...Chapter 12 The Nervous System All neural tissue in the body Neurons send(motor) and receive (sensory) signals Neuroglia support and protect neurons 1. Central Nervous System- (CNS) brain and spinal cord; process and coordinate sensory (internal and external data) motor commands(control peripheral organs), higher function of brain ( intelligence, memory, learning and emotions) 2. Peripheral Nervous System- (PNS) a;; neural tissue outside the CNS. Delivers sensory( input) info to the CNS carry motor (output) commands to peripheral tissues and systems. Nerves are bundles of axons with connective tissue and blood vessels Function Division of PNS Afferent- from PNS sensory receptors (detect stimuli or change) to CNS-access Efferent- from (motor commands) CNS to PNS muscles and glands(effectors)-exit 1. Somatic Nervous System (SNS)- voluntary and involuntary (reflexes) muscle contractions 2. Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)- self regulating a. Sympathetic- flight or fight stimulating effect b. Parasympathetic- rest and digest relaxing effect Neurons Structure a. Multipolar several dendrites 1 axon; Bipolar 1 dendrite and 1 axon; Unipolar 1 dendrite and 1 axon b. Cell body contains DNA (protein), nissil bodies for protein synthesis occurs and it ha dense areas of RER and ribosomes (make gray matter), dendrites that receive info. From other neurons, axon long tail that carries electrical signal (action potentials), axoplasm the cytoplasm...
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...Name________________________________Block_____Date______________________ Ch 7 The Nervous System Notes Lisa Peck I. Organization of the Nervous System (pp 222-224) Nervous system- the master controlling and communicating system of the body 3 functions: 1. sensory receptors to monitor changes occurring inside & outside body stimuli- changes sensory input- gathered information 2. processes and interprets the sensory input integration- nervous system makes decisions about what should be done 3. effects a response by activating muscles or glands (effectors) via motor output Regulating and Maintaining Homeostasis nervous system - fast-acting control via electrical impulses endocrine system- slow-acting control via hormones release into the blood Structural Classification (p 223) 2 subdivisions: Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System 1. Central Nervous System (CNS) consists of: brain spinal cord functions: integrating center.........interpret incoming sensory information command center..........issue instructions based on past experience & current conditions 2. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) consists of: nerves 2 types: cranial nerves- carry impulses to and from the brain spinal nerves- carry impulses to and from the spinal cord ganglia- groups of nerve cell bodies function: communication lines, linking all parts of the body Functional Classification 2 (pp 223-224) only deals with peripheral nervous system (PNS) 1. Sensory (Afferent) Division- nerve fibers...
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...There is no cure for the disease, which worsens as it progresses, and eventually leads to death. The cause and progression of Alzheimer's disease are not well understood. Research indicates that the disease is associated with plaques and tangles in the brain. It was first described by German psychiatrist and neuropathology’s Alois Alzheimer in 1906 and was named after him. Most often, AD is diagnosed in people over 65 years of age, although the less-prevalent early-onset Alzheimer's can occur much earlier. In 2006, there were 26.6 million sufferers worldwide. Alzheimer's is predicted to affect 1 in 85 people globally by 2050. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XFcmuRgOWQU Parkinson’s disease is a degenerative disorder of the central nervous system. The motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease result from the death of dopamine-generating cells in the substantia nigra, a region of the midbrain; the cause of this cell death is unknown. Early in the course of the disease, the most obvious symptoms are movement-related; these include shaking, rigidity, slowness of movement and difficulty with walking and gait. Later, cognitive and behavioral problems may arise, with dementia commonly occurring in the advanced stages of the disease. Other symptoms include sensory,...
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...The major structures that hormones can do are they promote or inhibit the generation of nerve impulses. They can also have the same molecules that are used in both endocrine system and the nervous system. 4. What are functional and structural plasticity? The functional plasticity is the brain’s ability to shift functions from damaged to undamaged brain areas. This means that if a person is damaged from the brain, stroke, or accident victims relearn speaking, walking, reading etc. again. The structural plasticity is the brain’s ability to change its physical structure in response to learning, active practice, or environment influences. (Hockenbury, 63). 5. What is neurogenesis, and what is the evidence for its occurrence in the adult human brain? Neurogenesis is the development of new neurons. The evidence that this occurs in adult human brains started with Peter Eriksson, Fred Gage, and their colleagues. After conducting...
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...The Nervous System and Special Senses Abstract This paper contains a brief discussion on the overview of the nervous system and the organs that play a major role in the system. It goes into further detail of the nervous system by separating into the central nervous systems and its functions, the peripheral nervous system and its two branches under the system; including what it is responsible for and briefly how it works. The paper then discusses the special senses. It focuses on the eyes and ears and how they function to perform their major duties. The Nervous System and Special Senses One of the most complicated systems of the body, the nervous system is responsible for many different body functions. It is composed of two primary cell types-neurons and neuroglia. The neurons are responsible for transmitting impulses to different parts of the body. The neurons are usually identified by the way they travel, such as afferent (sensory) - moving toward the brain or spinal cord, or efferent (motor) -moving away from the brain or spinal cord (Nervous System and Special Senses). The neuron is a special structure in itself. It is composed of a cell body, a nucleus, dendrites, axons, and a myelin sheath. The dendrites carry impulses to the cell body, while the axons carry the impulses from the cell body and out to muscles, glands and other dendrites. Neuroglia is much simpler than neurons. Their main function is to support the neurons and bind them to other neurons or tissue...
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...The Central Nervous System The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord.The brain is made of three main parts: the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. The forebrain consists of the cerebrum, thalamus, and hypothalamus .The midbrain consists of the tectum and tegmentum. The hindbrain is made of the cerebellum, pons and medulla. Most the time the midbrain, pons, and medulla are called to go together as the brainstem.The cerebrum or cortex is the largest part of the human brain, associated with higher brain function such as thought and action. The cerebral cortex is divided into four sections, called lobes , the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, and temporal lobe. The frontal lobe is the cause with reasoning, planning, parts of speech, movement, emotions, and problem solving. The parietal lobe is associated with movement, orientation, recognition, perception of stimuli. The occipital lobe has to do with visual processing. The temporal lobe is associated with perception and recognition of auditory stimuli, memory, and speech.A deep furrow divides the cerebrum into two halves, known as the left and right hemispheres. The two hemispheres look mostly symmetrical yet it has been shown that each side functions slightly different than the other. Sometimes the right hemisphere is associated with creativity and the left hemispheres is associated with logic abilities. The corpus callosum is a bundle of axons which connects these two hemispheres.Nerve cells make...
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...What is the Nervous System: The nervous system is a complicated network of cells and nerves that co-ordinates its action by sending signals to and from different parts of the body [1]. These nerves and cells carry messages to and from the brain and spinal cord to various parts of the body. [3] The nervous system consists of two main parts which are: 1-The Central nervous system. 2-The Peripheral nervous system. To start with, the Central nervous system is made of two main parts which are the Brain and the Spinal Cord. The brain is positioned inside the skull, and it contains cells called the neurons and supporting cells called the glia. The brain also has two types of matter inside it which are grey matter and whit matter. Each one of them...
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...he function of nervous system is to coordinate the activities of our body. It is the control system for all our actions, thinking and behaviour. The nervous system helps all other systems of our body to work together.The nervous system is like a manager inside our body. Its job is to control and coordinate the parts of our body so that they work together, doing their job at the right time. Our nervous system coordinates muscles so that we can do things which need thinking like reading, writing, cycling or dancing. The nervous system also coordinates things which we don't have to think about, like heart beat and breathing. The human nervous system receives information from the surroundings, processes it, interprets it and then responds accordingly. The nervous system also passes information from one internal system to another. For example, as soon as we put food in our mouth, it immediately causes the release of saliva from the salivary glands. The Unit of Nervous System: Neuron : The units which make up the nervous system are called nerve cells or neurons. So, neuron is the structural and functional unit of the nervous system. We can now say that nervous system is made of special cells called neurons. Neuron is the largest cell in the body (which looks like an electric wire). Neurons contain the same basic parts as any other animal cell but their structure is specially adapted to be able to carry messages over large distances in the body quickly. The neurons carry...
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...Sensory and Nervous System The sensory and nervous system becomes much more complex as one moves through the phyla of the animal kingdom. From phylum placozoa to phylum Chordata, the sensory and nervous systems gradually get more and more involved. Phylum Placozoa consists of only one known species, Trichoplax adhaerens (Nielson, 2001, p. 48). Made up of only a few thousand cells, and generally only 2 mm across, this species does not even seem as though it should be considered part of the animal kingdom at all (Campbell, 2005, p. 639). This “flat organism creeps on algae” and has been found in warm waters from all over the world (Nielson, 2001, p. 48). The placozoans are thought to be a sister group to the eumetazoans because they have similar features, however, “the complete lack of a nervous system sets Trichoplax aside from eumetazoans” (Nielson, 2001, p. 50). Due to the fact that this animal “exhibits limited specialization and organization of cells,” placozoans do not have any sensory or nervous system (Sumich, 2004, p. 132). [pic] Phylum Porifera is more commonly known as sponges. “Sponges are simple, sessile animals that lack true tissues” (Campbell, 2005, p. 639). Sponges do not have a specific system or group of organs and cells that make up a nervous system. Although sponges lack a nervous system, epithelial cells play an important role in the conduction of stimuli (Floreano, 1999, p. 237). “There is no system of coordination, so the responses to...
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...Chapter 9 Nervous System Nervous System Function: The nervous system is composed of neurons and neuroglia. _____sensory_______ _______receptors______ at the ends of peripheral nerves gather information and convert it into nerve impulses. When sensory impulses are integrated in the brain as _______sensations_______, this is the integrative function of the nervous system. Conscious or subconscious decisions follow, leading to motor functions via ______effectors________. | The Central Nervous System is made up of the ____brain_________ and ______spinal cord______ ______________. | The Peripheral Nervous System is made up of the _____spinal_________ and ________cranial__________ nerves. | Neuroglial Cells fill spaces, support neurons, provide structural frameworks, produce myelin, and carry on phagocytosis. Four are found in the ________________ and the last in the __________________. _______________________ cells are small cells that phagocytize bacterial cells and cellular debris. ________________________form myelin in the brain and spinal cord. __________________ are near blood vessels and support structures, aid in metabolism, and respond to brain injury by filling in spaces. ________________cover the inside of ventricles and form choroid plexuses within the ventricles. ______________________ cells are the myelin-producing neuroglia of the peripheral nervous system. | Neurons:...
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...Lab #12. The Nervous system. Sensorimotor transformations. EPPS BIOE 2101 Spring 2016 INTRODUCTION The nervous system “is” you. Nervous cells transform signals from the outside world into “spikes,” voltage changes, or chemical signals, perform transformations on these signals, and then may turn on muscles. Muscles, in turn, cause behavior: a smile, or moving across the room. Your nervous system is responsible for your interaction with the world, from sensing it to acting upon it. | Parts of the nervous system: the spinal cord, motor neurons, and sensory neurons. Sense organs in muscles transmit sensory information to spinal cord interneurons, that connect to motor neurons, that in turn activate muscles. (Adapted from Kandell et al., 2000). | | Parts of the nervous system: the spinal cord, motor neurons, and sensory neurons. Sense organs in muscles transmit sensory information to spinal cord interneurons, that connect to motor neurons, that in turn activate muscles. (Adapted from Kandell et al., 2000). | Neurons – The cellular building block of the nervous system is the neuron. These cells are typically excitable: they can “spike,” a process by which their membrane voltage quickly changes, and they transmit information. Neurons can transduce signals from the outside world into spikes, transmit spikes to each other via connections called “synapses,” and connect to muscles, in order to turn the muscle on and make it contract. When spikes happen in neurons...
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...The biological functions of the brain influence the psychological actions we express mentally, emotionally, and physically. There are many parts of the brain that affect us as human beings to make the right or wrong decisions. The brain plays an important and vital role in a human’s beings life from childhood to adulthood. The body is comprised of two systems. Central nervous system (CNS) composes of the brain and the spinal cord. The central nervous system contains about 90% of the neurons our brains needs to function. The central nervous system integrates sensory information and responds accordingly. The peripheral nervous system (PNS) connects the brain and the spinal cord with the rest of the body. This serves as a communication relay...
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...NERVOUS SYSTEM The nervous system is the complex network of nerves and cells that carry messages to and from the brain and spinal cord to various parts of the body. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM The Central NS is made up of the brain and spinal cord BRAIN The brain lies within the skull and is shaped like a mushroom. The brain consists of four principal parts: * the brain stem * the cerebrum * the cerebellum * the diencephalon The brain weighs approximately 1.3 to 1.4 kg. It has nerve cells called the neurons and supporting cells called the glia. There are two types of matter in the brain: grey matter and white matter. Grey matter receives and stores impulses. Cell bodies of neurons and neuroglia are in the grey matter. White matter in the brain carries impulses to and from grey matter. It consists of the nerve fibers or the axons. * The brain stem The brain stem is also known as the Medulla oblongata. It is located between the pons and the spinal cord and is only about one inch long. * The cerebrum The cerebrum forms the bulk of the brain and is supported on the brain stem. The cerebrum is divided into two hemispheres. Each hemisphere controls the activities of the side of the body opposite that hemisphere. The hemispheres are further divided into four lobes: * Frontal lobe * Temporal lobes * Parietal lobe * Occipital lobe * The cerebellum This is located behind and below the cerebrum. * The diencephalon ...
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...The nervous system has three main organs that Zaphera needs to function and keep her body at the right homeostasis (brain, spinal cord, and nerves). The principle of the nervous system is that it produces action potentials (nerve impulses) to control the bodies functions; identifies changes in bodies internal and external surroundings, deciphers changes, and reacts by bringing about compressions or glandular emissions. The sensory system is one of the smallest body frameworks yet it is the most complex. This framework has billions of neurons and multiple the measure of neuroglia. These neurons and neuroglia are sorted out into two divisions: the central nervous system and peripheral nervous systems. The central sensory system (CNS) is the primary framework that contains of the cerebrum and the spinal cord. These two organs are two of the bodies primary organs,...
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...The brain is the central part of central nervous system in all animals. It is composed a many different subunits that work together to help the animal function properly. An important part is the cerebrum, which is “responsible for the integration of complex sensory and neural functions and the initiation and coordination of voluntary activity in the body.” This is composed of the four lobes, the frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes. The frontal lobes are involved in moving and thinking and are the location of the higher mental function. In the lobes, molecules work together to perform higher mental functions, such as planning, deciding, perceiving. Also, personality and temperament are both involved with the frontal lobe. The motor cortex is a narrow, vertical strip in front of the central fissure, which controls voluntary movement and is found at the back of the lobe. They are the main site of the “higher” cognitive functions. The lobes contain many important substructures, such as the prefrontal cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, motor and premotor cortices, and Broca's area. These are involved in...
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