...improve human welfare and to meet human needs for education, health, housing and social security. For example, The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) is considered a social policy. The NEPA is a national environmental law that the U.S. established promoting the enhancement of the environment and to regulate activities that have an environmental impact in the United States. January 1st 1970, President Richard Nixon signed the NEPA which then proceeded to create the Council on Environmental Quality which would analyze the environmental impact of federal actions. The legislation during this period concerned primarily first-generation pollutants in the air, surface water, groundwater, and solid waste disposal. Air pollutants such as nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, and ozone were put under regulation, and issues such as acid rain and global warming were also concerns. In surface water, the contaminants of concern were bacteria, suspended and dissolved solids, nutrients, and toxic substances such as metals. Finally, solid waste contaminants from agriculture, industry, mining, municipalities, and others were put under control. The NEPA goes through a series of actions before making a decision in order to document everything properly not in any particular order but in a common one...
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...lack of electricity supply is one of major infrastructure problem affecting the business sector. The typical Nigerian firm experiences power failure or voltage fluctuations about seven times per week, each lasting for about two hours, without the benefit of prior warning which may likely cause damages such as spoiled materials, lost output, damaged electronic electronic equipment, restarting cost operations and distraction of business operations(Adenikinju, 2005, p.3) . In Nigeria, the National Electric Power Authority (NEPA) now Power Holding Company of Nigeria (PHCN) is responsible for power supply in Nigeria. However, the failure of NEPA to provide adequate and reliable electricity to consumers despite billions of Naira of investment expenditure has generated a confidence crisis in the industry. Public confidence in NEPA’s ability to supply uninterrupted and stable electric power is so low that consumers have coined a term for the organization’s acronym NEPA as “Never Expect Power Always”....
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...ELECTRICITY IN NIGERIA The problem is not new. Nigeria's power supply has been stagnant for 30 years. During the tumultuous 1990s there was no investment despite surging demand. Since then, generation capacity has risen by half but distribution is so dysfunctional that actual supply has remained flat. One result is a laughably small manufacturing sector, about 4% of GDP. There have been reform attempts in the past. The Power Holding Company of Nigeria (PHCN), the monopoly supplier, is known to consumers as Please Have Candle Nearby. Five years ago it replaced the National Electric Power Authority (NEPA), nicknamed Never Expect Power Again. Mischarging and other sins continued. “I just got a bill for the last four months but had no lights for three,” says a doctor 20 miles (32km) outside the capital, Abuja. To survive, many Nigerians have their own power plants, creating the world's highest concentration of small-scale generators. Two-thirds of all electricity is produced in basements and backyards, at a cost of $13 billion a year. Generator merchants say the government is their best client. Some have set up steel plants to keep up with demand. One has 3,000 workers assembling the grunting machines. All this could change if the privatisation scheme succeeds. It aims to raise $3.5 billion a year and boost the power supply 13-fold over a decade. The government is offering to guarantee some bank loans and may cap the interest at 7%. At a recent conference in Abuja Mr Jonathan wooed...
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...I. Objective of the design II. Introduction of the design A power supply is a device that supplies electrical energy to one or more electric loads. The term is most commonly applied to devices that convert one form of electrical energy to another. A regulated power supply is one that controls the output voltage or current to a specific value, the controlled value is held nearly constant despite variations in either load current or the voltage supplied by the power supply's energy source. Variable power supplies are common laboratory and service shop test equipment, allowing the output voltage to be adjusted over a range. Generally, a power outage can be identified as a power cut, power failure or blackout. This can be addressed as loss of electricity power to a specific area. Nevertheless, there are different causes of power failure in electricity which can easily cause damages to human and business operations. It is fairly settled in the literature that infrastructure plays a critical and positive role in economic development. Infrastructure interacts with the economy through multiple and complex processes. It represents an intermediate input to production, and thus changes in infrastructure quality and quantity affect the profitability of production, and invariably the levels of income, output and employment. Moreover, infrastructure services raise the productivity of other factors of production. Currently in Nigeria, lack of electricity supply is one of major infrastructure...
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...technical point of view, a bureaucracy is capable of attaining the highest degree of efficiency, and is in this sense formally the most rational known means of exercising authority over human beings.” A national policy that directly relates to the ideas of the bureaucratic theory is the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) of 1969. NEPA was one of the first laws ever written that established the broad national framework for protecting our environment. According to the EPA, the organization behind the program, NEPA’s basic policy is “to assure that all branches of government give proper consideration to the environment prior to undertaking any major federal action that significantly affects the environment.” The act brought about new requirements that are invoked when airports, buildings, military complexes, highways, parkland purchases, and other federal activities are proposed. Some of the most prominent NEPA requirements are Environmental Assessments (EAs) and Environmental Impact Statements (EISs), which are assessments of the likelihood of environmental impacts from government courses of action. These regulations are required by all federal agencies. NEPA further created the Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ), which holds numerous responsibilities regarding guidelines and actions pertaining to the environment. The creation and evolution of the National Environmental Policy Act is best described by the bureaucratic theory, due to the nature of its creation (by a government...
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...Without the prominence of North American entrepreneurs throughout the 19th century, our current lives would be drastically different. Over the past decades, contributions made from entrepreneurs affiliated with the lumber and timber industry have changed the daily operations of modern society. Specifically the North American entrepreneurs, John R. Booth and Frederick Weyerhaeuser, have impacted these industries and benefitted the business economy as a whole. These well-known characters both mastered techniques of the lumber industry throughout their business career and have earned their title as the “Lumber King”. Although Booth and Weyerhaeuser contributed to the economy around the same time frame, they worked in separate countries and not in collaboration with each other. Many did not realize how big of an opportunity the lumber industry in the 19th century was, whereas Booth and Weyerhaeuser made sure to take advantage it. While these two influential individuals were raised differently and experienced incomparable life events, they both attain similar characteristics that helped them achieve their success. Firstly, John R. Booth and Frederick Weyerhaeuser were both raised in an environment where the importance of work was stressed which evidently led to the introduction of their careers at a young age. Both living in religious households, Weyerhaeuser was Protestant his entire life while Booth was Presbyterian. Even though Weyerhaeuser was born and raised in Germany and Booth...
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...ENERGY POLICY AND CONSERVATION IN NIGERIA: IMPLICATIONS FOR RURAL DEVELOPMENT BY O.ADEGBUYI AND O.O. FASORANTI (PhD) ABSTRACT To impact visible advances in rural communities in Nigeria for achieving meaningful economic goals, the effective policy of energy usage as a vessel for the acquisition and utilization of required technologies to develop and recover the present depreciating national economy associated with poor food production must be focussed strategically. The socio-economic growth of any developing nation is generally a function of the level of maintenance of her energy demand supply balance and sustainable food production. Nigeria may attain the potential status of an industrialised nation by the year 2010 if all available manpower and other natural resources are well utilized before then to effectively harness her potentials of cheaper alternative energy technologies for long term economic and rural developmental goals. This paper presents the nation’s requirement of a well- articulated energy policy and urgent implementation strategies emphasizing on appropriate energy conservation concepts to promote optimal utilization of existing energy resources in her rural areas. It is therefore suggested that the development of available alternative energy resources be encouraged for integrated rural growth, sufficient food production and small scale industrialization thereby alleviating poverty in the rural communities of the...
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...systematic identification and evaluation of the potential impacts (effects) of proposed projects, plans, programs, or legislative actions relative to the physical-chemical, biological, cultural and socioeconomic components of the total environment. The primary purpose of the EIA process, also called the ‘NEPA process’ (National Environmental Policy Act) is to encourage the consideration of the environment in planning and decision making and to ultimately arrive at actions which are more environmentally compatible. NEPA of 1969 effective from January 1, 1970 in USA and is referred to as the ‘Magna Carta for the environment’ in (CEQ, 1993a) Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) guidelines and regulation and other number of federal agency procedures and regulations, is to ensure the balanced decision making regarding the environment occurs in the total public interest. Project planning and decision making should include the integrated consideration of technical, economic, environmental, social and other factors. Most of these considerations can be referred to as “the three E’s” (engineering or technical, economics, and environment) The requirement of NEPA is understood significantly under three terms namely, 1. Environmental inventory 2. Environmental Impact Assessment 3. Environmental Impact Statement “Environmental inventory” is also known as ecological factors or Baseline data. It is a complete description of the environment as it exists in...
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...The following lists my major accomplishments and projects underway: Background. The SR 160 project consists of the NEPA process and the widening of 11 miles from 2 to 4 lanes. The NEPA process was completed in 2014. This project was divided into two phases to meet funding availability requirements. Phase 1 is the eastern half of the project and Phase 2 encompasses the western half which is much more complex project due to the mountainous terrain. One of my major accomplishments in the prior 7 months has been the delivery of the SR 160 Phase 1 project final design. This project was designed by the CA Group and was reviewed by the Department’s review team. The project was bid on September 19, 2015 and the bid was opened on October 22, 2015. There were 9 firms on the bidders list, but only 6 of them competed for the project and the apparent lower bidder was Aggregate Industries with $16.5 M. Phase 1...
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...The move to classify the Northern Spotted Owl as an endangered species in light of the critical new findings was a controversial one, as listing the owl under the ESA would prevent much of the Northwest forests from being used by the timber industry. Agencies such as the Forest Service and BLM struggled to accommodate both the owl and those dependent on timber production, having to adjust policy plans “to satisfy the criteria of the NFMA and NEPA” (Layzer 2012, 190). The conflicts that arose between science and policy revealed a marked contrast in values: those in management and government largely prioritized jobs and the timber economy over conservation. The environmental laws and regulations would allow for the NWFP to be developed, creating stricter guidelines on how forests should be managed for the sake of conserving...
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...questioning why, the following background information may be useful. To be brief, the Roadless Area Conservation Rule (Roadless Rule) was issued during the final days of the Clinton administration to highlight the importance of roadless areas for national forest management purposes. Supporters praised the rule for “protecting the biodiversity and ecosystem health” (Holt, 2001) of these unspoiled lands. In contrast, timber companies, among others with commercial interests, believe that Americans are entitled to free and full access to public lands (Holt, 2001). As a result, several lawsuits were filed in which challengers claimed that these regulations violated the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), for example. Research stresses that the purpose of NEPA is not necessarily to encourage a particular outcome but rather...
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...* ------------------------------------------------- HOW TO PAY * ------------------------------------------------- ABOUT US * ------------------------------------------------- PAYMENT NOTIFICATION * ------------------------------------------------- CONTACT US * ------------------------------------------------- PROJECTS CATEGORIES Call us Now for Inquiries on 08168759420 and 08068231953 ------------------------------------------------- Top of Form Bottom of Form PROJECT TOPICS IN ECONOMICS ATTENTION: ATTENTION:BEFORE YOU READ THE PROJECT TOPICS BELOW, PLEASE READ THE INFORMATION BELOW.THANK YOU! NOTE: WE WILL SEND YOU THE ABSTRACT,TABLE OF CONTENT AND CHAPTER ONE OF YOUR APPROVED TOPIC FOR FREE. CHOOSE FROM THE LIST OF TOPICS BELOW. SEND THE APPROVED PROJECT TOPIC TO ANY OF THESE NUMBERS-08068231953,08168759420 WE WILL THEN SEND YOU THE ABSTRACT,TABLE OF CONTENT AND CHAPTER ONE FOR FREE NOTE ALSO: IF YOU ALREADY HAVE AN APPROVED PROJECT TOPIC THAT IS NOT ON OUR WEBSITE,WE CAN ALSO DEVELOP IT FOR YOU.WE WILL SEND YOU THE ABSTRACT,TABLE OF CONTENT AND CHAPTER ONE FOR FREE WITHIN 48 HOURS JUST SEND THE APPROVED TOPIC TO 08068231953,08168759420 PROJECT TOPICS IN ECONOMICS: 1. URBANIZATION A PROBLEM TO FOOD PRODUCTION AND AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT. (A CASE STUDY OF ENUGU STATE) ( 5 chapters and 62 pages) 2. CAREER OPPORTUNITIES FOR ADULT EDUCATION GRADUATES IN ENUGU STATE NIGERIA)(5 chapters and 76 pages) 3. THE GROWTH OF INDIGENOUS FIRMS IN NIGERIA PROBLEMS AND...
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...The Three Mile Island Nuclear Accident The Three Mile Island nuclear reactor meltdown accident is one of the most notable commercial nuclear power station reactor accidents to have occurred in the United States (Walker, 2004). Metropolitan Edison Co. operated the plant. On 28th March 1978, one of the nuclear reactors in the plant (TMI-2) suffered a partial meltdown, resulting in the emission of mild radioactive elements into the environment (Walker, 2004). What ensued was legal action by PANE, trying to stop the reopening of the nuclear plant stating that it would result to “severe psychological trauma to residents of nearby towns” (Gary & Rosen, 2003). The reopening of the plant would have had significant effects on the area resident’s psychological health, wellbeing, and the area community’s cohesiveness and stability. Reopening the plant would have led to the area residents having to live with trauma and fear. Immediately after the incident, the federal government ordered the evacuation of all children and pregnant women from within a 5 mile radius of the Three Mile Island Facility. A day later, the federal government increased the radius to 20 miles (Osif, Baratta & Conkling, 2004). More than 140,000 people had to vacate their homes temporarily because of the incident. This had an impact on the area resident’s state of psychological health. Even after they had moved back from the voluntary evacuation, they had to live in constant fear that there might be another nuclear...
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...Environmental Issues and the Industrial Revolution xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx Argosy University Environmental Issues and the Industrial Revolution As the population continues to grow, the impact on the environment will continue to impact all of us on the Earth. The more industrial plants, mean more greenhouse gases that will be emitted into the atmosphere, some will return causing the planet’s surface to warm. Greenhouse gases in turn leads to Global Climate change. Three most environmental negatives to me are first the growing population. People wanting larger families, technology is more advance, which leads to better medicine and people living longer. The more people the less resources we will have to survive with. Two triggers that had an increase of population we went from hunter to gather lifestyle to an agricultural life style. The agricultural revolution began around 10,000 years ago with people growing their own crops and raise animals for consumption. It was easier for the people to meet their nutritional needs and in turn they began to live longer and produce more children. Second, Greenhouse gases are atmospheric gases that absorb infrared radiation, caused by the industrial revolution. The building of power plants, cars and buses, are some of the reasons of greenhouse gases. Pounds and Crump (1994) hypothesized that hot, dry condition was the main reason for such high adult mortality and breeding issues in other species. Due to greenhouse gases, the warming...
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...ENV/100 Week One Individual Assignment Environmental Fundamentals Paper Write a 700- to 1,050-word paper in which you discuss the fundamental principles of environment science. In your paper, answer the following questions: • How do you define environmental science? Environmental science is the study of how humans interact with the environment. Environmental science is the study of the interaction of the living and non-living components of the environment with special emphasis on the impact of humans on these components. Environmental science is a very dynamic area of research and involves many different fields of study. (Hartwick College, 2013) These other study areas include biology, ecology, geology, chemistry, physic, engineering, math, computer science and other sciences that work together to keep the world moving forward. • How does the relationship between science and technology affect environmental problems and solutions in today's society? Science and technology have been and will be ways to study the environment and the issues that are occurring including climate change, pollution and the reduction in natural resources. Over the past thirty years scientist have studied air pollution and how it is affect the environment which has led to new technology to monitor air quality. Also science and technology have developed new engines and manufacturing plants that reduce pollution back into the environment. Automobiles produce lower volumes of carbon dioxide then...
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