical and human resources, increase the quantity of these same productive resources, and raise the productivity of all or specific resources through invention , innovation and technological progress have been and will continue to be primary factors in stimulating economic growth in any society. ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT THEORIES Definition of economic development It can be defined as the increase in the standard of living of a nation's population with sustained growth from a simple, low-income economy...
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...International Trade As An Engine of Growth In Developing Countries: a Case Study of Nigeria (1980-2003) SECTION ONE 1.1 INTRODUCTION A ll economies are increasingly open in today’s economic environment of globalization. Trade plays a vital role in shaping economic and social performance and prospects of countries around the world, especially those of developing countries. No country has grown without trade. However, the contribution of trade to development depends a great deal on the context in which it works and the objectives it serves. In recent decades, a number of developing countries, most notably the East Asian newly industrializing countries, have been able to purposefully use the elemental force of trade to boost growth and development within a relatively short time span. At the same time many other developing countries, especially the least developed countries (LDCs), have embarked on unilateral trade liberalization in recent years, with very limited results at best in terms of increased growth and development. To act as an engine of development, trade must lead to steady improvements in human conditions by expanding the range of people’s choice, a notion that the concept of human development 3 tries to capture. From this standpoint, the trade and development performance of a country cannot be seen as the mere sum of its economic growth and export performance. Instead, it is a composite notion, reflecting how trade relates to the range of choices available...
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...Essay Title: Is Global Civil Society an answer to War? Introduction War is not a modern phenomenon but as old as human existence itself. Wars are not like natural calamities or phenomenon but are very much part of human existential dynamics that seeks both peace and ability to survive acknowledging its natural competitive behaviour which unlike realist assumptions is conditioned and not natural. However, realism has dominated the field of international relations since the end of World War 11. It dominates political thinking, with exclusive emphasis on the state as the primary actor in world politics. Realists display a very overt pessimistic view of human nature, advocating with religious conviction that selfish human nature drives international relations into conflicts subjugating state to resort to organized violence and wars in order to gain upper hand and to always resort to wars to resolve international conflicts. Thus resulting in a system framed to maximize state’s military power in a predominantly anarchical environment. As a distinct school of thought, Realism emphasizes separation from domestic to international with little or no democratic structures within its sphere. Consequently, warfare has remained an institutionalized social order against the predatory behavior of others and consequently a legitimate instrument of survival. Moreover, growth in the size of armies and the development of weapons technology has led to an increase in the frequency of wars resulting...
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...FISCAL INCENTIVES, THE COST OF CAPITAL AND FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT IN PAKISTAN: A NEO-CLASSICAL APPROACH Submitted by ZAHIR SHAH Assistant professor, Government College of Commerce Mansehra, N.W.F.P A research paper submitted to Pakistan Institute of Development Economics (PIDE) to be presented in the Annual Conference 2003. FISCAL INCENTIVES, THE COST OF CAPITAL AND FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT IN PAKISTAN: A NEO-CLASSICAL APPROACH1 By ZAHIR SHAH• Abstract This paper analyses the attractiveness of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in Pakistan with special emphasis on the cost of capital element in effecting the rate of return and the internal cash flow for investment of the investing firms. Using the Jorgenson’s Neo-classical Investment Model the cost of capital is computed after considering the taxation policy and the treatment of invested capital. The paper elaborated fiscal provisions and their implications on the investment environment specifically available to foreign investors in Pakistan. The computed results show consistent and influencing impact of the cost of capital on FDI inflows. The objective of the study is to explore the a realistic and in depth investigation of the tax concessions and the response of investors. The paper argues that fiscal incentives are more appropriate in attracting FDI as these have no direct drain over public resources and are increase the after tax return by availing the tax holidays and depreciation allowances. 1. Introduction ...
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...Abstract The relationship between inflation and growth has remained a controversial one in both theory and empirical findings. Over the past couple of years, a lot of economists have claimed that an increase in economic growth leads to an increase in inflation and that decreased growth reduces inflation. There are several theories to explain the nature and existence of the inflation-economic growth with the theories suggesting that variety of possible conclusions. These include: Classical, Keynesian, Neo-Keynesian, Monetarist, Neo-classical and Endogenous growth theories. Studies have shown that inflation and its variability have significant real costs to the economy with several of the studies indicating that a 10% inflation rate can cause up to 3% loss in the GNP thus many governments have adopted inflation targeting as a dominant economic policy framework. While all the studies agree with Bruno and Easterly conclusion that inflation threshold will occur somewhere below 20% they differ significantly on the specific threshold rates. Most of the studies reviewed conclude that there is indeed a significant negative relationship between inflation and economic growth at high inflation rates in the long run. However, while many sophisticated techniques have been applied in an attempt to explain the relationship between inflation and economic growth; many key questions still remain unresolved. Introduction: The objective of this paper is to study the relationship between...
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...ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY Y U K O A O YA M A J A M E S T. M U R P H Y SUSAN HANSON KEY CONCEPTS IN key concepts in economic geography The Key Concepts in Human Geography series is intended to provide a set of companion texts for the core fields of the discipline. To date, students and academics have been relatively poorly served with regards to detailed discussions of the key concepts that geographers use to think about and understand the world. Dictionary entries are usually terse and restricted in their depth of explanation. Student textbooks tend to provide broad overviews of particular topics or the philosophy of Human Geography, but rarely provide a detailed overview of particular concepts, their premises, development over time and empirical use. Research monographs most often focus on particular issues and a limited number of concepts at a very advanced level, so do not offer an expansive and accessible overview of the variety of concepts in use within a subdiscipline. The Key Concepts in Human Geography series seeks to fill this gap, providing detailed description and discussion of the concepts that are at the heart of theoretical and empirical research in contemporary Human Geography. Each book consists of an introductory chapter that outlines the major conceptual developments over time along with approximately twenty-five entries on the core concepts that constitute the theoretical toolkit of geographers working within a specific subdiscipline. Each entry provides...
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...Introduction Globalization is an idea whose time has come. From obscure origins in French and American writings in the 1960s, the concept of globalization finds expression today in all the world’s major languages (cf. Modelski, 1972). Yet, it lacks precise definition. Indeed, globalization is in danger of becoming, if it has not already become, the cliché of our times: the big idea which encompasses everything from global financial markets to the Internet but which delivers little substantive insight into the contemporary human condition. Clichés, nevertheless, often capture elements of the lived experience of an epoch. In this respect, globalization reflects a widespread perception that the world is rapidly being moulded into a shared social space by economic and technological forces and that developments in one region of the world can have profound consequences for the life chances of individuals or communities on the other side of the globe. For many, globalization is also associated with a sense of political fatalism and chronic insecurity in that the sheer scale of contemporary social and economic change appears to outstrip the capacity of national governments or citizens to control, contest or resist that change. The limits to national politics, in other words, are forcefully suggested by globalization. Although the popular rhetoric of globalization may capture aspects of the contemporary zeitgeist, there is a burgeoning academic debate as to whether globalization, as an analytical...
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...Running Head: POLITICS Politics: Howards Government [Victoria University] Table of Contents Thesis Statement 1 Introduction 1 Discussion 1 Political Culture 3 Economic Rationalism 4 Social Conservatism 7 Conclusion 8 References 9 Annotated Bibliography 11 Politics: Howards Government Thesis Statement The changes brought by he Howard’s government in social, political, and economical landscape are substantially different from previous regimes and tend to move away from welfare state to free market system. Introduction This paper discusses the changes that have been brought by the 11 year era of 25th Prime minister of Australia, Mr John Winston Howard. This era saw economic expansion that is characterized as longest in the history of Australia. Howard’s policies, practices, philosophies, and decisions have been widely debated specially over the issue of abolishing welfare system, treatment of asylum seeker after the 9-11, and such. This paper discusses the changes in the era of Howard and its consequences. Discussion The 25th Prime minister of Australia, Mr John Winston Howard, was born on July 26th; 1939.he is the longest serving prime minister of Australia after Sir Robert Menzies. His era of Prime Ministership started March 11th, 1996 and ended in December the 3rd 2007. After 1980, it was the first Federal victory of coalition of the National Parties and liberals. The first terms was 1996 to 1998, the...
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...numbers and try to figure out what's going on.” But no one who'd followed Prof. Sargent's long, distinguished career would have been fooled by his attempt at modesty. He'd won for his part in developing one of economists' main models of cause and effect: How can we expect people to respond to changes in prices, for example, or interest rates? According to the laureates' theories, they'll do whatever's most beneficial to them, and they'll do it every time. They don't need governments to instruct them; they figure it out for themselves. Economists call this the “rational expectations” model. And it's not just an abstraction: Bankers and policy-makers apply these formulae in the real world, so bad models lead to bad policy. Which is perhaps why, by the end of that interview on Monday, Prof. Sargent was adopting a more realistic tone: “We experiment with our models,” he explained, “before we wreck the world.” Rational-expectations theory and its corollary, the efficient-market hypothesis, have been central to mainstream economics for more than 40 years. And while they may not have “wrecked the world,” some critics argue these models have blinded economists to reality: Certain the universe was unfolding as it should, they failed both to anticipate the financial crisis of 2008 and to chart an effective path to recovery. The economic crisis has produced a crisis in the...
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...and critically analyze the different aspects to which accounting relates. It had been a great experience and a great approach to express ones opinion. 2014 Harleen Kaur Juneja 300289064 6/3/2014 Critical Perspectives on Accounting- MMPA 516 Journal This Journal provided me an opportunity to express my views and critically analyze the different aspects to which accounting relates. It had been a great experience and a great approach to express ones opinion. 2014 Harleen Kaur Juneja 300289064 6/3/2014 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION Page 2 2. ACCOUNTING IN ITS WIDER SENSE Page 3 3. ACCOUNTING AND EDUCATION Page 4 4. ACCOUNTING AND WAR Page 8 5. ACCOUNTING AND GLOBAL FINANCIAL CRISIS Page 11 6. ACCOUNTING AND CSR Page 13 7. REFERENCES Page 15 INTRODUCTION In this course I was surprised to see the other face of accounting. Till date I use to see the stereotypical accounting course that teaches us on a pattern to make us number crunchers who can arrange, categorize, and report details in a manner so unreasoned that only other accounting student can understand them. I had not seen to possess the more important reasoning skills that are necessary for the real life problem solving and business leadership, except to my exception in the MMPA 511 course taught by Arun Elias who allowed us to participate equally and made us think critically on the subject matter. What I think about this...
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...Theories of International Relations Third edition Scott Burchill, Andrew Linklater, Richard Devetak, Jack Donnelly, Matthew Paterson, Christian Reus-Smit and Jacqui True Theories of International Relations This page intentionally left blank Theories of International Relations Third edition Scott Burchill, Andrew Linklater, Richard Devetak, Jack Donnelly, Matthew Paterson, Christian Reus-Smit and Jacqui True Material from 1st edition © Deakin University 1995, 1996 Chapter 1 © Scott Burchill 2001, Scott Burchill and Andrew Linklater 2005 Chapter 2 © Jack Donnelly 2005 Chapter 3 © Scott Burchill, Chapters 4 and 5 © Andrew Linklater, Chapters 6 and 7 © Richard Devetak, Chapter 8 © Christian Reus-Smit, Chapter 9 © Jacqui True, Chapter 10 © Matthew Paterson 2001, 2005 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright...
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...ASEAN ECONOMIC INTERGRATION IN 2015 AND UNEMPLOYMENT RATE IN THE PHILIPPINES Elah Czarina C. Andal, CPA IR 204 INTRODUCTION A little over a year ago, the author attended a forum entitled “The Road to ASEAN Economic Community: Maximizing Opportunities and Facing Challenges.” The introduction in the forum’s invite included the following: “The 10 ASEAN member nations are moving towards integration, with the goal of forming an ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) by 2015. Designed to boost regional resilience, the AEC will create a single market and production base characterized by the free flow of goods, services, investments, capital and skilled labor.”1 With much optimism, the author takes note of a promise of greater opportunities for Filipinos as a result of the 2015 ASEAN economic integration and eventual formation of AEC. Further with excitement, the question as to whether this integration comes with the promise of lower unemployment rate in the Philippines beginning 2015 was posted. BACKGROUND AND STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Several studies have been made and many articles have been written regarding the ASEAN economic integration as well as the AEC. This would include those which explain what will happen in 2015 when the integration takes place, those which challenge the readiness of the Philippines for the free trade economy or the preparation for it, or those which presents its impact to the country (both on the perspective of opportunities and challenges). This paper focuses...
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...is given to the role and impact of top manager’s actions and their organizational behavior in the overall profitability and competitiveness of a business firm. The loyalty, commitment and pro-activeness of top level management is seen and tried to be proven as potential source of competitive advantage for business organization by this research paper. It is very commonly and frequently found that, top level management usually tend to be self-serving, avoiding risks and not motivated and loyal to the growth and long run profitability of their respective business organizations. In the earlier period of business culture, these issues and problems were not as much important as they are in today’s era of global competition due to extensive globalization. Using non parametric tests on a Canadian sample, we found evidence of top manager’s opportunism. It is also unveiled that, owner controlled business organizations are more...
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...GLOBALIZATION THE ESSENTIALS GEORGE RITZER A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication Globalization Globalization A Basic Text George Ritzer This balanced introduction draws on academic and popular sources to examine the major issues and events in the history of globalization. Globalization: A Basic Text is a substantial introductory textbook, designed to work either on its own or alongside Readings in Globalization. The books are cross-referenced and are both structured around the core concepts of globalization. 2009 • 608 pages • 978-1-4051-3271-8 • paperback www.wiley.com/go/globalization Readings in Globalization Key Readings and Major Debates Edited by George Ritzer and Zeynep Atalay This unique and engaging anthology introduces students to the major concepts of globalization within the context of the key debates and disputes. Readings in Globalization illustrates that major debates in the field are not only useful to examine for their own merit but can extend our knowledge of globalization. The volume explores both the political economy of globalization and the relationship of culture to globalization. The volume is designed so it may be used independently, or alongside George Ritzer’s Globalization: A Basic Text for a complete student resource. 2010 • 560 pages • 978-1-4051-3273-2 • paperback Order together and save! Quote ISBN 978-1-4443-2371-9 GLOBALIZATION THE ESSENTIALS GEORGE RITZER A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication This edition first...
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