...GVCs represent the significant unit of organization of international production, wherein ‘lead firms’, largely multinational corporations (MNCs), coordinate production across international borders through extensive networks of suppliers spread across large numbers of countries. This has resulted in a significant change in the structure of international trade, leading to a domination of what has been referred to as the ‘trade in tasks’, that is, trade is no longer characteristically undertaken in goods, but rather in particular production segments (cut make-trim (CMT) versus the design brand market) of a production chain. The ‘trade in tasks’, empirically measured in terms of trade in intermediate goods, reflect this phenomenon, and the gains accruing to low- and middle-income countries in trade involvement are clearly seen here, with their share constituting more than 35 percent of the world’s intermediate goods trade during the latter half of the 2000s (Milberg 2004). However, it has also been noted extensively that, despite increases in export shares, involvement in GVC-coordinated activities has often not led to any significant increase in value added from those activities over previous commodity-based export regimes because lead firms in global production networks...
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...Denial of service attacks in Network security introduction and short history of DoS attacks: Denial of service attacks are one of the major threat to the modern computer networks.It has been said that first DDoS attack was launched in 1999 against the IRC server of university of minnesota which affected 227 systems and server was down for several days.Another DoS attack was documented in the week of feb 7 2000.A 15 year old canadian hacker named “mafiaboy” performed a series of DoS attack against some sites like ebay and amazon.Companies suffered from 1.7 billion of damage.After that it became the best way of hacking among cybercriminals. People used to perform these attacks for profits.Hackers will follow the procedures like mafiaboy and ask for the money.In 2005 ,it became more easy to implement those attacks ,a boy of 18-yr old named Farid Essabar developed a worm called MyTob which used to open a backdoor in Ms windows hosts and connect to the remote IRC server.The computer then used to wait for the commands from the servers.Farid was arrested for distributing the worm.This was surely not the last case.DDoS attacks were used to attack and money extortion. As name suggests Denial of Service aka DoS, it’s main objective is to make the system to deny the legitimate service requests. Basically DoS attacks are performed by exhausting the resources of the computer like processing power,network bandwidth,TCP connection and service buffers,CPU cycles and so on.Hackers actually...
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...within a network. DNS stands for “domain system name” These are the human readable web addresses we use every day. Unfortunately, computers do not understand human language and web addresses must be made readable to computers. This is where DNS comes into play. If you were to type in google.com in the address bar of your browser, google.com would appear. Computers use numerical IP addresses to translate “Google.com”. Google’s IP address is 173.194.39.78 and if you were to type this in the address bar the website would populate this way as well. DHCP stands for “Dynamic Host Control Protocol” and is used to automatically assign IP addresses to authorized computers attempting a connection to the network. The way this works is that a computer attempting a connection will send a request to the DHCP server. The server receives and acknowledges the request. The server then sends the acknowledgment back to the user with a leased IP address. When it’s all said and done, the computer attempting to gain access should now be able to access the network. Assigning IP addresses using DHCP is an easy thing to today. Unfortunately the more workstations you have on your computer, the more conscious you need to be about the IP’s assigned. When manually configuring these, it is possible to duplicate IP assignments, configuring the incorrect subnet mask, and incorrectly configuring other TCP/IP parameters. Small networks should have at least one DHCP server, while larger networks should...
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...Unit 1 - Assignment 1 - Windows 2008 Network Services If you have a routed local area network and high-speed links that are fairly reliable, you might be able to use one DNS server for a larger, multiple sub-netted network area. If you have a high number of client nodes on a single subnet design, you might want to add more than one DNS server to the subnet to provide backup and failover if the preferred DNS server stops responding. When determining the number of DNS servers you need to use, assess the effect of zone transfers and DNS query traffic on slower links in your network. Although DNS is designed to help reduce broadcast traffic between local subnets, it does create some traffic between servers and clients that should be reviewed, particularly when used in complexly routed LAN or WAN environments. Consider the effects of zone transfer over slower speed links, like those typically used for a wide area network (WAN) connection. Although the DNS Server service supports incremental zone transfers and DNS clients and servers can cache recently used names, traffic considerations are sometimes still an issue, particularly when DHCP leases are shortened and, as a result, dynamic updates in DNS are performed more frequently. One option for dealing with remote locations on WAN links is to set up a DNS server at these locations to provide caching-only DNS service. With most installations, you should have at least two server computers hosting each of your DNS zones for fault tolerance...
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...Vehicular Adhoc Network (VANET) is an outgrowth of Mobile Adhoc Network (MANET), in which the mobile vehicles on road and the stationary roadside units (RSU) constitutes the nodes and communicate with each other on the fly (Fig. 1); Vehicle to Vehicle (V2V) and Vehicle to Roadside Unit (V2R). VANET can be categorised under hybrid architecture that consists of both infrastructure and infrastructure less features. VANET nodes are capable of self organising and managing the information in a distributed fashion with or without any centralised authority. Road Side Units (RSU) supported by DSRC standard [2] acts as gateways or fixed access points to vehicles in mobility and provides interim connectivity to vehicles. One of the major advantages of VANETs over MANETs is the unlimited battery power generated on the fly. VANET plays a major role in defining safety measures by streaming communication between vehicles, infotainment and telematics. In any generic network phenomena the concept of routing and its characteristics are highly linked with Quality of Service (QoS). The United Nations Consultative Committee for International Telephony and Telegraphy (CCITT) Recommendation E.800 has defined QoS as: “The collective effect of service performance which determines the degree of satisfaction of a user of the service”. The major concern of VANET routing is that whether the performance can satisfy the throughput and delay requirements of such media streaming applications. Unavailability...
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...VOIP NETWORK SERVICE IMPLEMENTATION TABLE OF CONTENTS - Executive Summary------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1 - Introduction--------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 - What is Voip-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3 - How Voip Works-------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4 - Advantages and Requirements for Voip------------------------------------------------ 6 - Disadvantages of Voip-------------------------------------------------------------------- 7 - Voice Over IP Solutions------------------------------------------------------------------10 - Conclusion----------------------------------------------------------------------------------12 - References----------------------------------------------------------------------------------13 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The term “Voice over Internet Protocol” (VoIP) describes the transport of voice over IP based networks; it is a generic term that covers deployments ranging in complexity from hobbyists using the internet to get free phone calls on a peer to peer basis, to full scale PSTN replacement networks. In carrier networks VoIP has been mainly deployed in enterprise networks or as a trunking technology to reduce transport costs in voice ...
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...Unit 1 Assignment 1 windows 2008 network services Short for Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol, a protocol for assigning dynamic IP addresses to devices on a network. With dynamic addressing, a device can have a different IP address every time it connects to the network. In some systems, the device's IP address can even change while it is still connected. DHCP also supports a mix of static and dynamic IP addresses. Dynamic addressing simplifies network administration because the software keeps track of IP addresses rather than requiring an administrator to manage the task. This means that a new computer can be added to a network without the hassle of manually assigning it a unique IP address. Many ISPs use dynamic IP addressing for dial-up users. Short for Domain Name System (or Service or Server), an Internet service that translates domain names into IP addresses. Because domain names are alphabetic, they're easier to remember. The Internet however, is really based on IP addresses. Every time you use a domain name, therefore, a DNS service must translate the name into the corresponding IP address. For example, the domain name www.example.com might translate to 198.105.232.4. The DNS system is, in fact, its own network. If one DNS server doesn't know how to translate a particular domain name, it asks another one, and so on, until the correct IP address is returned. DHCP would be better used if you were going to set up a large network of computers I’d say about 25 or more...
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...Answers to Assessment Test 1. A. Network Control Protocol is used to help identify the Network layer protocol used in the packet. See Chapter 16 for more information. 2. B. Each field in an IPv6 address is 16 bits long. An IPv6 address is a total of 128 bits. See Chapter 15 for more information. 3. C. The port roles used within RSTP include discarding, learning, and forwarding. The difference between 802.1d and RSTP is the discarding role. See Chapter 10 for more information. 4. C. The command line console 0 places you at a prompt where you can then set your console user-mode password. See Chapter 6 for more information. 5. D. An IPv6 address is 128 bits long, whereas an IPv4 address is only 32 bits long. See Chapter 15 for more information. 6. C. Link Control Protocol in the PPP stack provides negotiation of dynamic addressing, authentication, and multilink. See Chapter 16 for more information. 7. B. The show interface command shows the line, protocol, DLCI, and LMI information of an interface. See Chapter 16 for more information. 8. A. 256 – 192 = 64, so 64 is our block size. Just count in increments of 64 to find our subnet: 64 + 64 = 128. 128 + 64 = 192. The subnet is 128, the broadcast address is 191, and the valid host range is the numbers in between, or 129–190. See Chapter 4 for more information. 9. B. The passive command, short for passive-interface, stops regular updates from being sent out an interface. However, the interface can still receive updates...
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...Social Networks on Internet Marketing Research Problem: The general lack of knowledge about the impacts of social networks on internet marketing There is a noticeable lack of knowledge about how social networks can enhance internet marketing in different departments such as product creation, advertisement, sales, etc. The main area of focus: Advertisement Research questions: What are the impacts of social networks on internet marketing? How can social networks improve internet marketing and how they play a role in enhancing advertisement? Objective of the research: Finding the impacts of social networks on internet marketing, especially on the area of advertisement. Summary: Social networks are one of the latest and most recent trends that have attracted many visitors and users worldwide. They connect individuals with all types of different interests, as well as businesses where the social networks by providing the services needed to support the company’s products or -most importantly- their customer relations. Inevitably, large companies and businesses had to seize the opportunity of the large numbers of people visiting these social networks in search of potential customers and started placing online ads, and providing services to the global internet community, and by doing so they stimulate even a larger number of web surfers from all around the world. In this research we will be revealing the advantages of advertising on social networks and how social networks have...
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...History The potential for computer networking to facilitate newly improved forms of computer-mediated social interaction was suggested early on.[8] Efforts to support social networks via computer-mediated communication were made in many early online services, including Usenet[9], ARPANET, LISTSERV, and bulletin board services (BBS). Many prototypical features of social networking sites were also present in online services such as America Online, Prodigy, CompuServe, and The WELL[10]. Early social networking on the World Wide Web began in the form of generalized online communities such as Theglobe.com (1995),[11] Geocities (1994) and Tripod.com (1995). Many of these early communities focused on bringing people together to interact with each other through chat rooms, and encouraged users to share personal information and ideas via personal webpages by providing easy-to-use publishing tools and free or inexpensive webspace. Some communities - such as Classmates.com - took a different approach by simply having people link to each other via email addresses. In the late 1990s, user profiles became a central feature of social networking sites, allowing users to compile lists of "friends" and search for other users with similar interests. New social networking methods were developed by the end of the 1990s, and many sites began to develop more advanced features for users to find and manage friends.[12] This newer generation of social networking sites began to flourish with the emergence...
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...social networks are one of the most important speaking topics between peoples and the popularity of social networks is increasing day to day. In order to have a fair point of view in case of the social networks we have to look for both advantages and disadvantages equally. For example using the social networks in the work environment could have some concerns and also some benefits for employers. The good impact would be in the social performance between the staff and the negative impact is personal using of the social network websites. But this is undeniable that all these indications show the real model of the modern work environment and their effective impacts on the business world. As an important positive effect on the business environment we can consider the social networks as a tool of communication between management and employees. (Breslin, T. (2009, September). When social networking enters the workplace) Some of the most popular Social Network Websites There are more than two hundred social network websites which they are created for different purposes for different kind of users but here we can point out to two major social network sites which are more popular. The first and most popular social network is Facebook which is introduced in February 2004. At the beginning of the Facebook’s activities the website was particularly open only to the Harvard University’s student, but now after 8 years there are more than 900 million people using this social network for different...
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...Networking The Internet has grown into a vast net of services and applications that entertains as well as serve as an indispensable work aid for hundreds of millions of users around the world. Megat Ishak, Director of Licensing Department, SKMM, explores its impact. T he rst useful Internet service for the masses was email. en came the rst of the graphical web in the form of websites. Today, this vast network has grown into a truly worldwide web that is accessible to ordinary users, turning the Internet into a mainstream phenomenon. Access to the Internet can be found at home, cybercafes, o ces, Internet kiosks, cafes and anywhere else where there is a meeting of people for social or business purpose. What assists Internet usage growth even more is the expansion of devices such as desktop computers, notebooks and smartphones. us not only has it grown in popularity but it has grown into a necessity in our everyday lives. Over the last few years, the Internet has expanded with powerful applications such as blogs, instant messaging, eCommerce, VoIP (which includes peer to peer voice communication), video, online news, podcasting, multiplayer gaming, photo sharing, online maps, GPS services and a lot of other terms have entered into the vocabulary as these services became popular with Internet users. As the Internet came out with more and more sophisticated services, inspired entrepreneurs brought 50 many of these services together into sites that aimed to connect people...
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...International Journal of Marketing, Financial Services & Management Research Vol.1 Issue 11, November 2012, ISSN 2277 3622 Online available at www.indianresearchjournals.com EFFECTIVENESS OF SOCIAL MEDIA AS A MARKETING TOOL: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY ABU BASHAR*; IRSHAD AHMAD**; MOHAMMAD WASIQ*** * Assistant Professor, Brown Hills College of Engineering & Technology, Faridabad ** Assistant Professor, Brown Hills College of Engineering & Technology, Faridabad *** Lecturer, Al-Falah School of engineering & Technology _____________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT In an era where technology prevails, entrepreneurs as well as marketers see the need to keep up with the fast pace of change or risk being outdated. Gone are the days when a pure-bricks business model will thrive well in current market scenario. It is practically impossible to design a marketing strategy without considering social networks. Social media had become really important gradient in today’s marketing mix in general and in promotion mix in particular. Adapting some form of marketing online through social media is a key node for all businesses, especially in an industry where trends constantly change such as fashion and handicrafts. The paper carries out empirical research to understand the effectiveness of social media as a marketing tool and an effort has been made to analyze the extent social media helps consumers in buying decision making. In addition strategies...
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...community. The connection may provide further business opportunities. The paper will cover how Linkedln social network site may be beneficial to the user staying connected to his or her community. It will provide the user the tools to stay connected to various organizations of his or her choice. The paper will cover ways on how to stay connected to online professional communities can create extra support service, or quality referral to his or her clients. The paper will cover the benefit of attending approved training by the groups, and how it can keep the user updated on the competitive job market. Last the paper will cover technological tools used to maintain the connection with the professional community. Brief history The social seen have become a booming trend in the 21st century. Many people have figured out a way to become notice without face-to-face meeting. Employers have joined the market to sell their brand. However, before the enormous social network grew Sixdegree.com launched the first social network site in 1997. According to social network site definition, history, and scholarships, “Sixdegrees.com allowed users to create a profile, list his or her friends to the site. Beginning in 1998 each of the features existed in some form before Sixdegrees.com of course. Classmates.com allowed people to affiliate with his or her classmate, and surf the network for others affiliates. Users could not list friends until a year later. Sixdegrees.com was able combined those...
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...Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Chapter 11 Social Networks, Auctions, and Portals Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 1 Social Networks and Online Communities Internet began as communications medium for scientists Early communities were bulletin boards, newsgroups (e.g., the Well) Today social networks, photo/video sharing, blogs have created new era of online socializing Social networks now one of most common Internet activities Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Slide 11-3 What Is an Online Social Network? Working definition Group of people Shared social interaction Common ties Sharing an area for period of time Portals and social networks: Moving closer together Community sites adding portal-like services Searching, news, e-commerce services Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Slide 11-4 2 The Growth of Social Networks and Online Communities Top 10 social networks account for more than 90% social networking activity Facebook users: More than 50% are 35+ Unique audience size: Top four U.S. social networks: 270 million Top four portal/search engines: 680 million Annual advertising revenue U.S. social network sites: $4.45 billion Top four portal/search engines: $22 billion Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Slide 11-5 Top 10 Social Network Sites 2013 Figure 11.1, Page 696 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc...
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