...Neural Plasticity Team D PSY/340 June 5, 2016 Taleshia L. Chandler, Ph.D Neural Plasticity The current patient, Stephanie, has experienced a stroke, a temporary interruption of normal blood flow to her brain. There are certain functions and limitations of neural plasticity in the patient’s recovery process. Neuroplasticity is defined as the ability of the nervous system to respond to intrinsic or extrinsic stimuli by reorganizing its structure, function, and connections. While almost all survivors of brain damage experience some behavioral recovery, every patient will vary in his or her recovery process. According to Johansson, MD, PHD (2000), there are several mechanisms that are involved in brain plasticity. Specifically, such as in Stephanie’s case, time is of the essence. Brain damage can be triggered by a few factors. The most frequent type of stroke known to cause brain damage is known as ischemia, which is the aftermath of any type of confliction in an artery in which a blood clot is created. The less usual type is called a hemorrhage, which is the result of a damaged artery. Once a patient just like Stephanie has experienced a stroke, physicians must immediately determine whether the stroke was ischemic or hemorrhagic. Making such determination is complicating by nature and physicians have their clock ticking because time is limited. (Kalat, 2013, Chapter 5). Knowing that a hemorrhagic stroke is less likely than a ischemic one, physicians take a chance and apply a drug...
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...disorders inherited genetically can be clown or recessed by a healthy and active lifestyle and the influence of cognitive stimulation can slow despise and cause healthy Neuroplasticity’s giving patients the ability to overcome genetic disorders. Referance http://theconversation.com/explainer-nature-nurture-and-neuroplasticity-10734 Recovering from a stroke is a difficult process and over the years scientists have been trying to apply what they know about neural plasticity to the rehabilitation process for stroke patients. In the last 20 years the idea of neural plasticity has been accepted in the scientific community and “in humans, there is abundant evidence that spontaneous recovery of function during the first 3 months after stroke stems from a complex pattern of brain reorganization” (Cauraugh & Summers 2005, p. 310). A review conducted by Cauraugh and Summers in 2005, looked at rehabilitation techniques that improved the motor function of the hemiplegic (paralyzed) upper limb by promoting neural plasticity. One type of therapy is bilateral movement rehabilitation....
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...Neural Plasticity Joelle Flythe, Jennifer Parr, Kristina Catalan, Mich Haas Psych 340 May 16, 2016 Amy Hennings Neural Plasticity Have you ever wondered what happened to a person when they have a stroke? Better yet what happens to the person's brain? Does the brain change? Or how will the person recover from the stroke? These are all questions that this paper will discuss. The information that follows will be in great details about a stroke, about our patient by the name of Stephanie. Stephanie has had a stroke. We want to ensure that Stephanie, our patient, understands what is next to come after her stroke. We will focus on the recovery process, the do's and do not's and the functions and limitations of a person who has had a stroke. What is a stroke? According to the American Heart Association, a "Stroke is a disease that affects the arteries leading to and within the brain. It is the number 5 cause of death and a leading cause of disability in the United States. A stroke occurs when a blood vessel that carries oxygen and nutrients to the brain is either blocked by a clot; it bursts or ruptures. When that happens, part of the brain cannot get the blood (and oxygen) it needs, so it and brain cells die" (American Heart Association, 2016.) When a person has a stoke it is unpredictable and affects the brain in a major way. When a person has a stroke, they can become paralyzed, lose memory and have to learn...
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...CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Background of the Study Structural materials can be categorized in many ways in many different ways. One of the most common is by the nature of their failure. Materials, such as steel, after reaching their elastic limit, deform plastically before failing. Such materials, where reasonably large plastic strains are observed, are broadly categorized as ductile. On the other hand, those materials that exhibit little or no plasticity are in contrast termed brittle. In structural design, ductile materials are usually preferred, because failure is rarely sudden and catastrophic. Once the material has yielded, large observable strains will occur before total collapse of a structure. Steel, the most common primary structural building material, generally behaves in a ductile fashion. However, during the World War II, over 200 steel ships suffered serious brittle fracture, often at relatively low stress levels. It was observed that brittle behavior, in normally ductile materials, almost always occurs in regions of elastic stress concentration, where some constraint exists to prevent plastic stress redistribution (McGuire, 1968) Following these experiences, designers realized that brittle fracture in steel could be avoided by sensible detailing. This is also true of reinforced concrete. Concrete itself, is a brittle composite, but with the addition of reinforcements concrete it behaves in a ductile fashion. In an earthquake-prone areas, where designing for ductility...
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...Theory: Forming process are solid state manufacturing processes involving minimum amount of material wastage and faster production. It does have been one of the common methods in formation of product in multi shape and size. In fact some of casting product will undergoes forming process to achieve more precise shape. In metal forming, transformation to desire shape is done at solid state and usually required high forces. If the temperature is below crystallization temperature, it is called ‘cold work’. Large force is applied such that the material flows and takes the desired shape. These processes are normally used for large scale production rates. It is also generally economical and many cases improve the mechanical properties. Some of the metals forming process are rolling, forging, extrusion, drawing, sheet metal forming and bending. In fabrication of metal dustbin, below process forming process are involved. a. Sheet Metal Cutting -Sheet metal cutting can be done by shearing operation. Shearing is the mechanical cutting of material without the formation of chips or the use of burning or melting. When sheets of metal are to be sheared along a straight line, squaring shears are frequently used. As the upper ram descends, a clamping bar or set of clamping fingers presses the sheet of metal against the machine table to hold firmly in formation. A moving blade then comes down across a fixed blade and shears the metal. On larger shears, the moving blade is often set...
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...Donald Hebb * Wanted to be a Writer Unlike Physicist Parents * At 33 was a Fellow at Montreal Neurological Institute * Absent Stimulation Causes Deterioration and Hallucinations * First Non-American to Win APA Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award * Had an Award for Canadian Scientists Named after Himself Donald Hebb decided at an early age he did not want to be a Physicist like his parents. He had other aspirations, he wanted to write and study. At the age of 33, Hebb received a position at the Montreal Neurological Institute as a research fellow (Olson & Hergenhahn, 2009). The research Hebb conducted ultimately contributed greatly to the modern knowledge of the brain. He discovered, when there is an absence of stimulation the resulting product is the brain has more difficulty in its ability to problem solve and even to concentrate (Olson & Hergenhahn, 2009). The absence causes deterioration in the ability to do things quickly and efficiently, causing extreme difficulty. Hebb has even reported a few people who said they had experienced hallucinations from the absence of stimulation (Olson & Hergenhahn, 2009). Hebb’s research was extremely helpful in the studies of airplane pilots and of truck drivers. Many of these workers had reported having hallucinations while on the job. Hebb discovered the hallucinations were due to the fact they were not experiencing enough mental stimulation to keep their brains alert and active. From the age...
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...2D1432 Artificial Neural Networks and Other Learning Systems ! Plasticity vs. Stability Dilemma Plasticity: Network needs to learn new patterns Stability: Network needs to memorize old patterns Human brain: face recognition Adaptive Resonance Theory (ART) ! ! ! Plasticity vs. Stability Dilemma Backpropagation ! ART Characteristics Goal: Design a neural network that preserves its previously learned knowledge while continuing to learn new things. Biologically plausible: ART has a selfregulating control structure that allows autonomous recognition and learning no supervisory control or algorithmic implementation. ! ! ! New patterns require retraining of the network No Stabilization Stabilization achieved by decreasing learning rate Decreasing learning rate reduces plasticity ! ! Kohonen maps (SOM) ! ! other Neural Networks ART Online learning Self-organizing (unsupervised) Maintains permanent plasticity Learn in approximate match phase Non-stationary world Other ANN (BP) Offline learning supervised Plasticity regulated externally Learn in mismatch phase (error based) Stationary world ART Terminology STM : Short term memory ! ! Refers to the dynamics of neural units (recognition, matching) Refers to the adaptation of weights (learning) control structure to activate/deactivate search and matching ! LTM : Long term memory ! ! Gain control : ! 1 ART Basic Architecture F2 gain + ! ART Basic Architecture ...
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...• 4467 Development/Plasticity/Repair Demonstration of a Neural Circuit Critical for Imprinting Behavior in Chicks Tomoharu Nakamori,1,3 Katsushige Sato,2,4 Yasuro Atoji,5 Tomoyuki Kanamatsu,6 Kohichi Tanaka,1 and Hiroko Ohki-Hamazaki1,3,7 1 Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, School of Biomedical Science and Medical Research Institute and 2Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan, 3Division of Biology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 228-8555, Japan, 4Department of Health and Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Human Health, Komazawa Women’s University, Inagi-shi, Tokyo 206-8511, Japan, 5Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan, 6Department of Environmental Engineering for Symbiosis, Faculty of Engineering, Soka University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-8577, Japan, and 7Recognition and Formation, Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan Imprinting behavior in birds is elicited by visual and/or auditory cues. It has been demonstrated previously that visual cues are recognized and processed in the visual Wulst (VW), and imprinting memory is stored in the intermediate medial mesopallium (IMM) of the telencephalon. Alteration of neural responses in these two...
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...structure of and (b) the learning process for a 3-layer artificial neural network. A 3-layer artificial neural network consists of an input, output and a hidden layer in the middle. For e.g. To recognize male and female faces, the input layer would be made up of a computer program analyzing a camera shot. The output layer would be the word male or female appearing on the screen. The hidden layer is where all action takes place and connections are made between input and output. In an ANN these connections are mathematical. It works by learning from success (hits) and failures (misses) by making adjustments in these mathematical connections. 2. According to Churchland, why does intrapersonal (within one person) moral conflict occur? Intrapersonal moral conflict occurs when some contextual feature is alternately magnified or minimized and one’s overall perceptual take flips back and forth between two distinct activation patterns in the neighborhood of 2 distinct prototypes. In such case, an individual is morally conflicted eg. Should I protect a friends feeling by lying about someone’s hurtful slur or should I tell him the truth? 3. According to Churchland, when should moral correction occur and why? According to Churchland, moral correction should occur at an early age, before child turns into a young adult. Reasons - 1. Firstly, cognitive plasticity and eagerness to imitate found in a children is much reduced in a young...
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...BIO INSPIRED NEURAL NETWORKING AMONG MULTI-ROBOTS CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Transportation is one of the most important economic activities of any country. Among the various forms of transport, road transport is one of the most popular means of transportation. Transportation has an element of danger attached to it in the form of vehicle crashes. Road crashes not only cause death and injury, but they also bring along an immeasurable amount of agony to the people involved. Efforts to improve traffic safety to date have concentrated on the occupant protection, which had improved the vehicle crash worthiness. The other important area where research is currently being done is collision avoidance. Technological innovations have given the traffic engineer an option of improving traffic safety by utilizing the available communication tools and sophisticated instruments. Using sensors and digital maps for increasing traffic safety is in its infancy. Systems are being developed to utilize the available state of the art facilities to reduce or possibly prevent the occurrence of crashes. Total prevention of crashes might not be possible for now, but the reduction of crashes could easily be achieved by using the collision avoidance systems. 1.1 NEED FOR COLLISION AVOIDANCE The development of collision avoidance systems is motivated by their potential for increased vehicle safety. Half of the more than 1.5 million rear-end crashes that occurred in 1994 could have been prevented by...
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...http://ml.memect.com Contents 1 Artificial neural network 1 1.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2 History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.2.1 Improvements since 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.3.1 Network function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.3.2 Learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.3.3 Learning paradigms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.3.4 Learning algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.4 Employing artificial neural networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.5 Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1.5.1 Real-life applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1.5.2 Neural networks and neuroscience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1.6 Neural network software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...
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...Exam #3 Pediatric Review Questions 1. Spastic cerebral palsy is characterized by what? 2. Are there any drugs that can decrease spasticity in a child? How would you respond to a parent asking this question? 3. What is a myelomeningocele? 4. Which problem is often associated with a myelomeningocele? 5. What is the most common problem of a child born with a myelomeningocele? 6. What is a recommendation to prevent neural tube defect? 7. How much folic acid is recommended for women of childbearing age? 8. What position do you place a neonate in to feed that has had a myelomeningocele repair? 9. What advice about the diet would you give a parent who has a child with a latex allergy? 10. What are appropriate nursing interventions for a child with latex allergies? 11. What are the clinical manifestations of a child with spinal muscular atrophy (Werdnig-Hoffman disease)? 12. What is the management plan for a child diagnosed with pseudohypertrophic (Duchenne) muscular dystrophy? 13. Therapeutic management of a child with tetanus includes the administration of what medication(s)? 14. Select all that apply: care of a child after a spinal cord injury would include what nursing interventions? 15. How does immobilization affect the metabolism? Increase or decrease the metabolism? 16. How does immobilization affect the cardiovascular system? It causes…. 17. What can result from the bone demineralization associated with immobility? 18. What would you do for a child who has...
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...www.elsevier.com/locate/atoures Annals of Tourism Research, Vol. 32, No. 1, pp. 93–111, 2005 Ó 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Printed in Great Britain 0160-7383/$30.00 doi:10.1016/j.annals.2004.05.001 MARKET SEGMENTATION A Neural Network Application Jonathan Z. Bloom University of Stellenbosch, South Africa Abstract: The objective of the research is to consider a self-organizing neural network for segmenting the international tourist market to Cape Town, South Africa. A backpropagation neural network is used to complement the segmentation by generating additional knowledge based on input–output relationship and sensitivity analyses. The findings of the self-organizing neural network indicate three clusters, which are visually confirmed by developing a comparative model based on the test data set. The research also demonstrated that Cape Metropolitan Tourism could deploy the neural network models and track the changing behavior of tourists within and between segments. Marketing implications for the Cape are also highlighted. Keywords: segmentation, SOM neural network, input–output analysis, sensitivity analysis, deployment. Ó 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. ´ ´ Resume: Segmentation du marche: une application du reseau neuronal. Le but de la ´ ´ recherche est de considerer un reseau neuronal auto-organisateur pour segmenter le marche ´ ´ ´ touristique international a Cape Town, en Afrique du Sud. On utilise un reseau neuronal de ` ´ retropropogation pour...
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...Delen, 2011, p. 282, para. 2) One important issue with beer is flavor. Typically, the flavor is determined by test panels. These tests are usually time-consuming. Coors wants to understand the chemical composition of flavors and if they knew that, it would open doors that have not been opened yet. “The relationship between chemical analysis and beer flavor is not clearly understood yet” (Turban, Sharda, & Delen, 2011, p. 282, para. 3). There is data on sensory analysis and chemical composition and Coors needs a way to link them together. The answer was Neural networks. Neural Networks The simplist defination of Neural Networks, more referred to as an ‘Artificial neural network’ (ANN) is defined by Dr. Robert Hecht-Nielsen, as a “computer system made up of a number of simple, highly interconnected processing elements, which process information by their dynamic state response to external inputs” (A Basic Introduction To Neural Networks, n.d.). With different interconnected layers such as many input layers, one output layers; one operation called the training operation, one could add many inputs (variables) into the system to reach the desired outcome. However at first it must be said that in order to reach the desired outcome, many inputs have to be entered over and over again and changing...
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...Anencephaly is a serious birth defect in which a baby is born without parts of the brain and skull. It is a type of neural tube defect; these are birth defects that happen during the first month of pregnancy, and it’s usually before a woman knows she is pregnant. Keywords: N/A Birth Defects: Anencephaly Birth defects are a structural or/and a functional of abnormalities that are present at birth that cause physical or mental disability. They’re the leading cause of death for infants and a fetus during the first year of life, and they can be fatal. Anencephaly is an example of a neural tube defect, a condition that results from an error in the first weeks of embryonic development. The term embryonic development refers to the changes that take...
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