...Spina Bifida One in one thousand births are affected by neural tube defects, second most common in humans. Two particular defects include anencephaly and spina bifida, caused by the neural tube’s failure to close early on during the development of the brain and spinal cord. If the neural tube that forms the brain does not close, it is known as anencephaly and this results in the brain forming completely abnormally and the cranium being absent. The results are death at birth. In mice, this defect is known as exencephaly. Which is where Dr. Heather Mcdermid and her research staff base their studies and experiments. Mutation of the gene Cecr2 causes exencephaly in mice in a strain dependent manner. For example a BALB/c strain on a mouse, when mutated, shows exencephaly in 75% of mouse embryos. Studing of the gene Cecr2 and its major modifier, a gene located on chromosome 19, will hopefully add to their field of research and understanding of the mechanisms of normal neurulation and neural tube defects. Dr. Mcdermid went to school at the University of Western Ontario, where she would receive her bachelors of science in zoology; then, due to marriage, Dr. Mcdermid moved to Kingston and through observing a prof of the field, became avidaly interestd in human genetics. Going on to receive her P.H.d. Upon returning to Edmonton Currently engaged in two projects, Dr. Mcdermid and her team are looking at Neural Tube Defects in mice, a lot of different aspects being associated to this...
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...easily by taking a course of folic acid tablets. As stated by Dettwyler (2008) all people need folic acid, but more important for pregnant women or those who are able to get pregnant. When a woman has enough folic acid, before and during pregnancy, the result of major birth defects in the fetus’s development, which including: Spina bifida and Anencephaly; may be at low risk. In most cases Spina bifida is one form of birth defects called neural tube defects. These defects usually involves the damage to the spine and spinal cord. This takes place when some vertebrae of the spine don't close properly during pregnancy and the spinal cord's nerves are exposed and damaged. The neural tube is the embryonic structure that develops into the brain and spinal cord. This tube normally folds inward and closes by the 28th day after birth. When it fails to closes completely this causes the defects of the spinal cord and vertebrae. Anencephaly also known as “open skull,” is a condition present at birth that affects the formation of a fetus's brain and the skull bones surrounding the head. In which the major parts of the brain, scalp, and skull of the fetus do not form completely during developing in the womb. In most cases the brain lacks part of the cerebrum (the area of the brain that is responsible for thinking, vision, hearing, touch, and movement). And this...
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...CNS Defects Assignment Hydrocephalus is a condition that can be either congenital or acquired. This is a medical condition indicated by an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the brain. The Greek break down of the word is hydro meaning water and cephalous meaning head. This water is actually cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), a clear fluid that is found in the spinal canal and surrounding the brain. Excess fluid on the brain can be potentially fatal to the person if not caught in time. When the flow of CSF is restricted it is depicted as hydrocephalus. This condition occurs in an estimated one out of every 1500 births. “Hydrocephalus is a collection of a heterogeneous complex and multifactorial disorders” (Zhang, Williams, Rigamonti, 2006, p. 1256)....
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...When the drills forces dangerous chemicals, sand, and water into the ground, it increases the level of air pollution in the area as well as creates a high level of smog. The toxic pollution created by drilling for gas and oil increase the health risk to individual. The production of oil and gas increase the risk for cancer and have been linked to birth defects (Rosenman,...
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...affect her baby’s life in years after birth. Ultimately, these actions taken by a mother during pregnancy have always played a role in what a baby’s life becomes, yet, today, the science of fetal origins addresses and hopes to answer the many questions of why and how a baby becomes the adult they do. An expectant mother’s nutrition and the types of foods she eats during pregnancy has been shown to influence the development of conditions and diseases later on in her child’s adult life. There are several hypotheses that have addressed this idea. First, in order to study...
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...Water Soluble Vitamins and the Bodily Functions They Promote Vitamins and mineral supplements are items that most people would think are good for their bodies. Unfortunately, this is only a half truth. There are many people that are not aware of the full ramifications of vitamins, minerals, and other non-energy yielding nutrients. You need vitamins and minerals, but in excess they can be poison. Vitamin literally means “life, containing nitrogen.” (Rolfes, Pinna, Whitney 321). The first vitamins contained nitrogen, however vitamins that do not contain nitrogen are just as important to life. Vitamins, as well as minerals, are very important to living beings because they are the substances which assist in the metabolism of energy-yielding nutrients or the development of bodily structures. In the absence of vitamins, there is a wide variety of symptoms that can occur. These things are including, but not limited to, blindness, dementia, and the improper development of bodily structures. The assistance that is provided by vitamins is of high importance, but that is not the only function of vitamins. Vitamins prevent deficiency symptoms, but if the proper dosage is taken they also help your body perform optimally. Your bodily system stays healthy as a result. (Rolfes, Pinna, Whitney 322) Vitamins are not like carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. First of all, vitamins do not provide any energy to the body. (Rolfes, Pinna, Whitney 322) Vitamins are also individual...
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...GENERAL EMBRYOLOGY - PERIODS IN DEVELOPING FETUS Embryology studies will develop human from fertilization until birth (gestation-38th weeks, or 40 wks). Periods of fruit development are: preembrionski (lasting from fertilization until the end of the second week), Embryonic (lasts from the third to the end of 8 weeks) and fetal (runs from 9 to 38 weeks). The fruit in the embryonic period is called an embryo, fetus and fetal. The origins of all organs are formed in the embryonic period. In the fetal period comes to strong growth of the fetus, especially in the region of the head, as well as to morphological and functional differentiation of all organs are formed in the embryonic period. Further differentiation processes continue even after birth (postnatal period of development). Part of the embryo and fetus on whose head is referred to as cranial (head), the last part of the caudal (tail), the ventral side of the ventral and dorsal side of the dorsal. MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF DEVELOPMENT The main characteristics of development includes processes that occur in the process of creating every tissue and organ in the human body. This includes the following processes: 1. The proliferation - increasing the number of cells that occurs as a result of a number of asymmetric cell division by division (when the mother of one daughter cells are formed identical to the mother cell and daughter cell that directs the differentiation); 2. Growth - weight gain and the size of the formed tissue...
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...WHAT IS FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME? Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) is a birth defect caused by heavy alcohol consumption (usually in a binge pattern) during pregnancy. It is characterised by growth retardation, facial and neural abnormalities as well as malformations of other organ systems. Maternal risk for giving birth to a child with FAS is known to vary substantially by population and that the risk also varies between individuals. Alcohol and its primary metabolite, acetaldehyde, are known tissue toxins which may interfere directly with cellular growth and metabolism. When a pregnant woman consumes alcohol, it is carried to all her organs and tissues including the placenta. The placenta functions to protect the fetus and provides nourishment from the mother to the fetus. Alcohol is able to cross the placental membrane and is then transported directly to all developing tissues of the fetus. These adverse effects of alcohol on the developing fetus are characterised by an array of disorders, termed Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD). They include structural anomalies as well as behavioural and neuro-cognitive disabilities. Children at the severe end of the spectrum are defined as having the fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). HOW MANY CHILDREN ARE AFFECTED BY FAS? FAS is the most common preventable cause of mental retardation worldwide, even more so than Down’s syndrome. In South Africa, FAS related research has been limited to a few at-risk...
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...AKANU IBIAM FEDERAL POLYTECHNIC UNWANA COLLEGE OF INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF FOOD TECHNOLOGY A TERM PAPER WRITTEN FOR THE PARTIAL FUFILLMENT OF THE COURSE FST 217 TOPIC ORANGE JUICE (GROUP 8) BY NWANKWO HAPPINESS .U. 2014/ND/34762/FT LECTURER: MR. TOPE MARCH 2016 INTRODUCTION This term paper is about Orange Juice and how it is produced and gotten. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT My foremost gratitude goes to Almighty God, JEHOVAH, who has led me thus far. I also want to appreciate the effort of my Family members most especially Mrs Nwankwo Happiness .U. who has been helping me both financially and whose love has kept me going. Also my friend who helped me to type this work. ORANGE JUICE Orange juice is the liquid extract of the fruit of the orange tree. It is made by squeezing the fresh orange. Some commercial orange juice with a long shelf life are made by drying and later re-hydrating the juice, or by concentrating the juice and later adding water to the concentrate. Others are made by pasteurizing the juice and removing oxygen from it, necessitating the later addition of a flavor pack, generally made from orange products. It is known for its health benefits, particularly its high concentration of vitamin C. It comes in several different varieties, including blood orange. Orange juice is made from unfermented fresh oranges and provides many benefits for the body. Fresh orange juice is the richest source of vitamin C and fulfills an entire day’s...
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...Case Study: RÈJEANNE Roles- Respondent Lawyer Health Concerns What Is Scoliosis? It’s not a disability, it’s a condition making the argument against the city that she is a handicap invalid. Technically she’s not a handicap- If you can no longer work due to scoliosis, you may be eligible to receive Social Security Disability benefits which she did not apply for at the time. Scoliosis is a lateral (toward the side) curvature in the normally straight vertical line of the spine. When viewed from the side, the spine should show a mild roundness in the upper back and shows a degree of swayback (inward curvature) in the lower back. Types of Scoliosis – conditions 1. Neuromuscular scoliosis. A result of abnormal muscles or nerves. Frequently seen in people with other disorders, including other birth defects such as muscular dystrophy, cerebral palsy, Spina bifida or Marfan syndrome (an inherited connective tissue disease) those with various conditions that are accompanied by it, result in, paralysis. : In this type of scoliosis, there is a problem when the bones of the spine are formed. Either the bones of the spine fail to form completely or they fail to separate from each other during fetal development. People with these conditions often develop a long C-shaped curve and have weak muscles that are unable to hold them up straight. If the curve is present at birth, it is called congenital. (Congenital scoliosis caused by a bone abnormality present at birth .This type of scoliosis...
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...Acquisitions Editor: Crystal Taylor Product Managers: Kelley A. Squazzo & Catherine A. Noonan Designer: Doug Smock Compositor: SPi Technologies First Edition © 2011 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, a Wolters Kluwer business. 351 West Camden Street Baltimore, MD 21201 Printed in China All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, including as photocopies or scanned-in or other electronic copies, or utilized by any information storage and retrieval system without written permission from the copyright owner, except for brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. Materials appearing in this book prepared by individuals as part of their official duties as U.S. government employees are not covered by the abovementioned copyright. To request permission, please contact Lippincott Williams & Wilkins at Two Commerce Square, 2001 Market street, Philadelphia, PA 19103 USA, via email at permissions@lww.com, or via website at lww.com (products and services). Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Lambert, Harold Wayne, 1972– Lippincott’s illustrated Q&A review of anatomy and embryology / H. Wayne Lambert, Lawrence E. Wineski ; with special contributions from Jeffery P. Hogg, Pat Abramson, Bruce Palmer. — 1st ed. p. ; cm. Includes index. ISBN 978-1-60547-315-4 1. Human anatomy—Examinations, questions, etc. I. Wineski, Lawrence E. II. Title. [DNLM: 1. Anatomy—Examination Questions...
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...food can be fast, premixed and an inexpensive food right around the corner that can save time, it not worth the chances of becoming overweight. As to more restaurants, the amount of local fresh food in grocery stores has increased in price, due to global climate change and not only that but decreases in the location in public axis. All of these contribute to obesity in America and around the world. So obesity has indeed increased over the years. By 2030 there will be 6 million cases of diabetes, 5 million cases of heart disease and stroke and 4 hundred thousand cases of cancer. Not only that, but today's generation will have a fewer life except than their parents. Leaving the Obesity Epidemic in...
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...BACKGROUND The research paper addresses the diagnosis of aneuploidy during the first trimester using Nuchal Translucency. The study was done in the fetal medicine unit in Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital in South Africa. It included a total of 428 patients who were screened between July 2003 and July 2005. Those patients were chosen using a set of criteria that the Fetal Medicine Foundation (FMF) has established. The patients had a mean age of 30 years. Of all the patients, 59 were screened positive and the remaining 356 were screened negative. 24 of those that screened positive had Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS) performed. CVS is an invasive prenatal test that takes a sample of the chorionic villi to asses for chromosomal defects4. Therefore,...
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...Fruits and Vegetables Throughout my adolescence I have been told that fruits and vegetables are essential to a quality health. “An apple a day keeps the doctor away” or “It is important to eat your veggies to grow big and strong.” Although these foods contribute to a good health, they also differ in many ways. There are distinct requirements that allow a fruit to be a fruit, and a vegetable to be a vegetable, and the tastes and usage of these foods often bear no resemblance with each other. Before I proceed, I feel it is necessary to clarify any common misconception about fruits and vegetables that were brought up throughout my research. The tomato, thought to be a vegetable by many, as well as myself, is actually not, it is a fruit. The pumpkin and avocado also fall into the category of a fruit ("Did you know fruit facts".) These false impressions result in the mistaken identity in countless fruits and vegetables. A fruit is the ripened ovary of a flowering plant, often sweet and fleshy ("Fruits vs Vegetables"). On most accounts, fruits are foods that are consumed for dessert or as a snack. For example: apple pie, a banana split, or a strawberry shortcake, all of which are desserts with ingredients that require the use of fruit (MarthaStewart.com). The majority of fruits taste rather sweet due to a simple sugar called fructose. However, fructose is not the only element found in fruits. For a fruit to truly be a fruit, it must contain seeds. Some examples of fruits...
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...GASTRO INTESTINAL (GIT) SYSTEM. This section relates to activities on introduction to GIT. You are expected to consult the recommended physiology textbooks in your module study guide and the online textbook to gain adequate knowledge on these topics. Activity 1 Identify the anatomical structure of the GIT? * Mouth * Pharynx * Oesophagus * Stomach * Small intestine * Large intestine 1.2 – Explain the functions of the features identify in activity 1.1? * Mouth: Food begins its journey through digestive system in the mouth; inside the mouth are many organs that aid in the digestion of food –the tongue, teeth, and salivary glands. Teeth chop food into small pieces, which are moistened by saliva before the tongue and other muscles push the food into the pharynx. * Pharynx: the throat; a tube that starts at the internal nares and runs partway down the neck where it opens into the oesophagus posteriorly and the larynx anteriorly. It functions as a passage way for both the digestive and respiratory systems. The pharynx receives the food after being swallowed and pushes it to the oesophagus. * Oesophagus: The hollow muscular tube that connects the pharynx and the stomach. The oesophagus contracts to produce wavelike motions, it receives food from the mouth when you swallow by means of a series of muscular...
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