...a service. Packets are delivered to their destination, and the server at the destination must decide whether to accept and service these packets. While defenses such as firewalls were added to protect the servers from the attacks and threats posed, a key challenge for these defenses was to discriminate legitimate requests for service from malicious access attempts. If it is easier for sources to generate service requests than it is for a server to check the validity of those requests, then it is difficult to protect the server from unauthorized and illegitimate requests that waste the resources of the server. This creates the opportunity for a class of attack known as a denial of service attack [1]. 1.2 DENIAL OF SERVICE ATTACKS A denial of service (DoS) attack is an attempt to make a computer resource such as network bandwidth, CPU time, etc., unavailable to the legitimate users. It disrupts services by limiting the access to the machine or the service instead of subverting the attack. Such attacks are much easier to carry out than remotely gaining administrative access to the target system. Because of this, DoS have become very common on the internet. DoS attacks have different types and the earliest form of this is the flood attack. During a flood attack, the attacker simply...
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...refer only to those violent acts that are intended to create fear and are perpetrated for a religious, political or, ideological goal; to deliberately target or disregard the safety of civilians. In the years following the September 11, 2001, attacks in America, terrorist incidents on the United States soil has totaled 33; more than 190 incidents in other countries like the United Kingdom. Countries like Israel report numbers in the thousands (National Counterterrorism Center, 2011). This paper will discuss the reasons as to why terrorism activity is higher in certain areas of the world. The paper will also discuss the relationship between different attacks, and if laws and procedures could prevent future attacks. The way terrorism affects the lives of America, and finally, I will discuss how terrorism has changed and influenced The Unites States’ priorities. Terrorism has existed as long as mankind. Today terrorism is systematic; it has evolved with the growth of resources and technology. These changes and the development in the world have added efficiency to the success of terrorists; however, the national security deficiencies can be credited for the majority of these attacks. Different countries have different procedures laws to deal with national security issues. This is one reason there are heavier activity in different areas of the world. Terroristic activity is often higher in certain areas of the world because those areas most likely have ethnic groups that do not get...
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...the firm filed for bankruptcy protection following the massive exodus of most of its clients, drastic losses in its stock, and devaluation of its assets by credit rating agencies. Lehman's bankruptcy filing is the largest in US history, and is thought to have played a major role in the unfolding of the late-2000s global financial crisis. The following day, Barclays announced its agreement to purchase, subject to regulatory approval, Lehman's North American investment-banking and trading divisions along with its New York headquarters building. On September 20, 2008, a revised version of that agreement was approved by US Bankruptcy Court Judge James M. Peck. The next week, Nomura Holdings announced that it would acquire Lehman Brothers' franchise in the Asia-Pacific region, including Japan, Hong Kong and Australia, as well as Lehman Brothers' investment banking and equities businesses in Europe and the Middle East. The deal became effective on October 13, 2008. History Under the Lehman family (1850–1969) In 1844, 23-year-old Henry Lehman, the son of a cattle merchant, emigrated to the United States from Rimpar, Bavaria. He settled in Montgomery, Alabama, where he opened a dry-goods store, "H. Lehman". In 1847, following the arrival of his brother Emanuel Lehman, the firm became "H. Lehman and Bro." With the arrival of their youngest brother, Mayer Lehman, in 1850, the firm changed its name again and "Lehman Brothers" was founded. During the...
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...INTRODUCTION Foreign military involvement in Africa and indeed elsewhere around the globe is nothing new. As noted by Falola and Thomas (2014), between 1945 to1999 out of one hundred and fifty seven civil wars in the world, more than hundreds of them saw some level of external interventions. Since the era of colonialism ended, Africa has witnessed a great deal of foreign interference in both its economic and political settings. In recent times, there has been an upsurge in foreign military engagements on the continent; mention can be made of Libya, Cote d’Ivoire, Mali and Central African Republic. In as much as these military operations aid in addressing pressing needs at the time, we cannot lose sight of the looming dangers ahead with specific focus on terrorist organisations and the threat they pose to regional peace and stability. In this research, the writer will try to examine some of the threats such military operations expose African states to, drawing upon lessons learnt from other areas across the world with much emphasis placed on the much recent Afghanistan and Iraq wars on terror. The aim is to examine the profound effects foreign military action poses to Mali. OBJECTIVES: • Evaluate the consequence of military involvement on the ordinary Malian, taking into consideration basic supply such as water, food and shelter. • Establish that reasons stated for military actions are sometime a pretext to hidden motives or sometimes fabricated. • Ascertain the capability...
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...aircraft is typically equipped with iron bombs, cluster bombs and laser-guided bombs. In the defense suppression role, it is equipped with anti-radar missiles. Tornado has a multimode APFD (Autopilot and Flight Director) from BAE Systems. The aircraft's TACAN (Tactical Air Navigation) system is the AD2770 from BAE Systems or the Alcatel SEL AG Sector-TACAN. The instrument landing system is the Cossor.CILS75/76. (2012, Aireforce-Technology, Net Resources International, http://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/tornado/) In September 2006, a contract for BAE Systems awarded to upgrade 80 Tornado fighters of the Saudi Arabian Air Force. The program involved advances in systems, stealth technology, and avionics. A digital avionics bus links the new systems and fully integrates the aircraft's improved defensive aids suite. The weapons bus is configured to control the release of a wide range of weapons and can adapt for future weapon types through the system's missile control and weapon programming units. The GR 4 is equipped with forward-looking infrared (FLIR). The thermal image is...
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...living creature. The metallic green beetle is only a ½ inch long and an 1/8 of an inch wide yet it is destroying trees at an unprecedented rate. The beetle has been in Russian, Japan, Korea and northern China for some time, and was found for the first time in 2002 in Michigan. While we can not be certain it is widely believed that the Emerald Ash Borer arrived here via the wood in shipping containers. Currently the beetle is found across the entire northern United States, from New Hampshire to Colorado and in most of southern Canada. Concern of the beetle's further spread via ash firewood is a great concern. The...
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...the devastation was all focused of middle-eastern terrorists. “The West is under attack,”(Posner 89), reported the USA Today. Every news and television station had the latest expert on the middle east telling the nation that we were victims of jihad, holy war. It only took a few quick days to realize that we were wrong and the problem, the terrorist, was strictly domestic. But it was too late. The damage had been done. Because America jumped to conclusions then, America was later blind to see the impending attack of 9/11. The responsibility, however, is not to be placed on the America people. The public couldn’t stand to hear any talk of terrorism, so in turn the White House irresponsibly took a similar attitude. They concentrated on high public opinion and issues that were relevant to Americans everyday. The government didn’t want to deal with another public blunder like the one in Oklahoma City. A former FBI analyst recalls, “when I went to headquarters (Washington, D.C.) later that year no one was interested in hearing anything about Arab money connections unless it had something to do with funding domestic groups. We stumbled so badly on pinpointing the Middle East right off the bat on the Murrah bombing. No one wanted to get caught like that again,”(Posner 90). All of these decisions, made at the hands of the faint-hearted, opened the doors wide open, and practically begged for a terrorist attack. So who’s fault is it? The public’s for being unaware, uninterested, and inadvertently...
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...Securing the Skies: The Progress in Security Operation Administration Of Airports in Developing Countries Post 9/11 Scenario Table of Contents Abstract3 Security Operation Administration4 Literature Review5 Objective 10 Methodology10 Research Design11 Conclusion 12 Bibliography 13 Abstract Do people believe that there is sufficient and enough airport security system in Pakistan. And do there is a substantial threat to the airport security in Pakistan. These two issues were discussed and evaluated in this essay. After 9/11, the concept of security has changed thoroughly. Before that security at airports was mere a case of going through a scanner and a casual check up. But after 9/11 developed countries remodel their security plans. With the passage of time, developing countries also started to rethink about their security plans. Methodology was questionnaires to public and interviews with the aviation security authorities. In this way the overall perception about the security of airports was analyzed. Also past historical events were analyzed to find out the possibility of any terrorist activity on Pakistani airports. For this purpose secondary data about threats of terrorism and their actual conduct on different places were analyzed. Then various threats to airport security were analyzed. Also primary data was collected through questionnaire to find out the people perception about their security on airports...
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..."hacktivists" (hacker + activist) leveraging exploits against digital networks to accomplish more or less the same thing. This case study explores the ways in which the general public, news media, lawmakers, and law enforcement have reacted to the more contentious hacktivist incidents that have transpired in the United States since 2009. The impact of these attacks has ranged from minor to catastrophic, and the most clever perpetrators have been able to evade apprehension. In response, the United States judicial system has strategically given severe punishments to the few hacktivists it can manage to catch. As other forms of disruptive activism are being punished with slaps on the wrist, these hacktivists and their allies are pleading their case to the public that these incommensurate punishments are cause for concern. Command Prompt Through a discussion about the facts and the positions of the actors involved with regard to hacktivism, it will become clear that the lack of a plain and fair legal doctrine is indeed to blame for the pervasive confusion among plaintiffs and defendants alike. The goal of this study is to show just that: to highlight the ambiguity of the law through examples, to discuss the stiff legal repercussions these hacktivists have faced, and to consider the dialogue between the news media and the general public about the appropriateness of criminal sentencing and the nature and motives of hacking incidents. For those wishing to reform the law, there are several points worth considering...
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...between North Korea and the UN today. North Korea’s economy initially recovered from the aftermath of the Korean War, however increasing debt, inflation, the mismanagement of funds, numerous droughts, and the lack of western trade partners lead to an eventual economic decline in the late 1970’s. North Korea has since been one of the world’s poorest countries, with roughly 20-27% of the population living below the poverty line. The social economic issues in North Korea haven’t stopped the government from developing nuclear weapons however, a process which has lead to condemnation from the rest of the world. The nation first declared itself a nuclear power in 2009 and has since performed a handful of underground nuclear tests. In 2013 under their new leader Kim Jong-un, the DPRK has heightened tensions between themselves and the UN (particularly South Korea and the US) due to the leaders recent threats to launch one of its nuclear weapons against South...
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...Currently living in Huntington Beach, California, this forty-two year old woman has been having a hard time facing her anxiety disorder since she was eleven. She claims it is a very confusing concept to understand at eleven years old, and “all [she] knew was something had happened to [her] and did not know what it was and when it would come back to haunt [her].” The number of panic attacks she had was new to her at the time. She can remember her first day of school in sixth grade where she sat crying in the bathroom for nearly half the day and had her mom pick her up at recess. Everything was too overwhelming for her: the new faces, her self-consciousness, and the all around nervousness she got from going to unfamiliar environments like a new classroom. The incident made her realize “the feelings of anxiety would lurk in the background and this indescribable yearning to ‘run’ would remain. She visited several doctors but no one had an idea what was causing her to act that way, “so [she] chose to keep it to [herself] and go on as before.” As Miranda’s life progressed and she got married, she was put under a lot of...
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...and to build the internal support which will include changes in transitioning to the shared technical platforms, and the leveraging of technologies. This will then give the criminals new technology that will become available. The one key to the future of policing will not be the technology. It will be the ways which police forces will adapt to the technology to their needs. There is also the technology that will be used to predict a crime before it happens. This will help lessen the crime rates before they get out of hand. This will also reduce the agencies costs. The predictive-policing models by the police department builds, and enhances the promise of the new intelligence led policing with this new technology, new business process, and new algorithms, the predictive policing is based on the information based patrol, and the rapid response. It is supported by the preposition of assets, and the proactive, and the strategy, and police. This is the predictive policing which promises measurable results, includes the crime reduction. The more efficient police agencies, and the modern innovative of policing the predictive policing has shown to enable doing with more with less, while improving of policing outcomes through the information based tactics, strategy, and policy. The predictive policing is a new law enforcement concept which integrates the approaches such as the cutting edge crime analysis, the crime fighting technology,...
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...DAWN NEWSPAPER | PAKISTAN HISTORY TERM REPORT | 20th February, 2014 | Anoosha HaroonSaneeza AsrarShafaq ShafqatNazia KhanSyeda Aminah Asim12/18/2014 | NATIONAL ANOOSHA HAROON Headline “PLEA TO BOOK MUSHARRAF IN DRONE CASE REJECTED” Drone attacks in Pakistan started off in 2004-2005 under the presidency of General Pervez Musharraf and targets the northern areas especially North-Waziristan. These U.S drone attacks have been condemned by all political parties and they have protested to show their agitation. The reason behind these drone attacks is to get rid or terrorists and Talibans but it is not the most efficient and precise way as U.S claims it to be. Because many innocent civilians have lost their lives because of these drone attacks. Lately, a petition was filed against Mr. Musharraf and alleged him for making a deal with U.S secretly and that there should be a legal action against him. This petition also requested the court to direct the Secretariat police to register an FIR against the former president General Retired Pervez Musharraf. The petiton referred to an interview which Mr. Musharraf gave in April, 2013 in which he said that yes he did allow U.S drone attacks “but only on few occasions when target was isolated and there was no chance[s] of collateral damage”. This was the first time that any Pakistani official accepted the fact that they had granted permission of drone strikes. This petition was however rejected and considered as not...
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...Pursuing Criminal Justice Paper Maria Torres CJA/483 July 28, 2011 Sean Adams Pursuing Criminal Justice Paper Justice to me is that each person is treated fairly no matter the age, gender, and race. No person is above the law who ever commits a crime should be pay the consequences for his or her action. Punishment should be fair and sentencing should depend on the criminal conduct as judged by the law. Justice in law enforcement officers during and off hour should treat individual and offenders with high quality of fairness. Law enforcement officials most enforce a moral ability of high standard, honor, follow guidelines, policy, and mission of the department with the rules of the law. Law enforcement creates various way of administration within the field. Law enforcement officers handle different situation on a daily basis. It is up to the officers to be professional at all times without any personal judgment, biased, and conduct. While in the street officers should be able to control and exercise his or her ability to determine how justice is administered. The way I will promote my definition of justice in my career is by obeying the law, rules, policy, and guidance of the department. I will not over use my power and I will treat every individual equally according by the law. My goal is to become a crime scene investigator as an investigator I have to be professional at all time. I most learn all level of investigation process. I have...
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... Introduction Nuclear attacks are due to military conflicts or a political strategy in which some form of nuclear weapon is used to inflict damage on the opponent. Terrorism is the use of violence to threat or intimidate generally for political reasoning. Both Nuclear attacks and terrorism are used to coerce the opposing party into meeting specific demands. One can only imagine what it was like doing the Nuclear War for the children as well as the adults. Training and practicing the protocol of what to do was taught as a lesson in school as if it was a common entity for the times. “Duck and Cover” was presented to the children in such a way that made the happenings of the war easier to comprehend. Still as a child I believe that the thought of an atomic bomb coming down around me had to be a scary thought. The war that severe that the lessons of the do’ and don’ts had to be covered, knowing what to do helped prepared the people for a nuclear attack. The threat of nuclear war and terrorism has many differences but like characteristics. The threat of nuclear war usually comes with a warning and one can prepare if it does happen. Terrorism attacks are sometimes expected but come with no warning at all. Generally terrorism attacks are used to scare the opposing government by harming innocent people and often times sacrificing themselves in the process (Cline, 2014). Civilians are usually the intended targets of a terrorist attack. Terrorist attacks are commonly performed due...
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