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IPv4 and IPv6 coexistence (tunneling) protocols

Introduction The internet is exponentially growing in size, The number of users of the networks seem to be exploding soon, as nowadays many devices exists that connects through the internet using IPv4 protocol and the amount of those devices has increased in the last few years since not only personal computers and laptops are connected to the network but also devices like smart phones, automobiles with GPS, PDA's, and video game consoles. IPv4 is in trouble since it has no capacity to support all those devices to overcome those situation another methods were developed to extend the life of IPv4 such as : Network Address Translation (NAT), classless inter-domain routing (CIDR), and Length Subnet Mask (VLSM). However, this has not been enough because new technology and devices had emerged, making IPv4 unable to support the technological growth anymore.
On February 3, 2011 the Latin American and Caribbean internet Addresses Registry (LACNIC) issued a statement that says that the global IPv4 central address pool which is managed by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) was finally exhausted, according to the global policies agreed by the Internet communities of all regions, on that date the last available IPv4 address blocks were allocated, June 6, 2012 was the selected date by the Internet Society (ISOC) and other organizations in the field as the worldwide launch of IPv6. On that date numerous companies and organizations from around the world enabled the operations of their portals and other forms of presence on the Internet with the IPv6 protocol in a definite way.
IPv6 is developed as a network layer protocol, overcoming the problems in IPv4, Its 128-bit address format significantly enlarges the address space and will satisfy the address demands for a reasonably durable. However, and Unfortunately IPv4 and IPv6 are incompatible protocols with each others, If both IP versions are accessible and the users of Internet wish to choose any restrictions, a transition mechanism is required, during the period of migration from IPv4 to IPv6 networks, a number of transition mechanisms have been proposed by IETF to make sure smooth, stepwise and independent changeover As for Internet Service Providers (ISP), they charge to find a way to accommodate the casework for both IPv4 and IPv6 users, and alike their casework with an accountable deployment of transition techniques on the Internet. This paper introduces dual stack network mechanisms is the easy, cost effective solution for ISP to build up IPv4 and IPv6 backbone network.

Transition Technologies

As seen in the few last years the transition from IPv4 to IPv6 has not been an immediate process but they both had to coexist together for several years, and with such a huge difference between IPv4 and IPv6 and that the management system that handles IPv4 cannot handle IPv6 datagrams, new transition mechanisms has been developed that have allowed the coexistence and migration from one protocol to another like : Dual stack, Tunneling, Translation, Teredo, and ISATAP..

1. Dual Stack (RFC 4213) : This is the simplest technique and its defined by RFC 4213; it is implemented in a network where every node can run both IPv6 and IPv4 protocols, because it can run both protocols this kind of network is called "Dual-stack network" In the same way, a node that can run both protocols will be called an "IPv4/IPv6 node" (or "Dual-stack node"), This concept of IPv4/IPv6 node is very important because it will be used in all transition techniques. An IPv4/IPv6 node can be in one of 3 different modes:
* Both IPv4 stack and IPv6 stack are enabled, The node can send and receive both IPv4 and IPv6 packets (it's this mode that is mainly used).
* With IPv4 stack enabled and IPv6 stack disabled, The node works like an IPv4-only node.
* And with IPv4 stack disabled and IPv6 stack enabled, The node works like an IPv6-only node.
So a dual-stack network can communicate with both IPv4-only networks and IPv6-only networks but if dual-stack techniques are simple to set up, they also have disadvantages like In a dual-stack network, since each node is a dual stack node then each node needs to have both an IPv4 address and an IPv6 address and this is a problem since with IPv6 we want to fill in the lack of addresses on all networks inherited from IPv4 and the other problem is because each node runs 2 stacks therefore each node needs more resources than a node with only one stack.

2. Translation Technique : It allows an IPv6-only network to communicate with an IPv4-only Network, This is actually possible with Stateless IP/ICMP Translation (RFC 2765), also called "SIIT". It defines how the translation should be made from an IPv4 packet header to an IPv6 packet header or from an IPv6 packet header to an IPv4 packet header, to translate IPv4 packets to IPv6 packets, the protocol translator receives the IPv4 packet and by knowing a pool of IPv4 addresses that correspond to IPv6 nodes it can replace the IPv4 header by an IPv6 header and then it can transfer the header information, And to translate IPv6 packets to IPv4 packets, it's the reverse process that is made. Network Address Translation - Protocol Translation (RFC 2766: NAT-PT) can be used with SIIT. NAT-TP to allow binding a pool of IPv4 addresses to IPv6 addresses and so on the translation method has many mechanisms, which can be either stateless or stateful, while stateless means that the translator can perform every conversion separately with no reference to previous packets, stateful is the vice versa, which means maintaining some form of state in regard to the previous packets. This translation process can be conducted in either end systems or network devices.

3. Tunneling technique : Tunneling techniques are based on encapsulation methods. It can allow two IPv6 networks to communicate through an IPv4-only network, meaning that the IPv6 packets will be encapsulated in IPv4 packets at the entry of the IPv4 network and then decapsulated at the end of the IPv4 network. The pathway of the encapsulated IPv6 packets which goes through the IPv4 network is called the "tunnel" and to be able to do tunneling, the entry point and the exit point of the tunnel have to be an IPv4/IPv6 nodes.
Tunneling as well has like three mechanisms which they are : IPv6 over IPv4, IPv6 to IPv4 automatic tunneling, and Tunnel Broker. And these various forms of tunneling techniques can be considered into two types which they are : manually configured tunneling and automatic tunneling.
Manually configured tunneling : Is when they are configured manually with permanent pathways and used to allow IPv6 packets to go through IPv4 packets, most of the first tunneling techniques were manually configured and with manually configured tunneling, we need to define the end points of the tunnel, after all the tunnel can work in both directions and some disadvantages like more administrative work than automatic tunneling, and some advantages is like the security and the better performance.

Consider the following diagram//:

From what we see in the example above, three sites, each with its own IPv6 LAN, they are connected to each others with an IPv4-only backbone. This way is connecting the IPv6 LANs by configuring individual point-to-point IPv6-in-IPv4 tunnels, so that each site would have an individual tunnel interface to reach to every other site. This is a good solution for our scenario with only three sites, however it does not scale well, requiring n(n-1)/2 tunnels for n sites (e.g. ten sites would require 45 tunnels for full mesh connectivity).

Automatic tunneling : It allows having dynamic tunnels which means multi-point tunnels not like the manually configured tunnels that were used for point-to-point tunnels configuration. But in this method an IPv6 node will dynamically and automatically tunnel packets by using a 6 to 4 addresses.
6 to 4 Is tunnel interface that automatically converts the 32 bits in its IPv6 address following this prefix to a global unicast IPv4 address for transport across an IPv4 network such as the public Internet. , and the main advantage of 6 to 4 is that it requires no end-node reconfiguration and minimum router configuration.

Please consider the following diagram//:

Tunnel broker : The Tunnel broker is an essentially a service that provides a network tunnel, and while using these tunnels, encapsulating and connectivity is provided RFC 3053 defines a very common tunnel broker, called IPv6 tunnel broker. This tunnel Broker has the capability to tunnel IPv6 packets over IPv4 packets in order to support the tunnel broker, the OS must have IPv4/IPv6 dual stack and should be capable of establishing IPv6 in IPv4 tunnels, the user then can see tunnel brokers as virtual IPv6 ISPs, providing IPv6 connectivity to users already connected to the IPv4 Internet.

ISATAP : ISATAP refers to Automatic Tunnel Addressing Protocol, another IPv6 transition mechanism for transmitting IPv6 packets over IPv4 network automatically, once an ISATAP server/router has been set up only the clients must be configured to connect to it. This solution enables enterprises to deploy a simple and manageable IPv6 within their infrastructure with little time and effort. Another advantage is that, within a site, usually only one ISATAP router is needed. The host/router functioning as an ISATAP server should be dualstack and have a connection to the IPv6 internet in order for it to become a gateway for all clients. As mentioned in RFC 4214 Dual-stack (IPv6/IPv4) nodes use ISATAP to automatically tunnel IPv6 packets in IPv4,for example ISATAP views the IPv4 network as a link layer for IPv6 and view other nodes on the network as IPv6 hosts/routers.

consider the following diagram //:

Teredo : Teredo tunneling mechanism works through NAT and uses IPv6 prefix followed by IPv4 public address prefix . For example, the IPv4 public address of 207.142.131.202 would provide clients with a prefix of 2001:0:CF8E:83CA::/64. And the user needs to install the application first, its an application layer protocol, and then after configuring the settings and exceptions on windows firewall tunneling mechanism will be ready.

Conclusion

IPv6 overcomes many of the limitations over the IPv4 with new features and functions as It has been designed to support transition with IPv4. The combination of CIDR and NAT mechanisms has assisted to reduce IPv4 address exhaustion time together with IPv6 larger address space provides more unique globally unicast addresses for the present and future Internet growth. Fully deployment of IPv6 needs upgrading of applications, hosts, routers and DNS to support IPv6, might be expensive and deployment takes many years, but the transition mechanisms are one of the best solutions to makes IPv6 & IPv4 networks run in the same structure. IPv4 to IPv6 several transition mechanisms that have been developed according to different organization needs. This was discussed and compared between Dual Stack, ISATAP, 6to4, Teredo and NAT-PT. each mechanism have their own advantages and disadvantages in different Infrastructure. Dual Stack transition mechanism is the most common and straightforward way for IPv6 & IPv4 nodes to communicates with IPv6 & IPv4 nodes independently without changing the network. Dual stack is suitable for Internet Service Providers (ISPs), Enterprises networks as well as Home users. On the other hand manual tunnels are configured between two IPv6 networks over IPv4 network infrastructure, Manual tunnel is a secure mechanism in compared to other transition mechanisms. This mechanism is suitable for ISPs, Enterprises networks, Data center but not for Home users. Based on report we conclued that the transition mechanisms solve the problems of future Internet growth but selection of transition mechanism is depends on security issues, budget, advantages and disadvantages of the mechanism to an organization.

References

1.ms noris, high speed networks, student portal, www.limkokwing.com/portal, 2014.

2.G. Malkin and R. Minnear, RIPng for IPv6 (IETF), © The Internet Society, 1997.

3.Wendell Odom, Cisco CCNA Routing and Switching 200-120 Official Cert Guide Library, © Cisco press, 2013.

4.homas M. Thomas, Doris Pavlichek, Lawrence H. Dwyer and Rajah Chowbay, Juniper Networks Juniper Networks, 2002.

5.D. Savage, D. Slice, J. Ng and S. Moore, Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol, IETF Trust, 2013.

6.Sotharith Tauch, Performance evaluation of IP version 4 and IP version 6 transition mechanisms on various operating systems, http://hdl.handle.net/10652/1456, 2009.

7.Gilbert Lidholm & Marcus Netterberg, Evaluating an IPv4 and IPv6 Network, Paper presented at Computer Science Building West Lafayette, from http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/downloaddoi=10.1.1.75.8970&rep=rep1&type=pdf, 2012.

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